Flaviviruses are mosquito- and tick-borne viruses that include Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and hepatitis C viruses. They have positive-sense RNA genomes and enveloped virions. Flaviviruses are transmitted via arthropod bites or bodily fluids and can cause diseases like hepatitis, encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and microcephaly in fetuses. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody detection, nucleic acid testing and neutralization assays. Promising approaches for Zika vaccines include mRNA packaged in lipid nanoparticles.
1. The document discusses the origin of HIV and evolution of resistance to AIDS, noting that chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys are naturally resistant to SIV and do not develop AIDS despite high viral loads.
2. It examines the receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 that HIV uses for entry and discusses whether R5, X4, or R5X4 variants are infectious via different routes of transmission.
3. The predominant virus transmitted is R5-tropic HIV which uses the CCR5 receptor and first infects memory CD4+ T cells and macrophages in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
Cytomegalovirus infection in kidny transplantationhadi lashini
HCMV infection is a frequent complication of kidney transplantation, especially in the period 1 to 4 months after transplantation. Overall incidences of HCMV infection and disease during the first 100 days post-transplantation, 60% and 25% respectively, when no HCMV prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy is given. HCMV infection is an independent risk-factor for kidney graft rejection and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates .
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the history and microbiology of HIV, global and national statistics on prevalence, risk groups in India, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include: globally 38 million people are living with HIV, generalized epidemics exist where prevalence is over 1% in pregnant women, and high-risk groups in India include sex workers, injecting drug users, and men who have sex with men. Diagnosis involves antibody detection tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western blot. Progression is monitored using CD4 counts and viral load levels, with opportunistic infections occurring at different CD4 thresholds.
The Ebola virus first appeared in Africa in 1976 and causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates. It is believed to originate from wildlife like gorillas and chimpanzees. While its natural reservoir is unknown, human outbreaks are often linked to proximity to infected wildlife. The virus can spread through direct contact with bodily fluids and some research has shown potential for airborne transmission. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though supportive care methods are used. Prevention relies on isolation protocols, protective equipment for medical workers, safe burial practices, and addressing potential bioterrorism threats posed by the virus.
The document summarizes key aspects of HIV and its treatment. It describes the structure of the HIV virus and the stages of early and late HIV infection. It explains how HIV attaches and replicates within cells, eventually causing AIDS through depletion of CD4 cells. Symptoms and opportunistic infections that occur are outlined. Methods of HIV transmission and testing approaches like ELISA, Western Blot, viral isolation are also summarized. Common antiretroviral drug regimens and their effects are briefly explained.
Recent outbreak of diseases related to humans.MedhaPathak2
Recently we have faced many outbreak of human diseases throughout the world, one of them being COVID-19. This presentation gives a detailed information about these outbreaks. Main focus is on COVID-19 as it is the prevailing outbreak.
1. The document discusses the origin of HIV and evolution of resistance to AIDS, noting that chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys are naturally resistant to SIV and do not develop AIDS despite high viral loads.
2. It examines the receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 that HIV uses for entry and discusses whether R5, X4, or R5X4 variants are infectious via different routes of transmission.
3. The predominant virus transmitted is R5-tropic HIV which uses the CCR5 receptor and first infects memory CD4+ T cells and macrophages in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
Cytomegalovirus infection in kidny transplantationhadi lashini
HCMV infection is a frequent complication of kidney transplantation, especially in the period 1 to 4 months after transplantation. Overall incidences of HCMV infection and disease during the first 100 days post-transplantation, 60% and 25% respectively, when no HCMV prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy is given. HCMV infection is an independent risk-factor for kidney graft rejection and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates .
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the history and microbiology of HIV, global and national statistics on prevalence, risk groups in India, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include: globally 38 million people are living with HIV, generalized epidemics exist where prevalence is over 1% in pregnant women, and high-risk groups in India include sex workers, injecting drug users, and men who have sex with men. Diagnosis involves antibody detection tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western blot. Progression is monitored using CD4 counts and viral load levels, with opportunistic infections occurring at different CD4 thresholds.
