Bio-medical waste is generated from hospitals and healthcare facilities and includes infectious, hazardous, and non-hazardous waste. Major sources are hospitals, labs, and research centers. The waste poses risks to patients, medical staff, sanitation workers, and the public if not properly managed. Proper management includes segregating waste by category and color-coded bins, treating waste using approved methods like incineration, autoclaving, and deep burial, and ensuring safety of workers who handle the waste. Effective bio-medical waste management is important to prevent spread of diseases.

1. Bio-Medical Waste
Management

2. INTRODUCTION
• Hospital waste refers to all waste, biological or nonbiological
that is discarded and not intended for further use.
• Bio‐medical waste Bio-medical waste is generated during the
diagnosis, testing, treatment, research, immunisation or
production of biological products for humans or animals (WHO).
• Infectious waste: The wastes which contain pathogens in
sufficient concentration or quantity that could cause diseases.
It is hazardous e.g. culture and stocks of infectious agents from
laboratories, waste from surgery, waste originating from
infectious patients.

4. Sources of Bio-Medical Waste
Major Sources
• Hospitals
• Labs
• Research centers
• Animal research
• Blood banks
• Nursing homes
• Mortuaries
• Autopsy centers
Minor sources
• Clinics
• Dental clinics
• Home care
• Cosmetic clinics
• Paramedics
• Funeral services
• Institutions

5. Risk Groups
Patients &
attenders
Public
Medical &
Paramedical staff
Sanitation workers

6. Risk waste
Chemical Wastes
(Gaseous, Metallic and
liquids)
Infectious waste
(cotton, dressing and
cleaning materials)
Pathological waste
(Blood, biopsy samples,)
Radiation wastes
Radiotherapy materials, x-
ray and other radiological
testing)
Pharmacy waste
(Expired drugs, chemicals
and research wastes
Genotoxic Wastes
(drugs and chemicals)
Sharps
(Needles, glass
bottles, infusion sets
etc)

7. PROBLEMSASSOCIATED WITH BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATED WASTE ITEM
VIRUSES
HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis
A,C, Arboviruses,
Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious Hepatitis,
Infectious Hepatitis, Dengue,
Japanese encephalitis, tick-
borne fevers, etc.
Infected needles, body
Fluids, Human excreta,
soiled linen, Blood, body
fluids.
BACTERIA
Salmonella typhi, Vibrio
cholerae, Clostridium Tetani,
Pseudomonas,
Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera, Tetanus
Wound infections,
septicemia, rheumatic fever,
endocarditis, skin and soft
tissue infections
Human excreta and body
fluid in landfills and hospital
wards, Sharps such as
needles, surgical blades in
hospital waste.
PARASITES
Wucheraria Bancrofti,
Plasmodium
Cutaneous leishmaniasis,
Kala Azar, Malaria
Human excreta, blood and
body fluids in poorly
managed sewage system of
hospitals.

8. Bio-Medical Waste Flow Chart
In House Segregation
(Collection, Segregation
Packing in Color Coded Poly
Bags)
Re Use
Generator
(HOSPITALS)
Waste Water to
ETP
Common Storage Point At
Hospitals
Transportation
(Approved Special Vehicle)
Unloading and Temp
Storage at CBWTF
Treatment
(Incineration, Autoclaving
and Shredding)
Disposal
( Recycling & Landfill)

9. Bio Medical Waste Segregation

10. Yellow Bin
Waste
Category
TYPE OF WASTE
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL
OPTION
(a)
Human Anatomical Waste (Human tissues, organs, body
parts)
Incineration/ deep
burial
(b)
Animal Waste
(Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, bleeding
parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in
research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals and
colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses)
Incineration / deep
burial*
(c)
Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with body
fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster
casts, lines, bedding and other materials
contaminated with blood.)
Incineration /
autoclaving /
microwaving
Categories of Biomedical Waste Schedule as per WHO Standard
Yellow Bin

11. Yellow Bin
Waste
Category
TYPE OF WASTE
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTION
(d)
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs
(Wastes comprising of outdated,
contaminated and discarded medicines)
Incineration / destruction and
drugs disposal in secured
landfills
(e)
Chemical Waste (Solid/Liquid)
(Chemicals used in production of
biologicals, chemicals used in disinfecting,
as insecticides, etc.)
Chemical treatment and
discharge into drains for
liquids and secured landfill
for solids.
(f)
Chemical Liquid waste (fluids)
X-Ray Film Liquid: Not Radioactive waste.
Contains AgNO3 used for developing films.

