This document provides a lesson plan and content for a unit on mammalian diversity. The lesson plan outlines 5 lessons covering introductions to the three major lineages of mammals, their phylogenetic relationships, primates, living primates, and a unit test. The content section defines key terms like monotremes, marsupials, eutherians, and describes characteristics and examples within each group. It also discusses primate characteristics and adaptations, provides classification of living primates into 3 main groups, and depicts phylogenetic trees of primate and mammal relationships. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts.
I: Evolution
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.
-- Sir Isaac Newton
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Theories in Science
In the context of scientific inquiry, a theory is:
A conceptual framework supported by a large body of evidence
Broader in scope than a hypothesis. A theory ties information together and leads to specific testable hypotheses
In other words, a theory is a big deal in science, NOT a synonym for guessing
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(This used to be a joke, but I’m not laughing anymore.)
3
Historical Overview
What can explain both the unity and diversity of life on Earth?
Organic evolution: genetically based change over time. It acts on individuals in the present, but only manifests in the population over generations.
Natural Selection: mechanism causing the match between organisms and their environment (adaptive evolution = adaptation)
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Traditional views involved unchanging and perfect species inhabiting a young Earth (Old Testament, Linnaeus, etc.)
The emergence of paleontology and geology helped lay the groundwork for Darwin’s contributions
Other areas of research also influenced his thinking, including studies on human population growth
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Fig. 22-2
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1900
1850
1800
1750
1795
1809
1798
1830
1831–1836
1837
1859
1837
1844
1858
The Origin of Species is published.
Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin.
Darwin begins his notebooks.
Darwin writes essay on descent with modification.
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution.
Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
Linnaeus (classification)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Malthus (population limits)
Lamarck (species can change)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
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Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Layers of deposited
sediment
Older stratum
with older fossils
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Several 18th century naturalists (including Erasmus Darwin) suggested life evolves as environments change
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and subsequent inheritance of acquired characteristics
This mechanism is unsupported by evidence (e.g., even if you and your mate lost the same finger, your children would still be born with all ten), but it did refocus subsequent research
Lamarck’s Hypothesis
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The miniature phenotype of Bonsai trees is caused by manipulations of a bonsai master, not genetics. Would the next generation still be stunted if we planted their seeds and allowed them to grow naturally?
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After first studying medicine, then theology at Cambridge, Darwin took an unpaid position as naturalist for a 5-year voyage around the world
During his travels on HMS Beagle, he collected thousa ...
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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PLANING SCHEDULE
LESSON TOPIC DURATION TEACHING METHOD
LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION
TO 3 MAJOR
LINEAGE OF
MAMMALS,
DEFINITIONS,
EXAMPLES OF
ANIMALS.
45 MINUTES Class discussion
LESSON 2 PHYLOGENETIC
RELATIONSHIPS
OF MAMMALS
45 minutes Class discussion
LESSON 3 PRIMATES
(DERIVED
CHARECTERS
OF PRIMATE)
45 minutes Class discussion
LESSON 4 LIVING
PRIMATES 1 hour minutes practical
LESSON 5 UNIT TEST 1 HOUR AND 30
MINUTES Unit test
3. 3
Unit 1
EXPLORING MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
Phylogenetic Relations of Mammals.
Evidence from numerous fossils and molecular analyses indicates that monotremes
diverged from other mammals about 180 million years ago and that marsupials
diverged from eutherians (placenta) mammals about 140 million years ago. Molecular
systematics has helped to clarify the evolutionary relationships between the eutherian
orders, though there is still no broad consensus on a phylogenetic tree, (Campbell,
2014)
1. The three major lineages of mammals that had emerged: those leading to…
Monotremes (egg-laying mammals),
Marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and
Eutherians (placenta mammals) (Waters, 2007)
Monotremes
Monotremes are found only in Australia and New Guinea and are represented
by one species of platypus and four species of echidnas (spiny anteaters;
Figure 34.37).
Monotremes lay eggs, a character that is ancestral for amniotes and retained
in most reptiles.
Like all mammals, monotremes have hair and produce milk, but they lack
nipples.