The Ebola virus first appeared in Africa in 1976 and causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates. It is believed to originate from wildlife like gorillas and chimpanzees. While its natural reservoir is unknown, human outbreaks are often linked to proximity to infected wildlife. The virus can spread through direct contact with bodily fluids and some research has shown potential for airborne transmission. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though supportive care methods are used. Prevention relies on isolation protocols, protective equipment for medical workers, safe burial practices, and addressing potential bioterrorism threats posed by the virus.
The document summarizes key aspects of HIV and its treatment. It describes the structure of the HIV virus and the stages of early and late HIV infection. It explains how HIV attaches and replicates within cells, eventually causing AIDS through depletion of CD4 cells. Symptoms and opportunistic infections that occur are outlined. Methods of HIV transmission and testing approaches like ELISA, Western Blot, viral isolation are also summarized. Common antiretroviral drug regimens and their effects are briefly explained.
Recent outbreak of diseases related to humans.MedhaPathak2
Recently we have faced many outbreak of human diseases throughout the world, one of them being COVID-19. This presentation gives a detailed information about these outbreaks. Main focus is on COVID-19 as it is the prevailing outbreak.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its types, epidemiology, structure and life cycle, transmission, diagnosis, stages of infection, and treatment. It describes how HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, progressively weakening the immune system until opportunistic infections define AIDS. Laboratory tests for diagnosis include antibody and viral detection assays, with CD4 counts and viral load used to monitor disease progression and response to antiretroviral therapy.
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Infections can cause a variety of illnesses depending on the virus, including poliomyelitis, hand foot and mouth disease, myocarditis, and the common cold. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection of the virus. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for polio
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Diseases range from mild cold symptoms to paralytic polio. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection in clinical samples. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for poliovirus.
This document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS. It describes that HIV is a retrovirus that possesses the unique enzyme reverse transcriptase. The two genera of retroviruses are Lentivirus, which includes HIV-1 and HIV-2, and Delta retrovirus. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4+ T cells. The virus attaches and enters cells via the CD4 receptor, and integrates its RNA into the host cell DNA. This leads to compromised immunity and susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers. Diagnosis involves antibody and antigen testing, while treatment focuses on antiviral drugs and managing opportunistic infections.
It contain all information like introduction,stages,life cycle,treatment , laboratory diagnosis and first people on earth who cured from the infection with HIV.
This document provides an overview of HIV and oral manifestations in two parts. Part 1 discusses the terminology, classification, structure, pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV. It describes how HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system. Worldwide, about 36.9 million people live with HIV. In India, the adult prevalence has declined but there are still an estimated 20.88 lakh people living with HIV. The virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission. Part 1 lays the groundwork for understanding HIV and its oral implications, which will be covered in Part 2.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
Picornaviruses are a family of small RNA viruses that includes enteroviruses like poliovirus and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. They are spherical and non-enveloped, around 30nm in diameter, and contain a single strand of positive-sense RNA genome around 7-8kb in size. Picornaviruses infect the cytoplasm and their replication results in cell lysis and spread to other cells. Important human pathogens include the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and rhinoviruses. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been developed to prevent diseases like polio.
Poliovirus is the causative agent of polio. It is a positive-sense RNA virus with an icosahedral capsid. There are three serotypes that infect humans via the fecal-oral route. While most infections are asymptomatic, in rare cases the virus enters the central nervous system and can cause paralysis or death. The virus evades the immune system by surviving the acidic stomach and replicating quickly before an immune response occurs. Vaccines provide immunity by generating antibodies that block viral replication and spread.
Donor infective status and potential impact on recipientsDino Sgarabotto
This document discusses donor-derived infections that can be transmitted through organ transplantation. It provides examples of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infections transmitted from donors to recipients. While a retrospective study found no increased risk of infection transmission from bacteremic donors who received antibiotics, donor screening and treatment are still recommended to prevent transmission of virulent organisms. The challenges of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections from donors are also discussed. The case study examines risks of latent tuberculosis or Chagas disease transmission from a donor from Bolivia. Screening recommendations and challenges in determining donor suitability are reviewed.
This document provides information on Cryptococcosis, caused by the fungus Cryptococcus. It discusses the history, species, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include that there are 30 Cryptococcus species, with C. neoformans and C. gattii being the most common causes of disease in humans. It is acquired through inhalation of environmental propagules and causes lung and brain infections. Diagnosis involves identifying the encapsulated yeast in samples through microscopy, culture or antigen detection.