12. Yellow Bin
Waste
Category
TYPE OF WASTE
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTION
(g)
Discarded Linens, mattresses, beddings
contaminated with blood, body fluids,routine
mask and gown
Waste generated from
the laboratory and washing, cleaning, house
keeping and disinfecting activities
Disinfecting by chemical
treatment and discharge
into drains
(h)
Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste (Wastes
from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimen of
live micro organisms or attenuated vaccines,
human and animal cell cultures used in research
and infectious agents from research and
industrial laboratories, wastes from production of
biologicals, toxins and devices used for transfer
of cultures)
Local autoclaving/ microwaving /
incineration

14. TYPE OF WASTE IN RED BIN
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTION
• Tubing Bottle , Intravenous Tubes and Sets
• Catheters, Urine Bag
• Syringes (without needles and fixed needle
syringes with their needles cut
• Vacutainers (without Blood) and gloves
• Waste pippete tips, plastic pippete, rubber
teats , drains, oxygen masks, thick plastic
splash proof gawns, rubber apron, ELISA
plate and vials not containing blood
samples
Disinfecting by chemical treatment /
autoclaving / microwaving and
mutilation / shredding# #

15. TYPE OF WASTE IN WHITE BIN
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTION
• NEEDLES, SYRINGES WITH FIXED
NEEDLES, needles from needle tip cutter
or burner, scalpels, blades or any other
contaminated sharp object that may cause
puncture and cuts
• This includes waste sharps such as lumbar
puncture needle, trocar canula, arthoscopy
blades, insulin pen needle, lancet needle,
eye needle,surgical stab knife
Disinfecting (chemical
treatment / autoclaving / microwaving
and mutilation / shredding)
Scalpel Blade SUTURE NEEDLE
Needle with
fixed needle

16. TYPE OF WASTE IN BLUE BIN
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTION
• Broken or discarded and contaminated
glass including medicine vials and ampules
except those contaminated with cytotoxic
wastes
• Includes GLASS SLIDES and GLASS
PIPETTES, orthopedic splints and implants.
Disinfecting (chemical
treatment / autoclaving / microwaving
and mutilation / shredding)

18. Label of Hazard Warnings

19. DISPOSAL METHODS OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTES
• Incineration
• Chemical disinfection
• Inertisation
• Autoclave
• Encapsulation
• Microwave
• Shredder
• Plasma pyrolysis
• Deep burial

20. DISPOSAL OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• Deep burial: – Category 1 and 2 only – In cities having less
than 5 lakh population & rural area.
• Autoclave and microwave treatment – Standards for the
autoclaving and microwaving are also mentioned in the
Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998. –
All equipment installed/shared should meet these
specifications. – Category 3, 4, 6 and 7 can be treated by
these techniques.
• Shredding: – The plastic (I.V. bottles, I.V. sets, syringes,
catheters etc.), sharps (needles, blades, glass etc) should be
shredded but only after chemical
treatment/microwaving/autoclaving. – Needle destroyers can
be used for disposal of needles directly without chemical
treatment.

21. • Land disposal: – Open dumps – Secured/Sanitary
landfill: advantages. – The incinerator ash, discarded
medicines, cytotoxic substances and solid chemical
waste should be treated by this option.
• Incineration:- A high temperature dry oxidation
process, which reduces organic and combustible
waste to inorganic incombustible matter. Usually used
for the waste that can not be reused, recycled or
disposed of in landfill site. Category 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6
can be incinerated.

22. Safety measures
• All the generators of biomedical waste should
adopt universal precautions and appropriate safety
measures while handling the bio‐medical waste.
• It should be ensured that:
⚬ drivers, collectors and other handlers are aware of the
nature and risk of the waste.
⚬ written instructions provided regarding the procedures
to be adopted in the event of spillage/ accidents.
⚬ protective gears provided and instructions
regarding their uses are given.
⚬ workers are protected by vaccination against tetanus
and hepatitis B.

23. Staff safety
• Proper training
• Personal protective clothing
and equipment
• Immunization
• Post-exposure prophylaxis
• Medical surveillance
• Personal hygiene

24. THANK YOU