atp-adp cycle, energy transformation

1. Energy Transformation:
ATP – ADP Cycle and
Photosynthesis
Leila A. Ombat, PhD
Biology Department
College of Arts and Sciences
Caraga State University, Butuan City

2. Learning Objectives
The learners should be able to:
1.explain coupled reaction processes and
describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and
transfer (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-1).
2.describe the major features and chemical
events in photosynthesis (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-J-
2).
3.explain the importance of chlorophyll and other
pigments (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-J-3).

3. 4.describe the patterns of electron flow
through light reaction events
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-4).
5.describe the significant events of the
Calvin Cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-5).

4. Activity
• Match the fruit to its leaves
1 2 3 4
dcba

5. Those plants starts from a tiny seed.
• How does it happen?
• Where does mass of tree come from?
• Where do they get their energy?

6. Activity: Role of chlorophyll in
photosynthesis
Extraction of chlorophyll
 variegated leaf was collected
 placed in test tube with 70% ethyl alcohol
 boiled in a water bath until the leaf became pale
 the leaf was rinsed with water
 it’s ready for the test of presence of starch using a
drop(s) of iodine solution.
 a blue black color indicates the presence of starch.

14. Analysis
1.Why do we have to use alcohol in the
removal of chlorophyll?
2.Which portion of the leaves turn blue-
black? What does it indicates?
3.Why is it that some portion of the leaves
are not green?
4.What is the main function of the
chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

15. ATP-ADP Cycle

16. The Flow of Energy
• All life on earth depends on
the flow of energy through
ecosystems
• All energy on the earth
ultimately comes from the
sun

17. Organisms are classified according to their
energy source
These are the:
AUTOTROPHS
HETEROTROPHS

18. Autotrophs
• organisms capable of
making their own
food.
• plants are
photoautotrophs
• they use light energy
from the sun to
produce glucose
(sugar)

19. Heterotrophs
• organisms not capable
of making their own
food
• they are consumers of
the biosphere
• they must eat plants, or
other animals who eat
plants to acquire
indirectly the energy
from the sun

20. Pyramid of Energy

21. What is the energy currency of the
cells of autotrophs and heterotrophs?

22. Adenosine Triphosphate
The common energy
currency of cells.
With one big
molecule that is
made of 5 smaller
molecules bonded
together.
Adenosine Tri-phosphate

23. How energy is released from ATP?
• ATP transfer energy from the
breakdown of food molecules
to cell function.
• Energy is released when
phosphate group (P) is
removed
• ADP is charge into ATP when
phosphate group (P) is added.

24. Key concepts of ATP/ADP Cycle
1. ATP contains MORE energy than ADP because it
has more bonds.
2. When a phosphate is REMOVED energy is
RELEASED.
3. When a phosphate is ADDED energy is NEEDED.

25. ATP-ADP Cycle: Carbohydrates
• Energy: up to 36 ATP
molecules (1 glucose)
• Details:
• Most commonly
broken down to
make ATP
• Not stored in large
amounts

26. • Energy: about 146 ATP
molecules
(triglyceride)
• Details:
• Lipids store the most
energy
• 80% of the enrgy in our
body
ATP-ADP Cycle: Fats/Lipids

27. • Energy: about 36 ATP
molecules BUT…
• Details:
• Proteins are least
likely to be broken
down to make ATP,
• Amino acids not
usually needed for
energy
ATP-ADP Cycle: Proteins

28. Energy Content of Biomolecules
MOLECULES ENERGY
Carbohydrates 4 calories per mg
Lipid 9 calories per mg
Protein 4 calories per mg

29. Learning Check
1. Where does plants get energy to produce its
own food?
2. Consumers are also termed as ___________.
3. When does ATP release its stored energy?
4. What molecule will be formed if 1 molecule of
phosphate will be released?
5. Which of the biomolecules possessed greater
amount of energy?

30. Answer
1.Sun
2.Heterotrophs
3.When 1 of the phosphorus is broken and
released
4.ADP
5.Lipids/Fats

31. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Converts light
energy to the
chemical
energy of food

32. • Occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists,
and some prokaryotes (cyanobacteria and
purple sulfur bacteria
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

33. 1.Inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide
and water)
2.Light energy
3.Chlorophyll inside the chloroplast
What are the requirements for
photosynthesis to take place?

