The BPP combines the NST with ultrasonography fetal assessment by assigning points to the following parameters: fetal breathing movements, fetal body movements, reflex/tone/flexion-extension movements, and AFV. Thus, this test assesses indicators of both acute hypoxia (NST, breathing, body movement, tone) and chronic hypoxia (AFV). The BPP score has a direct linear correlation with fetal pH.
The BPP combines the NST with ultrasonography fetal assessment by assigning points to the following parameters: fetal breathing movements, fetal body movements, reflex/tone/flexion-extension movements, and AFV. Thus, this test assesses indicators of both acute hypoxia (NST, breathing, body movement, tone) and chronic hypoxia (AFV). The BPP score has a direct linear correlation with fetal pH.
Majority of fetal deaths occur in the antepartum period.
There is progressive decline in maternal deaths all over the world. Currently more interest is focused to evaluate the fetal health. The primary objective of antenatal assessment is to avoid fetal death.
Abnormalities of placenta and cord obgjagan _jaggi
Has a velamentous insertion of the cord (the umbilical cord inserts abnormally into the fetal membranes, instead of the center of the placenta) Has placenta previa (a low-lying placenta that covers part or all of the cervix) or certain other placental abnormalities.
Oligohydramnios by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
• Oligohydramnios refers to amniotic fluid volume that is less than expected for gestational age. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound examination and may be described qualitatively (eg, reduced amniotic fluid volume) or quantitatively (eg, amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm, single deepest pocket <2 cm).
• Oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause The fetal prognosis depends on several factors, including the underlying cause, the severity (reduced versus no amniotic fluid), and the gestational age at which oligohydramnios occurs. Because an adequate volume of amniotic fluid is critical to normal fetal movement and lung development and for cushioning the fetus and umbilical cord from uterine compression, pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios from any cause are at risk for fetal deformation, pulmonary hypoplasia, and umbilical cord compression.
• Oligohydramnios is associated with an increased risk for fetal or neonatal death, which may be related to the underlying cause of the reduced amniotic fluid volume or due to sequelae of the reduced amniotic fluid volume.
• This topic will discuss issues related to oligohydramnios. Methods of amniotic fluid volume assessment are reviewed separately.
• Oligohydramnios occurs when the amniotic fluid is < 5th centile for gestational age.
• The most common causes are premature rupture of membranes (often missed by the mother) and placental insufficiency, however structural abnormalities such as renal agenesis should be considered.
• Prognosis is linked to gestation at diagnosis and likely development of pulmonary hypoplasia and premature delivery.
• Treatment is by optimising gestation of delivery
Majority of fetal deaths occur in the antepartum period.
There is progressive decline in maternal deaths all over the world. Currently more interest is focused to evaluate the fetal health. The primary objective of antenatal assessment is to avoid fetal death.
Abnormalities of placenta and cord obgjagan _jaggi
Has a velamentous insertion of the cord (the umbilical cord inserts abnormally into the fetal membranes, instead of the center of the placenta) Has placenta previa (a low-lying placenta that covers part or all of the cervix) or certain other placental abnormalities.
Oligohydramnios by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
• Oligohydramnios refers to amniotic fluid volume that is less than expected for gestational age. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound examination and may be described qualitatively (eg, reduced amniotic fluid volume) or quantitatively (eg, amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm, single deepest pocket <2 cm).
• Oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause The fetal prognosis depends on several factors, including the underlying cause, the severity (reduced versus no amniotic fluid), and the gestational age at which oligohydramnios occurs. Because an adequate volume of amniotic fluid is critical to normal fetal movement and lung development and for cushioning the fetus and umbilical cord from uterine compression, pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios from any cause are at risk for fetal deformation, pulmonary hypoplasia, and umbilical cord compression.
• Oligohydramnios is associated with an increased risk for fetal or neonatal death, which may be related to the underlying cause of the reduced amniotic fluid volume or due to sequelae of the reduced amniotic fluid volume.
• This topic will discuss issues related to oligohydramnios. Methods of amniotic fluid volume assessment are reviewed separately.
