BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L11. Symbioses and the Human ...Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life.
At UC Davis Spring 2014.
Lecture 11.
Symbioses and the Human MIcrobiome
Slides for Lectures by Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L11. Symbioses and the Human ...Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life.
At UC Davis Spring 2014.
Lecture 11.
Symbioses and the Human MIcrobiome
Slides for Lectures by Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L8. Intro to Microbial Divers...Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life.
At UC Davis Spring 2014.
Lecture 8.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity, part 2.
Slides for Lectures by Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L8. Intro to Microbial Divers...Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life.
At UC Davis Spring 2014.
Lecture 8.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity, part 2.
Slides for Lectures by Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L7. Intro to Microbial Divers...Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life.
At UC Davis Spring 2014.
Lecture 7.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity.
Slides for Lectures by Jonathan Eisen
DNA-based methods for bioaerosol analysisjordanpeccia
Information for producing phylogenetic/taxonomic libraries of airborne bacteria and fungi. Includes fundamental background information, approaches for sequencing and data analysis, two case studies, and a review of sampling methods
Unit 1. How to measure diversity
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the abundance and diversity of microbes, the “unseen majority”, in all natural and manufactured environments.
2. Explain the common measures of microbial diversity, and how diversity is measured.
3. What is the purpose of diversity?
Innovations in Sequencing & Bioinformatics
Talk for
Healthy Central Valley Together Research Workshop
Jonathan A. Eisen University of California, Davis
January 31, 2024 linktr.ee/jonathaneisen
Thoughts on UC Davis' COVID Current ActionsJonathan Eisen
Slides I used for a presentation to Chancellor May's leadership council about the current state of UC Davis' response to COVID and how it could be improved
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 33:
Deuterostomes III:
Chordates II
BIS 002C
Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
1
2. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where we are going and where we have been…
2
•Previous lecture:
•32: Deuterostomes II: Chordates
•Current Lecture:
•33: Deuterostomes III: Chordates II
•Next Lecture:
•34: Fungi
3. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
SmartSite issues?
How are the problems with SmartSite
affecting you?
A. Causing me lots of trouble
B. Causing me some trouble
C. Causing me no trouble
D. Good riddance
E. Both A and D
3
4. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
BIS2C Final Exam Section B
4
Date & Time: Saturday, June 4, 1:00 PM – 3:00
PM
Please arrive early and bring:
1. Photo ID
2. Pen
3. #2 pencil
LAST NAMES EXAM LOCATION
A - J
1100 SOCIAL
SCIENCES
K - R 1003 GEIDT
S - Z 176 Everson
5. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lab Practical: May 31-June 2
Do NOT enter until instructed by your TA
**Please show up 10 minutes in advance of your exam**
The start time of your exam depends on where you usually attend lab. Most of you will be starting at
your regular lab time, but see below for the ‘halfway’ start times.
Regular lab location Exam is in Exam starts at
3079 SLB 3079 SLB usual start time
3085 SLB 3085 SLB usual start time
3088 SLB 3079 SLB halfway through period
3090 SLB 3085 SLB halfway through period
Regardless of when your exam will begin, do not be late as there is no way for you to make up the
questions that you missed.
The times listed below are ONLY for the 3088 & 3090 SLB students with halfway start times:
Usual lab time Lab practical starts at
7:30am 8:55am
9:00am 10:25am
11:00am 12:25pm
1:10pm 2:35pm
2:30pm 3:55pm
5:10pm 6:35pm
6:10pm 7:35pm
5
6. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Eisen Office Hours
Friday 3:00 - 5:00
6
7. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Other Things
• Study Guides will be posted over the next
few days
• Final is 2/3 about animals, 1/3 about rest of
course
• Review sessions to be scheduled
7
8. Vertebrate Origins
!8Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ciliated
larvae
AmbulacrariansChordates
Common
ancestor
(bilaterally
symmetrical,
pharyngeal
slits
present)
Echinoderms
Hemichordates
Lancelets
Tunicates
Vertebrates
Radial symmetry as adults,
calcified internal plates,
loss of pharyngeal slits
Vertebral column, anterior skull,
large brain, ventral heart
Notochord,
dorsal hollow
nerve cord,
post-anal tail
Focus on Vertebrates
9. Phylogeny of the Living Vertebrates
!9Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
10. Focus on Two Key Things
!10Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
Getting to Humans
12. In-Text Art, Ch. 33, p. 707
!12Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniote
ancestor
Crocodilians
REPTILES
Tuataras
Squamates
Turtles
Theropods,
including birds
Mammals
MAMMALS
13. In-Text Art, Ch. 33, p. 696
!13Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Reptiles
Eutherians
Marsupials
Prototherians
14. Figure 33.28 Major Groups of Eutherians Diversified as the Continents Drifted Apart
!14Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Million years ago
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
South
America
SE Asia
SE Asia
Proto-Europe
Proto-Europe
Proto-Europe
