Define the radaio activity

1. MADE BY: LALIT SINGH
STUDENT OF M-PHARM
(PHARMACEUTICALANALYSIS)
ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
MOGA
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2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 Classification
 Alpha Particle
 Beta Particle
 Gamma Rays
 Biological effect of radiation
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3. INTRODUCTION
Radiopharmacetical :- These are the compound and
substance which emit radiation and which are used in
medicine are called Radiopharmacetical.
Radio isotopes, radioactive isotope , radio nucleus and
isotope are used generally for substance which emit
ionizing radiation.
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4.  All the substance made of atom.
 Isotope :- the atom have the same number of
proton but different number of nutron.
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+
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-
-
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5. Type of radioactivity
Natural Radioactivity Artificial Radioactivity
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6. S.No. Characteristic Alpha Beta Gamma
1 Nature It have 2 proton and 2
neutron
It is same like a
electron
It is an electromagnetic wave
2 Charge +2 -1 0
3 Mass Relatively Large Very small No Mass
4 Speed Slow Fast Speed of light
5 Ionizing Strong Weak Very weak
6 Most dengerous When source is inside the
body
When source is
Outside the body
When source is outside the
body
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7. ALPHA PARTICLE
 Alpha particle made up of 2 proton and 2 neutron.
 We can write them because they are the same as a
helium nucleus.
 When a nucleus emit an alpha particle its atomic number
decrease by 2 and its atomic mass decrease by 4.
 Alpha particle are relatively slow and heavy.
 They have a low penetrating power.
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8. CONT…
 You can stop them with just a sheet of
paper
:- because they have a large charge alpha
particle ionize other atom strongly.
 Alpha decay occurs in very heavy element
e.g :- Radium and uranium
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9. BETA PARTICLE
 Beta particle have a charge of -1.
 the means that beta particle are the same as an
electron.
 We can write them as because they are the same
as electron
 This means that when a nucleus emit a beta particle
:-
The atomic mass unchanged.
The atomic number increase by 1.
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10. CONT..
 They are fast and light.
 Beta particle have a medium penitrating
power.
 They are stopped by a sheet of
alumminium e.g :- phosphorus 32.
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11. GAMMA RAYS
 Gamma rays are waves not particle.
 This means that they have no mass and no
charge.
 In gamma decay:-
Atomic number unchanged
Atomic mass unchanged
Gamma ray have a high penetrating power.
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12. CONT..
 It take a thick sheet of metal such as lead to
reduce them.
 Gamma rays do not directly ionize other
atoms
 We do not find pure gamma source. Gamma
ray are emitted along with alpha and beta
particle.
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13. BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF RADIATION
 Radiation have dangerous effect on biological system.
 Locally induced ionization promotes a number of irreversible
change in living cell.
 These change can be noticed after a short period of time or
may take year to develop.
 As in case of genetic change the effect can be seen in
subsequent generation.
 It must be assumed that all effect of radiation on living cell are
harmful.
 There is no threshold level for the onset of there effect.
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14. CONT..
Radiation
Intraction with molecle
Present in tissue
Tissue produce
Abnormal amount of ion or free radical
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15. Chemical entity
Aulter/ change
Local pH
Initiate
Ion/ free radical
Formation
Peroxide, other toxic species
Cell death
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