DETAILED SLIDE OF BIRTH DEFECTS FOR SEMINAR

1. BIRTH DEFECTS
By -
Faisal Khan
MBBS Batch 2017-18

2. CONTENTS
 WHAT IS BIRTH DEFECT
 TYPES
 CAUSES
 VARIOUS DISEASES AND DISORDERS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. Birth defect , congenital malformation and
congenital anomaly are terms used to describe
structural , behavioural , functional, and metabolic
disorders present at birth.
WHAT IS BIRTH DEFECT ?

4. TYPES OF BIRTH
DEFECTS
 MALFORMATIONS
 DISRUPTIONS
 DEFORMATIONS
 CHROMOSOMALABERRATIONS

5. MALFORMATIONS
 Occur during formation of structures, for example ,
during organogenesis.
 Caused by environmental and / or genetic factors .
 Most malformations originates during the 3rd to 8th
weeks of gestation.

6. DISRUPTIONS
 Results in morphological alterations of already formed
structures and are caused by destructive processes.
 Vascular accidents leading to bowel atresias is an
example of destructive factors that produce
disruptions.

7. DEFORMATIONS
 Results from mechanical forces that mold a part of the
foetus over a prolonged period.
 Clubfeet , for example are caused by compression in the
amniotic cavity .

8. CHROMOSOMAL
ABERRATIONS
It is a missing , extra , or irregular portion or
rearrangement of a portion of chromosomal DNA.

9. CAUSES OF BIRTH
DEFECTS
 Environmental factors
 Chemical Agents
 Infectious Agents
 Radiations
 Heavy Metals

10. SPINA BIFIDA
 Developmental congenital disorder
caused by incomplete closing of
embryonic neural tube.
 If the opening is large enough the spinal
cord emerges through the bone .

11. PHOCOMELIA
 A rare congenital
deformity in which
limbs are grossly
underdeveloped or
absent.
 It is due to side effect
of drug thalidomide
taken during early
pregnancy.

13. ANENCEPHALY
Cephalic disorder characterised by absence of major
portion of brain, skull , and scalp that occurs during
embryonic development

14. CLEFT PALATE
 Orofacial cleft is a condition which is a split or opening
in the roof of the mouth.
 Also accompanied by cleft lip which may extend into
the nose.

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 HAMILTON – BOYD TEXTBOOK
 LANGMAN’S MEDICAL EMBRYOLOGY
TEXTBOOK
 TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL EMBRYOLOGY
BY VISHRAM SINGH
 INDERBIR SINGH’S HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY
TEXTBOOK
 GOOGLE IMAGES