Intra Partum Cardiotocography - dr vivek patkardrvivekpatkar
Cardiotocography ( CTG )
is a procedure of graphically ( graph) recording fetal heart activity and uterine contractions ( Toco ) – both recorded in the same time scale simultaneously and continuously through uterine quiscience and contractions
Intra Partum Cardiotocography - dr vivek patkardrvivekpatkar
Cardiotocography ( CTG )
is a procedure of graphically ( graph) recording fetal heart activity and uterine contractions ( Toco ) – both recorded in the same time scale simultaneously and continuously through uterine quiscience and contractions
CTG Interpretation, evidence based approach
Cardiotocography (CTG) or electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is the most widely used technique for assessing fetal wellbeing in labour in the developed world. The primary purpose of fetal surveillance by CTG is to prevent adverse fetal outcomes. Continuous electronic foetal monitoring is recommended to assure fetal wellbeing in labour in high risk pregnant women. Understanding pathophysiology of fetal heart rate variation will help appropriate interpretation of the CTG.
Features & classification of CTG according to RCOG will be demonstrated in this presentation with sufficient trace demonstration.
CTG in simple methods in fetal assessment according to RCOG guidelines.
easy and concise
feel free to download
by OSAMA AKL
MRCOG instructor
contact me on WhatsApp 00201008067383
CTG Interpretation, evidence based approach
Cardiotocography (CTG) or electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is the most widely used technique for assessing fetal wellbeing in labour in the developed world. The primary purpose of fetal surveillance by CTG is to prevent adverse fetal outcomes. Continuous electronic foetal monitoring is recommended to assure fetal wellbeing in labour in high risk pregnant women. Understanding pathophysiology of fetal heart rate variation will help appropriate interpretation of the CTG.
Features & classification of CTG according to RCOG will be demonstrated in this presentation with sufficient trace demonstration.
CTG in simple methods in fetal assessment according to RCOG guidelines.
easy and concise
feel free to download
by OSAMA AKL
MRCOG instructor
contact me on WhatsApp 00201008067383
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Introduction:
• Majority of the fetal deaths(80%) occur in the antepartum
period.
• The major causes of deaths are: 1) chronic fetal hypoxia(IUGR)
2) maternal complications-diabetes, hypertension, infection
3)fetal congenital malformation 4) unexplained causes
• The primary objective of antenatal fetal assessment is to avoid
fetal death
2
7. AFP:
• It is an oncofetal protein produced by yolk sac and fetal liver
• Highest level in fetal serum and amniotic fluid is reached
around 13 weeks and thereafter it decreases
• Maternal serum level reaches a peak around 32 weeks
• Test is done between 15 to 20 wks
MSAFP is elevated in a number of conditions:
Wrong GA
Open neural tube defects
Multiple pregnancy
IUFD
Anterior abdominal wall defects
Renal defects
7
8. Triple test:
• Combined test which includes MSAFP,hCG and UE3
• It is used for the detection of Down’s syndrome
Acetyl choline esterase
• Elevated in open neural tube defects
8
11. Diagnostic indications
• Early months(15-20 wks)Sex linked disorders
Karyotyping
In born errors of metabolism
Neural tube defects
• Later months
Fetal maturity
Degree of fetal hemolysis in Rh sensitised mother
Meconium staining of liquor
11
12. Therapeutic indications:
• First half:
Abortion induction by instilling chemicals
Repeated decompression of uterus in acute hydramnios
• Second half
Decompression of uterus in unresponsive c/c hydramnios
Fetal transfusion
aminoinfusion
12
13. Chorionic villus sampling
• Prenatal diagnosis of genetic
disorders
• Carried out transcervically
between 10-12 weeks and
transabdominally from 10 wks till
term
• A few villi are collected from the
chorion frondosum under
ultrasonic guidance with the help
of a long maalaeble polyethylene
catheter introduced transcervically
along the extraovular space
• Provides diagnosis in 24 hours
13
14. • Complications: fetal loss, oromandibular limb deformities,
vaginal bleeding- higher when compared to amniocentesis
• False positives due to placental mosaics and maternal cell
contamination can occur. In such cases, amniocentesis to
confirm.