34. Photosynthesis
• Video on photosynthesis

35. • CO2 from the
atmosphere will
enter into the
leaves of the plants
through the
stomates
• H2O from the soil
will enter into the
roots through the
root hairs
Carbon Dioxide and Water

36. Sun Light
• When the white light from
the sun passes through a
prism it produces the
rainbow colors
• Two colors are used for
photosynthesis, the blue and
red that are trapped by
chlorophyll a (P680 and
P700) and b.
• Most of the colors are
reflected to the
environment.

37. Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis
in Plants

38. • The leaves of plants are the major
sites of photosynthesis

39. Chloroplast
Chloroplast is composed of:
1.Outer membrane
2.Inner membrane
3.Stroma that contains small
circular DNA and ribosomes; its the
area for dark reaction.
4.Thylakoids are piled into granum
(plural: grana)
• The membrane of thylakoid
consist of reaction centers,
electron acceptors and
enzymes needed for light
reaction

40. Chloroplast: Chlorophyll
• Thylakoid membrane consists of
photosystem I (P700) and photosystem
II (680) for light reaction; electron
acceptors and ATPase. This systems
are found in the chlorophyll,
responsible for trapping light energy

41. Chloroplast: Chlorophyll

42. Chloroplast: Chlorophyll

43. • Chloroplasts split water into Hydrogen and
oxygen, incorporating the electrons of
hydrogen into sugar molecules
Chloroplast: Chlorophyll

44. Chloroplast: Photosynthesis overview
Two phases of
photosynthesis
1.Light reaction – occurs in
thylakoid membranes
2.Dark reaction or Calvin
Cycle – happened in stroma

45. Electrons from chlorophyll travel through the
carriers organized in the “Z scheme”

46. The transfer of electrons and protons is carried out
by four protein complexes
6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 12 NADP+
+ 12 H+
+ 6O2

47. How is ATP formed?
Electron and proton transport form a proton motive force
(PMF)
PMF is used to make ATP
Where are protons produced?
1. Splitting of water
2. PQ oxidation
Light-dependent ATP synthesis: PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Peter Mitchell, 1960, photophosphorylation works via
chemiosmotic mechanism

48. ATP synthase (ATPase)

49. 1.Light Absorption: Electrons are “pulled” from water, and O2 is evolved
(light reaction)
2. Electron Transport : NADPH is formed (light reaction)
3. Generation of ATP: (light reaction)
4. Conversion of CO2 into Carbohydrates (carbon reaction)
Light and Carbon reactions of Photosynthesis

50. Overview of the
Calvin Cycle –
3 Stages
6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12
NADPH + 6 H2O =
C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 Pi
+ 12 NADP+
+ 12 H+
+ 6O2

51. The patterns of translocation of
photosynthetic products: source
to sink
Photosynthetic products or the
metabolites move from source to sink.
SOURCE = area of supply
- exporting organs: mature leaves
- storage organs: seed endosperm, storage
root of second growing season beet
SINK = areas of metabolism (or storage)
- non-photosynthetic organs and organs that do
not produce enough photosynthetic products to
support their own growth or storage
- Example: roots, tubers, developing
fruits/seeds, immature leaves

52. Application of Photosynthesis.
•In-vitro culture of plant tissues-
using florescent bulb
•Farming

53. Thank you. Have a green day.

54. References
• Autotrophs images. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-
fk8X8x_kNt8/T3yor9fVd0I/AAAAAAAAFUg/Mdmkr45Tw3s/s1600/grow+plants.jpg
• Ecosystem image. https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/564x/a9/b2/0a/a9b20a7da527d788912b016e66ef3fbe.j
pg
• ATP structure.
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/62/flashcards/2462062/jpg
/atp-14A45523E763320B3A9.jpg
• Carbohydrates.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/161/16154
7/carbohydrate-foods.jpg

55. • Fats. http://pickyeaterblog.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/healthy-fats211.jpg
• Chloroplast image. https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/564x/db/cc/07/dbcc0711f792bbefee5be9d512a61f
7a.jpg
• Thylakoid membrane.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/archive/d/de/2007040
5211312!Thylakoid_disc.png
• Pyramid of Energy. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
j4WQijd8qOM/UyliDGgpIQI/AAAAAAAAC-
4/chrLFjYnSG8/s1600/Energy+Pyramid.gif
• Food chain. http://www.buzzle.com/images/diagrams/consumers-
in-the-food-chain.jpg

56. • Campbell and Reece. 2009. Biology, 7th
ed.
• Taiz and Zeiger. 2009. Plant Physiology