Milk is secreted by glands on the belly of the mother. After hatching the, baby
sucks the milk from the mother’s fur. (Mayle, 1994)
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Figure 34.37 Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), and Australian
monotremes. Monotremes have hair and reproduce milk.but they lack nipples.
Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs (inset).
Marsupials
Opossum, kangaroos, and koalas are examples of the group called
marsupials.
Both marsupials and eutherians share derived characters not found among
monotremes.
They have higher metabolic rates and nipples that provide mil, and they give
birth to live young.
The embryo develops inside the uterus of the female’s reproductive tract.
The lining of the uterus and the extraembryonic membranes that arise from the
embryo form a placenta, a structure in which nutrients diffuse from the mother’s
blood.
A marsupials is born very early in its development and completes its embryonic
development while nursing (Figure 34-33a).
In most species, the nursing young are held within a maternal pouch called a
marsupium.
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A red kangaroo, for instance, is about the size of a honeybee at its birth, just 33
days after fertilization. Its back legs merely buds,
but its front legs are strong enough for it to crawl from the exit of its mother’s
reproductive tract to a pouch that opens to the front of her body, a journey that
lasts a few minutes.
In other species, the marsupium opens to the rear of the mother’s body; in
greater bilbies, this protects the young as their mother burrows in the dirt
(Figure 34-33b).
(a) A youngbrushtail possum. The offspring of marsupials are born very early
in their development. They finish their growth while nursing from a nipple (in
their mother’s pouch in most species).
(b) A greater bilby. The greater is a digger and burrower that eats termites and
other insects, along with the seeds, roots, and bulbs of various plants. The
female’s rear-opening pouch helps protect the young from dirt as the mother
digs. Other marsupials, such as kangaroos, have a pouch that opens to the
front.
Figure 34-33 Australia marsupials.
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Marsupials existed worldwide during the Mesozoic era, but today they are found
only in the Australian region and in North and South America.
The biogeography of marsupials illustrates the interplay between biological and
geologic evolution.
After the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea, South America a d Australia
became island continents,
and their marsupials diversified in isolation from the eutherians that began an
adaptive radiation on the northern continents.
Australia has not been in contact with another since early in the Cenozoic era,
about 65 million years ago.
In Australia, convergent evolution has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that
resemble eutherians in similar ecological roles in other parts of the world
(Figure 34.39).
In contrast, although South America had a diverse marsupials fauna throughout
the Paleogene, it has experienced several immigrations of eutherians.
One of the most important occurred about 3 million years ago, when North and
South America joined at the Panamanian isthmus and extensive two-way traffic
of animals took place over the land bridge.
Today, only marsupials live outside the Australian region, and the only
marsupials also found in the wild in North America are a few species of
opossum.
Figure 34.39
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Eutherians have a longer pregnancy than marsupials.
Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within the uterus,
joined to their mother by the placenta.
The eutherian placenta provides an intimate and long-lasting association
between the mother and her developing young.
The major groups of living eutherians are thought to have diverged from one
another in a burst of evolutionary change.
The timing of this burst is uncertain: Molecular data suggest it occurred about
100 million years.
while morphological data suggest it was about 60 million years ago.
Figure 34.40 explores several major eutherian orders and their phylogenetic
relationships with each other as well as with the monotremes and marsupials.
(Campbell, 2014)
2. One current hypothesis,represented bythe tree shown below, clusters
the eutherian orders into four main clades.
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3. Primates
The mammalian order primates include the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys and
apes.
Humans are members of the of the ape group.
Derived Characters of primates
Most primates have hands and stead of the narrow claws of other mammals.
There are other characteristic features of the hands and feet, too, such as
skin ridges on the fingers (which account for human fingerprints).
Relative to other mammals, primates have a large brain and short jaws,
giving them a flat face.
Their forward-looking eyes are close together on the front of the face.
Primates also exhibit relatively well-developed parental care and complex
social behavior.
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The earliest known primates were tree-dwellers, and many of the
characteristics of primates are adaptations to the demands of living in the
trees.
Grasping hands and feet allow primates to hang onto tree branches.