This document provides an overview of picornaviruses, with a focus on poliovirus. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing picornavirus morphology, classification, pathogenesis, and the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of poliomyelitis and other diseases caused by echoviruses and rhinoviruses. It then provides details on picornavirus morphology, classification, the history of poliovirus research and discovery, epidemiology, characteristics, cultivation, pathogenesis, and clinical features of poliomyelitis. Key points covered include that poliovirus is an enterovirus that can cause paralysis, replication in the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and that infection may be asymptomatic, minor
Tropic = shape response. [from Middle English tropik, Old French tropique, Latin tropicus, Greek tropikos, turn]
Viral tropism = the way the virus responds to external stimulus in order to attach to and infect cells
This document provides information on various paramyxoviruses, including parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It describes their morphology, genome, taxonomy, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. The paramyxoviruses are enveloped viruses that contain single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes. They cause a variety of respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Laboratory diagnosis involves antigen detection, virus isolation, serology, and molecular techniques like RT-PCR. Vaccines are available to prevent infections from some paramyxoviruses.
Bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a family of arthropod-borne or rodent-borne, spherical, enveloped RNA viruses. Bunyaviruses are responsible for a number of febrile diseases in humans and other vertebrates. They have either a rodent host or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.
New Approches towards the Anti-HIV chemotherapyPharmaceutical
Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Some viruses have an additional lipoprotein envelope. Viruses are intracellular parasites that must enter a host cell to replicate. They attach to receptors on the host cell and enter. Their genetic material is then expressed or transcribed using the host cell's machinery. New viral proteins and nucleic acid are assembled and released to infect new cells. HIV specifically targets CD4 T cells, integrating its genetic material. This leads to a decline in T cells and immune deficiency. There are several targets for antiviral drugs including viral attachment and entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors.
This presents a number of case studies on the application on high-throughput sequencing (HTS), next generation sequencing (NGS), to biological problems ranging from human genome sequencing, identification of disease mutations, metagenomics, virus discovery, epidemic, transmission chains and viral populations. Presented at the University of Glasgow on Friday 26th June 2015.
This document provides information on HIV infection in pregnancy. It discusses that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. The key strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission include testing pregnant women for HIV, treating HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women with antiretroviral therapy, safe delivery practices, and guidance on infant feeding options. With effective interventions, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5%.
HIV ITS PREVENTION AND CONTROL is a presentation that aim to introduce HIV(Human immunodeficiency Virus),its pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its types, epidemiology, structure and life cycle, transmission, diagnosis, stages of infection, and treatment. It describes how HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, progressively weakening the immune system until opportunistic infections define AIDS. Laboratory tests for diagnosis include antibody and viral detection assays, with CD4 counts and viral load used to monitor disease progression and response to antiretroviral therapy.
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Infections can cause a variety of illnesses depending on the virus, including poliomyelitis, hand foot and mouth disease, myocarditis, and the common cold. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection of the virus. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for polio
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Diseases range from mild cold symptoms to paralytic polio. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection in clinical samples. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for poliovirus.
This document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS. It describes that HIV is a retrovirus that possesses the unique enzyme reverse transcriptase. The two genera of retroviruses are Lentivirus, which includes HIV-1 and HIV-2, and Delta retrovirus. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4+ T cells. The virus attaches and enters cells via the CD4 receptor, and integrates its RNA into the host cell DNA. This leads to compromised immunity and susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers. Diagnosis involves antibody and antigen testing, while treatment focuses on antiviral drugs and managing opportunistic infections.
It contain all information like introduction,stages,life cycle,treatment , laboratory diagnosis and first people on earth who cured from the infection with HIV.
This document provides an overview of HIV and oral manifestations in two parts. Part 1 discusses the terminology, classification, structure, pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV. It describes how HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system. Worldwide, about 36.9 million people live with HIV. In India, the adult prevalence has declined but there are still an estimated 20.88 lakh people living with HIV. The virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission. Part 1 lays the groundwork for understanding HIV and its oral implications, which will be covered in Part 2.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
Picornaviruses are a family of small RNA viruses that includes enteroviruses like poliovirus and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. They are spherical and non-enveloped, around 30nm in diameter, and contain a single strand of positive-sense RNA genome around 7-8kb in size. Picornaviruses infect the cytoplasm and their replication results in cell lysis and spread to other cells. Important human pathogens include the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and rhinoviruses. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been developed to prevent diseases like polio.