• Anti-D should be given to Rh-ve mother following procedure
14
15. Cordocentesis
• Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
• All information obtained from
amniocentesis and CVS can be
obtained. In addition,
Fetal anemia, bleeding disorders,
hemoglobinopathies
Fetal infections-toxoplasmosis, viral
Fetal blood gas and acid base status- in
IUGR
Fetal therapy- in blood transfusion
15
19. Fetal movement count
Cardif ‘count 10’ formula: the patient is instructed to
report if 1)less than 10 movts occur during 12 hours on 2
consecutive days or 2)no movts percieved even after 12
hrs in a single day
DFMC- three counts each of one hour(morning,noon and
night) are recommended. The total counts multiplied by
4 gives the dfmc
Loss of fetal movts is commonly followed by
disappearance od FHR within next 24 hrs
19
20. NST
• Currently most commonly used
• Utilises principle of Doppler ultrect
• An external ultrasound transducer for recording fetal heart
rate and tocodynamometer for recording uterine activity are
attached to maternal abdomen
• This test is based on the hypothesis that the heart rate of a
fetus that is not acidotic due to hypoxia will accelerate in
response to fetal movt
20
21. Reactive NST
• Presence of 2 or more fetal heart rate accelerations during a
20 min period, with each acceleration of 15 beats per min
lasting 15 sec or more, usually occurring simultaneously with
fetal movement. Tracing is extended to 40 mins before
commenting non reactive
21
22. Non reactive NST
• Usually associated with fetal hypoxia
• Other causes- sleep periods in fetus and GA<28 weeks
• Variable decelerations if non repetitive and brief are not
significant. But repetitive( atleast 3 in 10min) or prolonged
(more than 30 sec) variable decelerations are considered
abnormal
22
23. VAST
• An acoustic stimulator is placed on the maternal abdomen
and a stimulus applied for 1-2 sec. the basis is that the
external sound may stimulate the fetus provoking fetal heart
rate acceleration in cases thought to be non reactive. This is
termed startle response
23
24. Contraction stress test
• Also termed oxytocin challenge test
• This test is based upon the fact that the utero-placenttal
blood flow decreases markedly during uterine contractions.
• A normal fetus can withstand this hypoxic stress without
dirfficulty
• A fetus with acute or chronic problems will not be able to
withstand this decrease in qxygen supply and this will result in
late decelerations
• If atleast 3 spontaneous contractions lasting atleast 40 sec is
present in 10 mins, oxytocin stimulation is not needed
24
25. • If atleast 3 spontaneous contractions lasting atleast 40 sec is
present in 10 mins, oxytocin stimulation is not needed
• If not contractions are induced with oxytocin infusion
• This test gives an indication whether the fetus will withstand
the stress of labour
• Disadvantages-time consuming, invasive and can rarely cause
severe fetal hypoxia
25
26. Biophysical profile
• A set of 5 variables, which depends upon the integrity pf the
CNS, used to assess fetal well being
• It can be used to decide on the timing of delivery in high risk
cases such as IUGR
• A persistently low BPP is always associated with absent end
diastolic flow
• Normal variables are given a score of 2 each and abnormal
variables are given zero points
• Indication: Non reactive NST, High risk pregnancy
• Test frequency: weekly after a normal NST, twice weekly after
abnormal NST
26
28. BPP scoring, interpretation and
management
BPP score
interpretation
management
8-10
No fetal hypoxia
Repeat testing at weekly
interval or more
6
Suspect chronic asphyxia
If>36wks, deliver
If L/S<2.0, repeat test in
4-6 hours
4
Suspect chronic asphyxia
If>/= 36 wks, deliver
<32 wks-repeat testing in
4-6 hrs
0-2
Strongly suspect
asphyxia
Test for 120 mins-if
persistent score of </=4,
deliver regardless of GA
28
29. Modified BPP
• Consists of NST and USG determined AFI
• Considered abnormal if NST non reactive or AFI<5cm
29
30. Fetal cardiotocography
• A normal tracing after 32 weeks would show a baseline heart
rate of 110-150 bpm with an amplitude of baseline variability
5-25 bpm
• There should be 2 or more accelerations in a 20 min period
• There should be no decelerations or there may be early
deceleration of very short duration
30
31. USG
• IUGR can be diagnosed accurately with serial measurement of
BPD, AC, HC, FL and amniotic fluid volume.