• Oligohydramnios occurs when the amniotic fluid is < 5th centile for gestational age.
• The most common causes are premature rupture of membranes (often missed by the mother) and placental insufficiency, however structural abnormalities such as renal agenesis should be considered.
• Prognosis is linked to gestation at diagnosis and likely development of pulmonary hypoplasia and premature delivery.
• Treatment is by optimising gestation of delivery
This presentation explains the basic concepts involved in CTG such as how to read it and how it works and the terms associated with it and a machine manufacture by Philips known as the Avalon FM30 : Fetal monitor
A biophysical profile is a prenatal test which is used to check on a baby's well-being. The test combines the fetal heart rate monitoring (NST- Non Stress Test) and fetal ultrasound to evaluate a Fetal heart rate, movements, breathing, muscle tone and amniotic fluid level.
Antenatal assessment physical well being /introduction and methodsBabitha Mathew
The tests used to monitor fetal health include fetal movement counts, the nonstress test, biophysical profile, modified biophysical profile, contraction stress test, and Doppler ultrasound exam of the umbilical artery.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. TOPIC = BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE
PRESENTED BY
AYUSHI CHAVHAN
MSC (N)PREV YEAR
CCON
2. BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE
• INTRODUCTION
• A biophysical profile is a non-invasive test that doesn’t pose any
physical risks to you or your baby.
• Typically, a biophysical profile is recommended for women at
increased risk of problems that could lead to complications or
pregnancy loss. The test is usually done after 32 weeks of pregnancy,
but can be done when your pregnancy is far enough along for delivery
to considered- usually after 24.
3. DEFINITION
• A fetal biophysical profile is a prenatal test used to check on a baby’s
well- being. The test combines fetal heart rate monitoring (nonstress
test) and fetal ultrasound to evaluate a baby’s heart rate, breathing,
movements, muscle tone and amniotic fluid level.
WIKIPEDIA
• A non -invasive assessment of the fetus and its environment by
ultrasound, nothing normal and abnormal biophysical responses to
stimuli.
• A normal BPP indicates that the CNS is functional and the fetus is not
hypoxemic.
• A scoring system, of 5 variables, with a total score up to 10.
4. • The following biophysical tests are used:
1)Fetal movement count
2)Cardiotocography
3)Non stress test (NST)
4)Fetal biophysical profile (BPP)
5)Amniotic fluid volume
6)Contraction stress test (CST)
7)Doppler ultrasound
8)Vibroacoustic stimulation test
9)Contraction stress test (CST)
5. 1) FETAL MOVEMENT COUNT
• Fetal movement felt by 18-20 weeks
• Fetal movement count should be performed daily starting at 28 weeks
of pregnancy.
• Methods
• a) Cardiff count 10 formula
• b) Daily fetal movement count
6. a)Cardiff count 10 formula: The patient counts fetal movements. The
counting comes to the end as soon as 10 movements are perceived.
• She instructed to report the physician if-
i) Less than 10 movements occur during 12 hours on 2 successive days
ii)No movement is perceived even after 12 hours in a single day.
a)Daily fetal movement count: Three counts each of 1 hour duration
(morning, noon, evening) are recommended. The total counts multiplied
by four gives daily (12 hours) fetal movement count.
• If there is diminution of the number of ‘kicks’ to less than 10 in 12
hours (or less than 3 in each hour) it indicates fetal compromise.
•
• Maternal perception of fetal movement may be reduced with fetal
sleep(quiet), fetal anomalies, drugs(narcotics), chronic smoking and
hypoxia.
7. • MANAGEMENT OF REDUCED FM
• Eat something
• Rest in a left lateral position
• Count fetal movement
• If 10 movements /hour reassure mother
• If <10 movements/hour go for NST.
9. 2) CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
• Cardiotocography is a technical means of recording (-graphy) the
fetal heart beat (cardio-)and the uterine contraction (toco)during
pregnancy, typically in third trimester. The machine used to perform
the monitoring is called a cardiotocography, more commonly known
as an electronic fetal monitoring (EFM).