All living primates except humans have a big toe that is widely separated
from the other toes, enabling them to grasp branches with their feet.
All primates also have a thumb that is relatively movable and separates from
the fingers,
but monkeys and apes have a fully opposable thumb; that is, they can
touch the ventral surface (fingerprint side) of the tip of all four fingers with
the ventral surface of the thumb of the same hand.
In monkeys and apes other than humans, the opposable thumb allows it to
be used for more precise manipulation.
The unique dexterity of humans represents descent with modification from our tree-
dwelling ancestors, (Campbell, 2014).
Arboreal maneuvering also requires excellent eye-hand coordination.
The overlapping visual fields of the two forward-facing eyes enhance depth
perception, an obvious advantage when brachiating (traveling by swinging
from branch to branch in trees).
4. Living Primates
There are three main groups of living primates:
(1) the lemurs of Madagascar (Figure 34.41) and the lorises and bush babies
of tropical Africa and Southern Asia;
(2) the tarsiers, which live in the southeastern Asia; and
(3) the anthropoids, which involves monkeys and apes and are are found
worldwide
The first group—lemurs, lorises and bush babies—probably resemble early
arboreal primates.
The oldest known tarsier fossils date to 55 million years ago, while the oldest
anthropoid fossils date to 45 million years ago; along with DNA evidence, these
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fossils indicates that tarsiers are more closely related to anthropoids than to the
lemur group (Figure 34.42).
Figure 34.41 Verreaux’s sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi), a type of lemur.
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Figure 34.42 a phylogenetic tree of primates. The fossil record indicates that
anthropoids began diverging from other primates about 55 million years ago. New
World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes (the clade that includes gibbons,
orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans) have been evolving as separate
lineages for more than 25 million years. The lineages leading to humans branched off
from other apes sometimes between 6 and million years ago, (Campbell, 2014).
❇️ is the phylogeny shown here consistent with the idea that humans evolved
from chimpanzees?
You can see in Figure 32.42 that monkeys do not form a clade but rather
consist of two groups, the New and Old World monkeys.
Both of these groups are thought to have originated in Africa or Asia.
14. 14
The fossil record indicates that New World monkeys first colonized South
America roughly 25 million years ago.
By the time, South America and Africa had drifted apart, and monkeys
may have reached South America from Africa by rafting on on logs or
other debris.
What is certain is that New World monkeys and Old World monkeys
underwent separate adaptive radiations during their many millions of
years of separation (Figure 34.43).
All species of New World monkeys are arboreal, whereas Old World
monkeys include ground-dwelling as well as arboreal species.
Most monkeys in both groups are diurnal (active during the day) and
usually live in bands held together by social behavior.
The other group of anthropoids consists of primates in formally called
apes (Figure 34.44).
The ape group includes the genera Hylobates (gibbons), Pongo
(orangutans), Gorilla (gorillas), Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos), and
Homo (humans).
The apes diverged from Old World monkeys about 25–30 million years
ago.
Today, nonhuman apes are found exclusively in tropical regions of the
Old World.
With the exception of gibbons, living apes have relatively long arms,
short legs, and no tails.
Although all nonhuman apes spend time in trees, only gibbons and
orangutans are primarily arboreal.
Social organization differs among the apes, gorillas and chimpanzees
are highly social.
Finally, compared to other primates, apes have a larger brain in
proportion to their body body size, and their behavior is more flexible.
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These two characteristics are especially prominent in the next group we’ll consider,
the hominins. (Campbell, 2014).
(a) Gibbons, such as this Muller’s Gibbon, are found only in Southeastern Asia.
Their very long arms and fingers are adaptations for brachiating (swinging by
the arms from branch to branch).
16. 16
(b) Orangutans are shy apes that live in the rain forests of Sumatra and Borneo. They
spend most of their time in trees; note the foot adapted for grasping and the opposable
thumb.
(C) Gorillas are the largest apes; some males are almost 2 m tall and weight about
200 kg. Found only in Africa, these herbivores usually live in groups of up to about 20
individuals
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(d) Chimpanzees live in tropical Africa. They feed and sleep in trees but also spend
great deal of time on the ground. Chimpanzees are intelligent, communicative,
and social.