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Madagascar, Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa, Asia
Africa, Middle East
North, South America
SE Asia
SE Asia
Tropics of Africa,
Americas, Asia
North America,
Eurasia
Worldwide
Worldwide except
Australasia
Worldwide except
Australasia
Africa, southern Asia
Worldwide except
Australasia
Worldwide except
Australasia
Worldwide
Current native
distribution
Earliest
FossilsGroup
African
insectivores
Long-nosed
insectivores
Aardvarks
Elephants
Hyraxes
Armadillos
Colugos
(“flying lemurs”)
Tree shrews
Primates
Rabbits
and pikas
Rodents
Shrews, moles,
and relatives
Bats
Pangolins
Odd-toed hoofed
mammals
Even-toed hoofed
mammals
15. Figure 33.30 Phylogeny of the Primates
!15Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Pleistocene
Gibbons
Orangutans
African apes
and humans
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
Pliocene
Lemurs
Prosimians
Mid-to-late
Cretaceous
Anthropoids
Lorises
Tarsiers
New World
monkeys
Old World
monkeys
16. Figure 33.34 A Phylogenetic Tree of Hominins
!16Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ardipithecine
ancestors
Paranthropus boisei
Homo sapiens
(now worldwide)
Million years ago
Australopithecus
afarensis (Lucy)
Australopithecus
africanus
Paranthropus
aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus
Homo floresiensis
(extinct 17,000 years ago)
Homo erectus
(extinct 250,000 years ago)
Homo ergaster
Homo neanderthalensis
(extinct 28,000 years ago)
Homo habilis
Africa only
Expansion out of Africa
21. Infer a Phylogenetic Tree
!21Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
22. Phylogeny of the Living Vertebrates
!22Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
23. Major Innovations in Vertebrate Evolution
!23Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Bony skeleton, swim
bladder/lung
Jawless
fishes
Lobe-limbed
vertebrates
Amniotes
Gnatho-
stomes
(”jaw
mouths”)
Terrestrial limbs
and digits
Lobe fins
Lampreys
Internal nares
Vertebrae
Jaws, teeth,
paired fins
Hagfishes
Amniote
egg
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
How Did People Figure This All Out?
24. Comparative Biology
!24Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Post
anal tail
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vertebrae
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jaws
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lobe
Fins/
Limbs
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Terrestrial
Limbs
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Other
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
25. Overlay Onto Tree
!25Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Post
anal tail
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vertebrae
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jaws
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lobe
Fins/
Limbs
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Terrestrial
Limbs
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
26. Infer Likely Ancestral and Derived Traitss
!26Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Post
anal tail
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vertebrae
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jaws
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lobe
Fins/
Limbs
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Terrestrial
Limbs
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
27. Major Innovations in Vertebrate Evolution
!27Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Bony skeleton, swim
bladder/lung
Jawless
fishes
Lobe-limbed
vertebrates
Amniotes
Gnatho-
stomes
(”jaw
mouths”)
Terrestrial limbs
and digits
Lobe fins
Lampreys
Internal nares
Vertebrae
Jaws, teeth,
paired fins
Hagfishes
Amniote
egg
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
28. The Vertebrate Body Plan (not in all …)
!28Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Anterior skull
enclosing a large brain
A jointed, dorsal
vertebral column
replaces the
notochord during early
development.
Internal Organs
suspended in a
coelom
Well-developed
circulatory
system driven by
a ventral heart
Rigid Internal Skeleton
29. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Vertebrate Evolution
• The structural features can support large,
active animals.
• Internal skeleton supports an extensive
muscular system that gets oxygen from the
circulatory system and is controlled by the
nervous system.
• These features allowed vertebrates to
diversify widely.
29
30. Photo 33.105 Family Balaenopteridae: fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus); Baja California, Mexico.
!30Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
31. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Sister group for all other vertebrates
31
Hagfish
34. !34Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Anterior skull
enclosing a large brain
A jointed, dorsal
vertebral column
replaces the
notochord during early
development.
Internal Organs
suspended in a
coelom
Rigid Internal Skeleton
Well-developed
circulatory
system driven by
a ventral heart
The Vertebrate Body Plan
36. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lampreys
36
• Complete cranium and cartilaginous vertebrae.
• Complete metamorphosis from filter-feeding larvae
(ammocoetes), which are similar to lancelets.
• No bone, no jaws, but cartilaginous vertebrae are present
• Sucker- like mouth with rasping teeth
• Many species are ectoparasites of fish
38. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 38
Vertebrae Evolution
Lampreys have cartilaginous vertebrae so infer that
vertebrae evolved here.
39. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Gnathostomes - Jaw Mouths
39
• Jaws evolved from gill arches late in the Ordovician.
