The document discusses the bioproduction of alcohol through fermentation. It describes the key microorganisms used - yeast and bacteria, as well as the typical raw materials like molasses. The process involves steps like milling, liquefaction, saccharification, fermentation, distillation and dehydration to produce alcohol. The alcohol has various applications as a fuel, solvent and in alcoholic beverages.

1. Bioproduction of
Alcohol
PRATIK UMESH PARIKH
MASTER OF PHARMACY
(PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
PRESENTED BY : PRATIK UMESH PARIKH

2. Contents :
Properties of Alcohol
Introduction of Fermentation
Microorganism used in production
Raw Materials
Chemical requirements
Bioproduction Cycle
Process Flow
Fermentation Procedure
Down stream processing
Applications of Alcohol
Reference
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3. Properties of Alcohol :
oChemical Name :
1- Hydroxyethane
Ethyl alcohol
oMolecular formula : C2H6O
oMolecular Weight : 46.06
oDensity : 0.784
oMelting point : 78 – 80 oC
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4. Introduction of Fermentation :
Fermentation may defined as the process of growing a culture of microorganisms in a
nutrient media and thereby converting feed into a desired end product through the
action of enzymes.
There are 3 types of fermentation are used in production of alcohol :
(1) Batch Fermentation
(2) Fed-batch Fermentation
(3) Continuous Fermentation
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5. Microorganism used in bioproduction :
Bacteria:
Zymomonas mobilis
Closteridium acetobutylicum
Klebsiella pneumonia
Yeast :
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces carlsbergenesiae
Saccharomyces saki
Saccharomyces oviformis
Candida utilis
Mucur sp.
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6. Raw Materials :
oSugary Material : Molasses, Sugar cane, Sugar beet, Sweet potato, Sulfide
waste, Glucose, Sucrose, Lactose.
oStarchy Materials : Wheat, Maize, Corn, Rice, Sorgum, Potato, tropica, Wheat
flour, corn feed etc.
oCellulosic Material : Wood, Paper waste, Agricultural waste.
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7. Composition of Culture Media :
Sr. No. Component Amount (gm/l)
1 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1
2 Magnesium sulfate 0.05
3 Calcium chloride 0.01
4 Trisodium citrate 5.5
5 Potassium Chloride 0.5
6 Inositol 0.2
7 Citric acid 3.3
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8. Chemical Requirements :
Nitrogen source:
Urea is the most suitable source.
Gaseous ammonium increases the pH of the medium.
Ammonium sulfate can lead to incrustation.
Phosphorus source:
Diammonium phosphate used as a source.
Hydrolytic enzymes:
They can also be added to convert biopolymers and non-fermentable substances
in the molasses to monosaccharides or amino acids.
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9. Bioproduction cycle :
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10. Biosynthesis of Alcohol :
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11. Process Flow :
Classical fermentation can be achieved in three steps:
oDuring the first phase (22-24 h), yeast cells multiply aerobically by consuming
oxygen present in the mash.
oIn the middle phase (24-48 h), alcohol production occurs with post
saccharification of sugars and multiplication of yeast falls off.
oThe decrease in alcohol formation along with insignificant yeast growth at the
final stage (48-72 h).
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12. Production Process :
There are following steps in ethanol production:
oMilling
oLiquefaction
oSaccharification
oFermentation
oDistillation
oDehydration
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14. 1. Milling:
The feedstock is passed through a hammer mill which grinds it into a fine
powder called a meal.
2. Liquefaction:
The meal is mixed with water and alpha-amylase.
Then passed through cookers where the starch is liquified and heat is applied
here to enable liquefaction.
Cookers with the high-temperature stage (120-150˚C) and lower temperature
holding period (95˚C) are used.
High temperatures reduce bacteria levels in the mash.
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15. 3. Saccharification:
The mash from the cookers is cooled.
And secondary enzyme glucoamylase is added.
This converts the liquified starch into the fermentable sugars.
4. Fermentation:
Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
In a continuous process, the fermenting mash can flow through several
fermenters until it is fully fermented and leaves the final tank.
In a batch process, the mash stays in one fermenter for about 48 hours before
distillation starts.
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16. Down-streaming Process :
Distillation:
Mash is pumped to continuous flow.
Multicolumn distillation system where the alcohol is removed from solid and
water.
The alcohol leaves the top of the final column at about 96% strength.
The residue mash is called stillage which is transferred from the base of the
column to the co-product processing area.
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17. Down-streaming Process :
Dehydration:
The alcohol from the top of the column is passed through a dehydration system
where the remaining water will be removed.
Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the
ethanol.
The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous alcohol.
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18. Applications :
Found as major component in alcoholic drinks such as beer, brandy, or whiskey.
Ethanol is a powerful psychoactive substance.
It is commonly used in the medical field as an antiseptic and as a disinfectant as to sterilize the skin
before injections, prevent the spreading of bacteria in hospitals and related facilities.
It can be used as a solvent for different products such as culinary extracts, essential oils, tinctures,
concentrates,
Solvent:- Resins, pharmaceuticals , cosmetics ,household cleaning products, industrial solvent
Fuel:- Used as a bio fuel , In internal combustion engines
Chemical intermediate -petroleum derived chemicals, Butadiene production
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19. Reference :
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/ethanol-production-process
2. http://www.biologydiscussion.com/industrial-microbiology-2/fermentation-
industrial-microbiology-2/production-of-ethanol-microbiology/66072
3. https://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/manufacture.html
4. https://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/ethanol.html
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