(e) Bonobos are in the same genus (Pan) as chimpanzees but are smaller. They
survive today only in the African nation of Congo.
Figure 34.44 Nonhuman apes
18. 18
(a) New World monkeys, such as spider monkeys (shown here), squirrels
monkeys, and Capuchins, have a prehensile tail (one adapted for
grasping) and nostrils that open to the sides.
(b) Old World monkeys lack a prehensile tail, and their nostrils open
downward. This group includes macaques (shown here), mandarils,
baboon, and rhesus monkeys.
Figure 34.43 New World monkeys and Old World monkeys.
19. 19
LIFE SCIENCE FET
CLASS TEST 1 – 2018
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions.
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Write ALL the answers in the ANSWER BOOK.
3. Start the answers to EACH question at the top of a NEW page.
4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
5. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question.
6. Do ALL drawings in pencil and label them in blue or black ink.
7. Draw diagrams, tables or flow charts only when asked to do so.
8. The diagrams in this question paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale.
9. Do NOT use graph paper.
10. You must use a non-programmable calculator, protractor and a compass, where
necessary. Write neatly and legibly.
SURNAME: ________________________________________ STUDENT NR. __________
QUESTION 1
[10]
Choose the alternative that best answers the question or completes the statement. Only
encircle the correct letter.
1.1 The three major lineages of mammals that had emerged: those leading to…
(a) Monotremes, Marsupials and Eutherians.
(b) Anthropoids and primates
(c) Monotremata, carnivora and xenarthral
(d) Monotremes and eutherians.
1.2 The fossil record indicates that anthropoids began diverging from other
primates about.
(a) 55 million years ago
(b) 160 million years ago
(c) 40 million years ago
(d) 10 million years ago
1.3 The ape group includes the genera Hylobates (gibbons), Pongo (orangutans),
Gorilla (gorillas), Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos), and Homo (humans).
(a) True
(b) False
1.4 Opossum, kangaroos, and koalas are examples of the group called.
(a) Marsupials
(b) Monotremes
20. 20
(c) Eutherians
(d) primates
1.5 This picture is an example of a
(a) Monotremes
(b) Hominins
(c) Mammal
(d) marsupials
QUESTION 2
[10]
Give the correct biological term for each of the following statements or definitions.
2.1 Egg-laying mammal.
2.2 A tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species
2.3 Also known as placental mammals.
2.4 Travelling by swinging from branch to branch.
2.5 In most species, the nursing young are held within a maternal pouch called.
Question 3
3.1 Identify the three main groups of living primates.
3.2 Give a description of the following nonhuman apes from the pictures provided
26. 26
Question 4 [17 marks]
Draw and label a diagram representing a phylogenetic relationships of mammals.
Also clusters the eutherian orders into four main clades.
TOTAL: 60 MARKS
27. 27
MEMO
QUESTION 1
[10]
Choose the alternative that best answers the question or completes the statement. Only
encircle the correct letter.
1.1The three major lineages of mammals that had emerged: those leading to…
(a)Monotremes, Marsupials and Eutherians.
(b)Anthropoids and primates
(c) Monotremata, carnivora and xenarthral
(d) Monotremes and eutherians.
1.2 The fossil record indicates that anthropoids began diverging from other primates
about.
(a) 55 million years ago
(b) 160 million years ago
(c) 40 million years ago
(d)10 million years ago
1.3 The ape group includes the genera Hylobates (gibbons), Pongo (orangutans),
Gorilla (gorillas), Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos), and Homo (humans).
(a)True
(b) False
1.4 Opossum, kangaroos, and koalas are examples of the group called.
(a) Marsupials
(b) Monotremes
(c) Eutherians
(d) Primates
1.5This picture is an example of a
(a)Monotremes
(b)Hominin
28. 28
(c) Mammal
(d)marsupials
QUESTION 2
[10]
Give the correct biological term for each of the following statements or definitions.
2.1 Egg-laying mammal. Monotremes
2.2 A tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species.
Phylogenetic tree
2.3 Also known as placental mammals. Eutherians
2.4 Travelling by swinging from branch to branch. Brachiating
2.5 In most species, the nursing young are held within a maternal pouch called. A
marsupium.