• Name from Greek gnathos (jaw) & stoma (mouth)
40. Figure 33.12 Jaws and Teeth Increased Feeding Efficiency
!40Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
41. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
33.3 What New Features Evolved in the Chordates?
• Jaws improved feeding efficiency and prey
capture.
• Jawed fishes diversified rapidly and
became dominant.
• Teeth made feeding even more efficient.
Chewing aids chemical digestion and
improves extraction of nutrients from food.
41
42. Sling Jawed Wrasse
• Previous lecture:
! Bis2B
!
!42Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
43. Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, skates, chimaeras):
!43Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Skeletons of cartilage
• Flexible, leathery skin
• Sharks swim using lateral undulations of the body.
• Skates and rays swim by flapping enlarged pectoral fins.
45. Megalodon
!45Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• One of the largest vertebrate predators, 50-60ft
• Largest known tooth ~8 inches
• Extinct about 1.5 million years ago
• Likely fed on whales and other large prey
46. Great White Shark
!46Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Up to 20ft and 5,000 lbs; apex predator
• Feeds on marine mammals, fish, and seabirds
• Likely a close relative of Megalodon
• Global distribution; migratory behavior (12,000 miles/ 9 months)
Farallon Islands
47. Bones
!47Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• One lineage of gnathostomes gave rise to the bony vertebrates with
internal skeletons of calcified, rigid bone.
• Some early bony fishes had gas-filled sacs that supplemented the gills
in gas exchange.
48. Ray Finned Fishes
!48Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• In ray-finned fishes, the sacs developed into swim bladders, organs of
buoyancy.
• Allows fish to maintain position at specific depths.
50. Ray Finned Fish- Actinopterygii
• Largest group of bony fish; 30,000 described species
• Both freshwater and marine, diverse feeding habits
!50Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
51. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Big Change Coming - Invasion of Land
51
• What features contributed to the invasion of and diversification on
land?
52. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where Else Have We Discussed Invasion of Land
Which of the following is NOT considered to
be a critical adaptation for the invasion of the
land by eukaryotes?
A. Pigments
B. Mutualistic associations with fungi
C. Hardened cuticle
D. Waxy cuticle
E. Jaws
52
53. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where Else Have We Discussed Invasion of Land
Which of the following is NOT considered to
be a critical adaptation for the invasion of the
land by eukaryotes?
A. Pigments
B. Mutualistic associations with fungi
C. Hardened cuticle
D. Waxy cuticle
E. Jaws
53
54. Land Plants …
!54Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Plantae
Retention of egg in the parental organism;
plasmodesmata; similarities in mitosis and
cytokinesis
Chloroplasts
primary endo-
symbiosis)
Chlorophyll b;
starch storage
Protected embryo; cuticle;
multicellular sporophyte;
gametangia; thick-walled spores
Branched apical growth
Land plants
(embryophytes)
Stoneworts
(“green algae”)
Coleochaetophytes
(“green algae”)
Other “green algae”
Chlorophytes (most “green algae”)
Red algae
Glaucophytes
Green plants
Streptophytes
55. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Arthropods
55
56. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Arthropod Key Feature: Exoskeleton
• Exoskeleton is a thickened
cuticle
• Restricts movement and gas
exchange
• Requires ecdysis
• Muscles attached to inside
• Provides support for walking
on land, prevents drying,
and provides some
protection from predators.
• Aquatic arthropods were
thus excellent candidates to
invade land.
56
57. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Big Change Coming - Invasion of Land
57
• What features contributed to the invasion of and diversification on
land?
58. Lungs / Swim Bladder
!58Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Lung-like sacs likely evolved much before vertebrates invaded the land
• Supplemented gills when in shallow water / water low in O2
• Evolved into swim bladders in many ray-finned fish
59. Lobe Fins
!59Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Bony fish that lack bony spines (rays) as part of their fins
• The more muscular fins are joined to the body by a single large bone
• Changes in the structure of fins allowed some fish to support
themselves in shallow water and later move onto land.
61. Coelocanths
• Thought to have become extinct 65 mya, but living ones
were found off South Africa in 1938.
• They have a cartilaginous skeleton that is a derived feature.
!61
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
62. More Fully Developed Lungs
!62Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Elaboration on the lung like sacs into lungs
63. More Fully Developed Lungs
!63Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
65. Tetrapods
!65Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Limbs capable of movement on land evolved from the short, muscular
fins of aquatic ancestors.
• The four resulting limbs give the tetrapods their name.
66.
67.
68. Fossils Also Important
!68Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/great-transitions-interactive
69. Tetrapod Limbs Are Modified Fins
!69Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
71. Amphibians
!71Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
~7,000 species
Confined to moist habitats: lose water easily
through the skin, and eggs dry out if exposed to
air.
72. Amniotes
!72Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes have several features that contribute to their success on dry land.