• INVENTION
The invasive fetal monitoring was invented by doctor Orvan Hess
and Edward hon
A refined (antepartal, non-invasive, beat to beat) version
(cardiotocograph)was later developed for Hewlett Packard by dr Konrad
hammacher)
10. • PURPOSE
• To record FHS continuously
• To check uterine activity
• To detect any fetal distress
• To gain information about rate, rhythm of the fetal heart rate
• INDICATION FOR THE USE OF CONTINOUS EFM
• Continuous EFM should be offered and recommended for high-risk
pregnancies where there is an increased risk of perinatal death, cerebral
palsy or neonatal encephalopathy
• Continuous EFM should be used where oxytocin is being used for
induction or augmentation of labour.
12. • Pre mature rupture of membrane
• Congenital malformations
• Third trimester bleeding
• Oxytocin induction/augmentation of labour
• Pre-eclampsia
• Meconium-stained liquor
• METHODS
• External cardiotocography
• Internal cardiotocography
13. External cardiotocography
• For continuous or intermittent monitoring of
• The fetal heart rate
• The activity of the uterine muscle
• Placed two transducers on the mother’s abdomen (one above fetal heart and
the other at the fundus)
• The tocodynamometer (toco)is placed over the uterine fundus. The toco
provides information that can be used to monitor uterine contraction
• The ultrasound device placed over the area of the fetal back. this device
transmits information about FHR.
14. • Internal monitoring
• Uses an electronic transducer connected directly to the fetal scalp
through the cervical opening and is connected to the monitor
• Criteria for internal monitoring
• Amniotic dilated 2 cm
• Cervix dilated 2 cm
• Presentation must be cephalic
• Presenting part down against the cervix
15. • PROCEDURE
• Equipment’s
• Cardiotocograph
• Transducer (2): Toco and cardio
• Conduction gel or paste
• Abdominal binder (two belts)
• Monitor paper
• Tissue paper
16. • Preparation for CTG
• Determine the indication for fetal monitoring
• Explain the purpose, time required for test
• Instruct the women for empty the bladder
• Place the women in supine position
• Uncover the abdomen
• Procedure
• Place the toco sensor on the fundus of uterus and fix it with abdominal
binder
• Identify the presentation and position of the fetus
• Localize the FHS and fix it with abdominal binder
• Assure the recording of FHS and uterine contraction
• Explain the mother to push the bottom when she feel any movements
• Labelled the women’s name, IP Number, date and time in graph
17. • Explain the mother to push the bottom when she feel any movements
• Labelled the women’s name, IP Number, date and time in graph
• Turn off the monitor and replace
• Read the CTG and immediately notify the doctor, if any abnormality seen
• Interpretation
• Uterine activity (contraction)
• Baseline fetal heart rate (FHR)
• Baseline FHR variability
• Presence of accelerations
• Periodic or episodic decelerations
• Changes or trends of FHR patterns over time.
18. • BASELINE FETAL HEART RATE
• The mean level of the FHR when this is stable, excluding accelerations and decelerations. It is determined
over a period of 5 or 10 minutes and expressed in bpm.
• Normal baseline FHR 110-160bpm
• Moderate bradycardia 100-109bpm
• Moderate tachycardia161-180bpm
• Abnormal bradycardia <100bpm
• Abnormal tachycardia>180bpm
19. • BASE LINE VARIABILITY
• Variability refers to the normal beat to beat changes in FHR
• Normal variability is between 5-15bpm
• The fluctuations are visually quantities as the amplitude of the peak-to-
trough in bpm
• Using this definition, the baseline FHR variability is categorized by the
quantitated amplitude as:
• Absent- undetectable
• Minimal -greater than undetectable, but less than or equal to 5bpm
• Moderate -6-25bpm
• Marked -greater than 25bpm
20.
21. • ACCELERATIONS
• To be called an acceleration, the peak must be greater than or equal to
15bpm, and the acceleration must last greater than or equal to 15
seconds from the onset to return to baseline
22. • DECELERATIONS
• Decrease in fetal heart rate from the baseline by at least 15b/m, lasting
for at least 15 seconds.
