Reptiles are tetrapod (four-limbed vertebrate) animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.

1. MARINE REPTILES

2. Marine turtle
Marine iguana
Saltwater crocodile
Sea snake

3. MARINE REPTILES
 7000 species
 Poikilotherm/ectotherm
 Telur di darat (penyu)
 300 jt th lalu
 Penyu
 6 species di Indonesia
 Ular laut
 55 species
 1-1.3 m
 Ovovivipar
 Carnivor

4. Sea Snakes
Yellow- bellied sea snake

5. Diversity:
• Laticodtidae- krates- 5 species (1 is fw in Solomon
Islands)
• Hydrophidae- 54 different species
All derived from Colubrid ancestor; colubrids evolved 40 mya;
Laticotids evolved from colubrids 30 mya
Sea Snakes

6. Location:
• Laticotids- live from east coast India to Japan and come
to the tip of Cape York (Australia)
• Hydrophiids- found from south tip of Africa to India to
South East Asian Islands to Japan to north half of
Australia
Habitat:
• Primarily tropical; coastal estuaries, coral reefs, open sea;
33-36oC
Sea Snakes

7. • Behavior: Often schooling in aggregations; Not
aggressive but human fatalities have occurred
• Prey: Feed on small fish or squid, which are killed with
powerful venom
• Predators (few): sharks, snapper, grouper, crabs,
saltwater crocodiles, raptors; they descend to escape
• Venom: 2-10 times as toxic as that of a cobras
Sea Snakes

8. Adaptations to life in the sea
1. Osmoregulation: skin is impermeable to salts; salts
eliminated by sublingual gland
2. Developing a flattened paddle-shaped tail and a
laterally compressed body.
3. Reduced metabolic rate and increased tolerance for
low oxygen levels
4. Lungs- greatly enlarged; hydrostatic organ
5. Gaseous exchange - lungs and the skin.
Sea Snakes

9. Reproduction:
• Krates are oviparous and lay eggs on land
• Hydrophiids are viviparous and produce young in the
water
• Not much known about breeding
• However, olive sea snake breed in spring; seasonal
courtship displays
Olive Sea Snake
Sea Snakes

10. • Largest living crocodilians: 6-7 m long
• Eggs laid and incubated on land
• Tropical and subtropical
Saltwater crocodiles

11. Marine Iguanas
• Marine lizard endemic to Galapagos islands
• Herbivorous: graze on seaweeds
• Salt-glands on nose to eliminate excess salt
• Recently observed feeding on land for first time
• They return to land to escape predators.

12. HISTORY
• Found in fossil record 200 mya (Triassic)
• Common in Cretaceous (130 mya)
• Present day genera originated 60 (Eocene) and 10
mya (Pleistocene)
• Not a very diverse group
• Mostly tropical and subtropical

13. Conservation Status
1. Endangered-facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild
2. Vulnerable -facing a high risk of extinction in
the wild
3. Threatened-close to qualifying in one of the
above categories
1. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), also
called the World Conservation Union
2. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(CITES)
3. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

14. MARINE REPTILES

15. MARINE REPTILES
 Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Chordata
Kelas : Sauropsida
Ordo : Testudinata
Upaordo : Cryptodira
Superfamili:Chelonioidea
 Familia Cheloniidae (Oppel, 1811)
 Caretta
 Chelonia
 Eretmochelys
 Lepidochelys
 Natator
 Familia Dermochelyidae
 Dermochelys
 Familia Protostegidae (hanya fosil)
 Familia Toxochelyidae (hanya fosil)
 Familia Thalassemyidae (hanya fosil)

17. MARINE TURTLES
 penyu hijau (Chelonia mydas)
 penyu sisik (Eretmochelys imbricata)
 penyu Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempi)
 penyu lekang (Lepidochelys olivacea)
 penyu belimbing (Dermochelys coriacea)
 penyu pipih (Natator depressus)
 penyu tempayan (Caretta caretta)

18. Class : Reptilia: Reptiles
Order : Chelonia: Turtles and Tortoises
Family : Chelonidae: Marine Turtles
Scientific Name: Natator depressus
Diet : sea cucumbers, soft corals, jellyfish
Size : < 1 m in length
Conservation Status: vunerable
Habitat : near continental shelf, shallow, soft bottom
sea beds
Range : northern part of Australia
flatback