Poliovirus is the causative agent of polio. It is a positive-sense RNA virus with an icosahedral capsid. There are three serotypes that infect humans via the fecal-oral route. While most infections are asymptomatic, in rare cases the virus enters the central nervous system and can cause paralysis or death. The virus evades the immune system by surviving the acidic stomach and replicating quickly before an immune response occurs. Vaccines provide immunity by generating antibodies that block viral replication and spread.
Donor infective status and potential impact on recipientsDino Sgarabotto
This document discusses donor-derived infections that can be transmitted through organ transplantation. It provides examples of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infections transmitted from donors to recipients. While a retrospective study found no increased risk of infection transmission from bacteremic donors who received antibiotics, donor screening and treatment are still recommended to prevent transmission of virulent organisms. The challenges of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections from donors are also discussed. The case study examines risks of latent tuberculosis or Chagas disease transmission from a donor from Bolivia. Screening recommendations and challenges in determining donor suitability are reviewed.
This document provides information on Cryptococcosis, caused by the fungus Cryptococcus. It discusses the history, species, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include that there are 30 Cryptococcus species, with C. neoformans and C. gattii being the most common causes of disease in humans. It is acquired through inhalation of environmental propagules and causes lung and brain infections. Diagnosis involves identifying the encapsulated yeast in samples through microscopy, culture or antigen detection.
This document provides an overview of picornaviruses, with a focus on poliovirus. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing picornavirus morphology, classification, pathogenesis, and the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of poliomyelitis and other diseases caused by echoviruses and rhinoviruses. It then provides details on picornavirus morphology, classification, the history of poliovirus research and discovery, epidemiology, characteristics, cultivation, pathogenesis, and clinical features of poliomyelitis. Key points covered include that poliovirus is an enterovirus that can cause paralysis, replication in the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and that infection may be asymptomatic, minor
Tropic = shape response. [from Middle English tropik, Old French tropique, Latin tropicus, Greek tropikos, turn]
Viral tropism = the way the virus responds to external stimulus in order to attach to and infect cells
This document provides information on various paramyxoviruses, including parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It describes their morphology, genome, taxonomy, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. The paramyxoviruses are enveloped viruses that contain single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes. They cause a variety of respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Laboratory diagnosis involves antigen detection, virus isolation, serology, and molecular techniques like RT-PCR. Vaccines are available to prevent infections from some paramyxoviruses.
Bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a family of arthropod-borne or rodent-borne, spherical, enveloped RNA viruses. Bunyaviruses are responsible for a number of febrile diseases in humans and other vertebrates. They have either a rodent host or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.
New Approches towards the Anti-HIV chemotherapyPharmaceutical
Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Some viruses have an additional lipoprotein envelope. Viruses are intracellular parasites that must enter a host cell to replicate. They attach to receptors on the host cell and enter. Their genetic material is then expressed or transcribed using the host cell's machinery. New viral proteins and nucleic acid are assembled and released to infect new cells. HIV specifically targets CD4 T cells, integrating its genetic material. This leads to a decline in T cells and immune deficiency. There are several targets for antiviral drugs including viral attachment and entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors.
This presents a number of case studies on the application on high-throughput sequencing (HTS), next generation sequencing (NGS), to biological problems ranging from human genome sequencing, identification of disease mutations, metagenomics, virus discovery, epidemic, transmission chains and viral populations. Presented at the University of Glasgow on Friday 26th June 2015.
This document provides information on HIV infection in pregnancy. It discusses that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. The key strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission include testing pregnant women for HIV, treating HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women with antiretroviral therapy, safe delivery practices, and guidance on infant feeding options. With effective interventions, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5%.