• AC is the single best measurement of fetal nutrition status
• HC/AC ratio is elevation(>1) after 34 weeks should raise
suspicion of IUGR
31
32. Doppler ultrasound
velocimetry
• Doppler flow velocity wave forms are obtained from arterial
and venous beds in the fetus
• Arterial doppler wave form is helpful to assess downstream
vascular resistance. It is used to measure peak systolic(S),
diastolic(D) and mean (M) volumes
• From these values, S/D ratio, pulsatility index(PI=(S-D)/M), or
resistance index(RI=(S-D)/S)
• I
32
33. • In normal pregnancy, the S/D ratio, PI and RI decreases as GA
advances
• Higher values greater than 2 SDs above gestational age mean
indicates reduced diastolic velocities and increased placental
vascular resistance. These features point towrd adverse
pregnancy outcome
33
36. • Venous doppler parameter provides information about
cardiac forward function(cardiac compliance, contractility and
afterload).
• Fetuses with abnormal cardiac function show pulsatile flow in
the umbilical vein. Normal UV flow is monophasic
36
37. Antenatal doppler changes and the features
suggestive of a compromised fetus:
Vessel
Change
Pathophysiological Clinical
basis
significance
Umbilical
artery(UA)
Reduced or
absent end
diastolic flow
Failure of villous
trophoblast
invasion
Middle cerebrral
artery(MCA)
Increased diastolic Dilatation of
velocity,
cerebral vessels
Decresed S/D or
PI
“brain sparing’
effect in
response to
hypoxemia
Ductus venosus
High doppler
index
Absent or
reversed flow
Increased CVP
Fetal acidemia
Umbilical vein
(UV)
Increased doppler
index,
Pulsatile flow
Increased CVP or
decreased cardiac
compliance
Fetal acidemia
Increased
resistance in
fetoplacental
circulation-IUGR,
preeclampsia
37
38. Amniotic fluid volume
• An ntegral part of AFS in pregnancies complicated by IUGR and
pre-eclampia
• Decreased uteroplacental perfusion can result in reduced fetal
renal blood flow, decreased fetal urine production and
consequently oligohydramnios
• Oligohydramnios can be due to pre-eclampsia, IUGR, PROM
and fetal renal agenesis or urinary tract obstruction.
• 2 techniques
AFI
SDP
38
39. AFI
• It is calculated by dividing the uterus into 4 quadrants and
measuring the largest vertical pocket of liquor in each of the 4
quadrants.
• The sum of the 4 measurements is AFI in cm
• Range of 5-25 is considered normal
• <5 – significant oligohydramnios
39
40. SDP
• It is the depth of a single cord free pocket of amniotic fluid.
The normal range iss 2-8 cm. over 8cm is considered
polyhydramnios. Less than 2cm is considered oligohydramnios
40
41. Other tests in late pregnancy
• Tests for fetal lung maturity
• Assessment of severity of Rh isoimmunisation
41
42. References
•
•
•
•
D.C.Dutta’s textbook of obstetrics- 7th edition
Textbook of obstetrics- Sheila B
Mudaliar and Menon’s textbook of obstetrics
Google- for the images
42