19. Class : Reptilia: Reptiles
Order : Chelonia: Turtles and Tortoises
Family : Chelonidae: Marine Turtles
Scientific Name: Chelonia mydas
Diet : seagrass and algae
Size : ~500lbs
Conservation Status: threatened
Habitat: high energy ocean beaches, convergence
zones in the pelagic habitat, benthic feeding grounds in
relatively protected waters
Range: throughout world in all tropical and subtropical
oceans
Green turtle

20. hawksbill
Class: Reptilia: Reptiles
Order: Chelonia: Turtles and Tortoises
Family: Chelonidae: Marine Turtles
Scientific Name: Eretmochelys imbricata
Diet: Shellfish
Size: 76 - 91 cm (30 - 36 in)
Conservation Status: Endangered
Habitat: coral reefs, rocky coasts
Range: Tropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans;
Caribbean

21. Class: Reptilia: Reptiles
Order: Chelonia: Turtles and Tortoises
Family: Chelonidae: Marine Turtles
Scientific Name: Caretta caretta
Diet: Crustaceans
Size: 76 - 102 cm (30 - 40 in)
Conservation Status:Vulnerable
Habitat: coasts, open sea
Range: Temperate and tropical areas of the Pacific,
Indian and Atlantic Oceans
Loggerhead

22. leatherback
Class: Reptilia: Reptiles
Order: Chelonia: Turtles and Tortoises
Family: Dermochelidae: Marine Turtles
Scientific Name: Dermochelys coriacea
Diet: sea jellies and salps
Size: 1500 lbs
Conservation Status: endangered
Habitat: pelagic water
Range: tropical seas, oceanic islands, Atlantic, Pacific,
& Indian Ocean

23. • reduced shell,
• dermal bone scutes
compose shell
• 7 dorsal and 5
ventral dermal bones

24. Physiology:
Poikilothermic (cold blooded)
Skin has scales
Speed- 35 mph
Breath holding- 2 hrs, when sleeping or resting
Maturity- 10-50 yrs for green
Cannot retract heads like terrestrial turtles
Lacrimal gland- salt secretion (drinks seawater)

25. Anatomy
Has both internal and external skeleton- provided
protection and support for organs
Fused ribs
Powerful sense of smell- find natal beach
No ears, but can perceive low frequency sound and
vibrations
Male & female- difference in tail size; males tail extends
past rear flippers, females is shorter

26. Mating- at sea
Migration- occurs in late spring; female is accompanied by
male
Green sea turtles migrate as far as 800 miles from feeding
area to nest in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Egg laying behavior- return to same beach (natal beach)

27. Kemps Ridley nesting
Usually nest at night
Front flippers dig pit, rear flippers carve out burrow

28. Turtle nest
Cross section
Egg tooth- used to chip away at shell
Group effort to get out of nest- emerge
at night (safer) and head towards
brightest light
Artificial lights- confuse hatchlings

29. Clutch size- about 100 eggs & covers pit with sand
Egg incubation- 2 months depending upon species
Sex determined by temperature- males lower temp,
females higher temp
Leatherback hatching Kemps Ridley hatchlings

31. Sea grass and Algae- adult green sea turtle
Epiphytes on sea grass,
Sponges, fish, crabs, conch- loggerheads (suction feeders)
Gelatinous zooplankton:
siphonophores
jellyfish
Crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms- Ridley

32. Eggs- skunks, raccoons, pigs, lizards, crabs, ants,
beetles, fungal and bacterial infections
Hatchlings- birds, mammals, crabs
Adults- sharks, humans

33. A. Hunters
B. Fisheries
C. Marine Debris
D. Coastal Development and Habitat Degradation
E. Fibropapilloma

34. • Meat
• Eggs- nearly forbidden in all countries
with nesting beaches
• Soup
• Jewelry
• Leather
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES): turtle commerce prohibited in countries
that signed agreement

35. Catch Statistics (1987) FAO yearbook on Fishery Statistics
3100 metric tons
Western Central Atlantic- 1200
Eastern Central Pacific- 864
South East Pacific- 305
Western Central Pacific- 258
North West Pacific- 190
Eastern Central Atlantic- 153
Eastern Indian Ocean- 50
Western Indian Ocean- 37
Mediterranean - 20
South East Atlantic- 10

36. Marine Debris- plastic bags, soda can plastic rings, fishing line, oil
and tar
Costal development and habitat degradation- noise, light, beach
obstructions- affect nesting habitat

37. Fibropapilloma- virus in Green turtles
Affects ability to feed, see, move about, or breath
May be due to pollutants, blood parasites, or habitat change
Kaneohe Bay (1991)- >50% infected

38. Turtle
Excluder
Device