• 3types
• Early- head compression
• Late- u-p insufficiency
• Variable-cord compression primary CNS dysfn
25. Nonstress testing (NST)
• Definition
• A testing that monitors the fetal heart rate in response to fetal
movement in order to assess the integrity of fetal central nervous system
and cardio vascular system.
• The non-stress test (NST) involves application of the fetal monitor to
record the fetal heart rate. the mother is instructed to push a maker
button when she feels the fetus move. The marker button indicates the
movement as it occurred the relationship to the fetal heart rate. with
sufficient placental functioning, the fetus should demonstrate an
acceleration in heart rate with movement, in the same way that the
adult experienced increase heart rate with exercise. A lack of fetal
heart rate acceleration indicates the need for further testing
26. 1) Non-stress test is used to screen the high-risk pregnancy where the placenta
compromise is anticipated to include post- term pregnancy, pregnancy
induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation,
and maternal complaints of decreased fetal movement.
2) Patient identified as NST candidates will generally be required to complete
an NST on a regular basis (that is, weekly- bi weekly)
• PURPOSES
To assess the fetal ability to cope with continuation of a high-risk
pregnancy.
To determine the projected ability of a fetus to withstand the stress of
labour.
28. FETAL
• Decreased fetal movement
• Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)
• Fetal evaluation after amniocentesis
• Oligohydramnios/polyhydramnios
29. • ARTICALS
Electronics fetal heart monitor
Ultrasound transducer
Tocotransducer (Tocodynamometer)
Monitor strip
Ultrasound gel
Belts to hold the transducer in place
30. • RESULT
• Reactive non stress test =NORMAL /NEGATIVE
• reactive indicates a healthy fetus. The result requires two or more
FHR accelerations of at least 15 beats per minutes, lasting at least 15
seconds from the beginning of the acceleration to the end, in
association to the end, in association with fetal movement, during a
20 min period
• Non-reactive nonstress test=ABNORMAL
31. • No acceleration or accelerations of less than 15 beats per min or
lasting less than 15 sec in duration occur during a 40 min
observation. the result cannot be interpretated because of the poor
quality of the FHR tracing
• Unsatisfactory
• The result cannot be interpretated because of the poor quality of the
FHR tracing
32. 3) FETAL BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE
• Considers several parameters. BPP using real time ultrasonography has a high
predictive value
• Indication
• Non-reactive NST
• High risk pregnancy
• MODIFIED BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE
• Consist of NST and ultra sonographically determined amniotic fluid index (AFI).
Modified BPP is considered abnormal (nonreassuring) when the NST is non-
reactive and /of the AFI is <5
35. 4) AMNIOTIC FLUID INDEX
• Introduction
• It is clear, yellowish fluid that surrounds and protect fetus in uterus during
pregnancy
• It is also known as liquor amnii
• It is present in amniotic sac
• Origin
• Mixed maternal and fetal origin
• Volume
• Volume related to gestational age
• At 12 weeks=50ml
• At 20 weeks=400ml
36. At 36-38week=1000ml
At term=600ml-800ml
At 43week=200ml
• AMNIOTIC FLUID INDEX
• It is most commonly used method for amniotic fluid volume assessment
• Uterus divided into four equal quadrant-right, left, upper and lower quadrants
• AFI is the sum of the single deepest pocket from each quadrant
• Single deepest pocket measurement
• The ultrasound transducer is held perpendicular to the floor and parallel to the long axis
of the pregnant women
• The AFI is the sum of the single deepest pocket from each quadrant
37. • A fluid pocket may contain fetal parts or umbilical cord loops, but these are
not included in measurement
• Colour doppler is generally used to verify that no umbilical cord is included
in the measurement.