Question 3 [23 marks]
3.1
(a) The lemurs of Madagascar and the lorises and bush babies of tropical Africa
and Southern Asia;
(b) the tarsiers, which live in the southeastern Asia; and
(c) the anthropoids, which involves monkeys and apes and are found worldwide
[8 marks]
3.2
a. Gibbons, such as this Muller’s Gibbon, are found only in Southeastern Asia.
Their very long arms and fingers are adaptations for brachiating (swinging by
the arms from branch to branch).
b. Orangutans are shy apes that live in the rain forests of Sumatra and Borneo.
They spend most of their time in trees; note the foot adapted for grasping and
the opposable thumb.
c. Gorillas are the largest apes; some males are almost 2 m tall and weigh about
200 kg. Found only in Africa, these herbivores usually live in groups of up to
about 20 individuals
29. 29
d. Chimpanzees live in tropical Africa. They feed and sleep in trees but also spend
great deal of time on the ground. Chimpanzees are intelligent, communicative,
and social.
e. Bonobos are in the same genus (Pan) as chimpanzees but are smaller. They
survive today only in the African nation of Congo.
[15 marks, 3 per each]
Question 4
[17 marks]
TOTAL: 60 MARKS
30. 30
PRACTICAL
TOPIC: MAMALIAN DIVERSITY
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions.
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Write ALL the answers in the ANSWER BOOK.
3. Start the answers to EACH question at the top of a NEW page.
4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.
5. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question.
6. Do ALL drawings in pencil and label them in blue or black ink.
7. WRITE NEATLY AND LEGIBLY
Question 1 [20 MARKS]
1.1 A phylogenetic tree of primates. The fossil record indicates that anthropoids
began diverging from other primates about 55 million years ago. New World
monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes (the clade that includes gibbons,
orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans) have been evolving as
separate lineages for more than 25 million years. The lineages leading to
humans branched off from other apes sometimes between 6 and million years
ago.
Draw a detailed diagram to support the above statement.
Question 2 [28 marks]
2.1 Contrast monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians in terms of how they bear
young.
2.2 identify at least five derived traits of primates.
2.3 Make connections. Develop a hypothesis to explain why the diversity of
mammals increased in the Cenozoic. Your explanation should consider mammalian
adaptations as well factors such as mass extinctions and continental drift.
TOTAL: 48 MARKS
31. 31
Practical Memorandum.
Question 1 [20 marks]
1.1
Question 2 [28 marks]
2.1 Monotremes lay eggs. Marsupials give birth to very small live young that attach
to a nipple in the mothers’ pouch, where they complete development. Eutherians
give birth to more developed live young. [5 marks]
2.2 Hand and feet adapted for grasping, flat nails, large brain, forward looking eyes
on a flat face, parental care and moveable big toe and thumb. [9 marks]
2.3
Mammals are endothermic, enabling them to live in a wide range of habitats.
Milk provides young with balanced set of nutrients, and hair and layer of fat
under the skin help mammals retain heat.
Mammals have differentiated teeth, enabling them to eat many different kinds
of food.
Mammals also have a relatively large brains, and many species are capable
learners.
Following a mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period,
the absence of large terrestrial dinosaurs may have opened many new
ecological niches to mammals,
promoting an adaptive radiation.
32. 32
Continental drift also isolated many groups of mammals from one another.
Promoting the formation of many new species.
[14 marks]
TOTAL: 48 MARKS
33. 33
REFERENCE LIST
Campbell, NA. Cain, ML. Jackson, RB. Reece, JB. Urry, LA. Wasserman, SA.
Minorsky, SA. Campbell Biology. A Global Approach. Tenth Edition. Global edition.
2014
Mayle, B.A. (1994). Roe Deer Biology and Management. Bulletin 105. Forestry
Commission, Edinburgh.
Waters, PD. Dobigny, G. Waddell PJ. Robison, TJ. Evolutionary history of Line-1 in
the major clades of placental mammals. PLoS ONE, 2007, vol.2 pg. e158