• Normal AFI is between 8-18cm
• Amniotic fluid abnormalities
• Oligohydramnios
• Defined as reduced amniotic fluid of 200ml or less i.e., amniotic fluid index
of 5cm or less or the deepest vertical pool<2cm
• Polyhydramnios
• Defined as excessive amount of amniotic fluid of 2000ml or more (AFI of
>25 cm or the deepest vertical pool of >8cm)
38. 5) OXYTOCIN CHALLENGE TEST (OCT)
(CONTRACTION STRESS TEST)
• DEFINITION
• A test in which the fetus is exposed to the stress of contractions to
determine whether there is adequate placental perfusion under simulated
labour conditions (induced uterine contraction).
• PURPOSES
• To assess the fetal ability to cope with the continuation of a high risk
pregnancy
• To determine the projected ability of the fetus to withstand the stress
of labour
39. • INDICATION
• IUGR
• Post maturity
• Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
• Diabetes mellitus
• Women with nonreactive NST
• CONTRAINDICATION
• Third trimester bleeding
• Incompetent cervix
• Multiple gestation
• Previous classical uterine incision
40. • Hydramnios
• History of preterm labour
• Premature rupture of membrane
• ARTICLES
• All the articles required for NST (Fetal monitor, monitor strip,
transducer and monitor belts)
• An IV line to administer a dilute dose of oxytocin
• IV Infusion pump to monitor the flow rate
• Medication and IV fluids.
41. • PROCEDURE
• A dilute of IV solution of oxytocin is administered to the mother until
a contraction pattern is developed. when sufficient information is
obtained to evaluate the test, the medication is turned off.
• The oxytocin challenge test evaluates the ability of the placenta to
supply fetal needs in a stressed environment. contractions, such as
those of labor, are a stress on the pregnancy. During a contraction, the
flow of oxygen from the uterus to the placenta is diminished. The
healthy placenta stores an oxygen reserve so that the fetus does not
suffer a diminished supply of oxygen during the contraction.
42. • The OCT involves application of the fetal monitor to record fetal
heart rate and contraction activity. Acceptable results include
acceleration of fetal heart rate or no change in fetal heart baseline
during a contraction. Unacceptable results include deceleration of
fetal heart rate during a contraction
• The OCT is used to evaluate the high-risk pregnancy where the
placental compromise is suspected.it is often applied to the same
high-risk patients listed under NST. In addition, it is used to evaluate
the patient when a suspicious result is obtained on an NST.The OCT
is more invasive than NST
43. • BREAST STIMULATION TEST(BST)
• This test involves stimulation of the nipples (by rubbing),
which causes the posterior pituitary to release the hormone oxytocin,
which in turn causes contraction.
44. 6) ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• IUGR can be diagnosed accurately with serial measurement of BPD,
AC, HC, FL and amniotic fluid volume.AC is the single measurement
which best reflects fetal nutrition. The average increase of biparietal
diameter beyond 34 weeks is 1.7 mm per week. When HC/AC ratio is
elevated (>1.0) after 34 weeks, IUGR suspected. Ultrasound
examination is the main diagnostic tool to assess fetal growth.
45. 7) DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• A fetal doppler is an ultrasound scan that helps assess the baby’s
growth and blood flow to different parts of the baby’s body including
the umbilical cord, brain and heart.it helps to study whether sufficient
oxygen and nutrients that the child needs are being supplied via the
placenta.
46. 8)VIBROACOUSTIC STIMULATION TEST
• Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation is a simple, non-invasive technique
where a device is placed on the maternal abdomen over the region of the
feta head and sound is emitted at a predetermined level for several
seconds. It is hypothesised that the resultant startle reflex in the fetus
and the subsequent heart rate acceleration or transient tachycardia
following VAS provide reassurance of fetal wellbeing.
47. • CONCLUSION
• The biophysical profile is a non-invasive prenatal diagnostic test that
usually is performed after the 28th weeks of pregnancy to evaluate the
well being of the fetus.it combines an ultrasound examination with a
nonstress test.it cause minimal risk to the fetus and expectant mother.it
has lower reliability if the fetus is severely premature. results may be
affected by use of corticosteroids. The test may need to be done in some
cases.
48. • BIBLIOGRAPHY
• DC DUTTA’S Text book of obstetrics 7 revised edition
• NIMA BHASKAR Midwifery and obstetrical nursing third edition