HIV ITS PREVENTION AND CONTROL is a presentation that aim to introduce HIV(Human immunodeficiency Virus),its pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
8. Disease resulting from Flavivirus infection
Hepatitis C
• hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
• cirrhosis: formation of scar tissue
• hepatocellular carcinoma:
third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide
http://cvr.academicblogs.co.uk/viral-hepatitis-causes-4000-preventable-deaths-every-day/
https://www.slideshare.net/harinduudapitiya/cirrhosis-harindu-print
9. Disease resulting from Flavivirus infection
Zika
• fetus: microcephaly
o seizures
o developmental delays
o vision problems
o intellectual disabilities
o feeding problems (swallowing) https://www.britannica.com/in-the-news/zika-proven-to-cause-microcephaly
10.
11. Figure 2E: Effects of select cytokines on neurospheres
Bayless et al. Cell Host Microbe. 2016 Oct 12;20(4):423-428. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.006.
12. Figure 2F, 2G, 2H: Effects of select cytokines on neurospheres
Independent variable:
Dependent variable(s):
Controls:
type of cytokine added to media
no cellular projections (Fig 2F)
neuronal projections with >15 neurons (Fig 2G)
normalized apoptotic activity (Fig 2H)
negative control (no added cytokines)
Bayless et al. Cell Host Microbe. 2016 Oct 12;20(4):423-428. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.006.
13. Disease resulting from Flavivirus infection
http://www.alwaysayurveda.net/2016/08/guillain-barre-syndrome-herbal-remedies.html
Willison et al 2016 388(10045): 717-727
Zika
• adult: Guillain-Barre syndrome (autoimmune disease)
o immune system attacks peripheral nervous system
o weakness/tingling in legs, spreads to arms/
upper body, can lead to total paralysis
o may need to be put on ventilator, watched
for abnormal heart beat and clots
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDspLPFhkS4
14. Disease resulting from Flavivirus infection
Zika
•Guillain-Barre syndrome treatment options:
intravenous immunoglobulin
plasma exchange
supportive care
“symptoms peak within 4 weeks”
“recovery period can last months/years”
http://www.ntinfusioncenters.com/iviginfusionsdallas.php
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDspLPFhkS4
15. Brief history of Flaviviruses
• Yellow Fever
o Origin: West Africa
o Introduced to the Americas via
the slave trade
o Stages of the virus:
1. high fever, muscle pain, headaches, vomiting
2. fever dissipates, appearance of remission
3. Repeat stage 1 but more severe:
-acute hepatitis
-multiple organ failure
-20-50% mortality
The Foundations of Virology Discoverers and Discoveries, Inventors and Inventions, Developers and Technologies Copyright ˝ 2011/2014 by Frederick A. Murphy
16. Brief history of Flaviviruses
• Yellow Fever
o Philadelphia 1793
1. Death total ~5000
2. ~20,000 fled the city
3. New York: doctors organize
to prevent ships from
Philadelphia from entering
New York Harbor
o Philadelphia 1799
1. Another severe epidemic
2. All but 7000 residents flee city
17. Brief history of Flaviviruses
• Yellow Fever
o Carlos Juan Finlay
1. Hypothesis: mosquito transmits
Yellow fever from
person to person
o Henry Rose Carter
1. Noticed pattern to infections in
Mississippi
2. Period of extrinsic
incubation
The Foundations of Virology Discoverers and Discoveries, Inventors and Inventions, Developers and Technologies Copyright ˝ 2011/2014 by Frederick A. Murphy
18. Brief history of Flaviviruses
The Foundations of Virology Discoverers and Discoveries, Inventors and Inventions, Developers and Technologies Copyright ˝ 2011/2014 by Frederick A. Murphy
• Yellow Fever
o Walter Reed Studies
Havana, Cuba
o Infected Clothing experiment
-3 Trials: 20 days each
-7 subjects
-does clothing/bedding from
infected individuals pass
disease?
o Infected Mosquito experiment
-4 trials: 2 groups control vs exposed
-mosquitoes obtained from infected
patients rooms
-Controls: no infection
19. Brief history of Flaviviruses
The Foundations of Virology Discoverers and Discoveries, Inventors and Inventions, Developers and Technologies Copyright ˝ 2011/2014 by Frederick A. Murphy
• Yellow Fever (Vaccine)
o Sample from Ghana patient Asibi 1927
o Passaged in rhesus macaques
o 1932: passage in mouse embryonic
tissue (17 passages)
o Then passaged 58 times in whole
chicken embryonic tissue
o Then passaged in denervated chicken embryonic
tissue (passage 114: inject into rhesus macaque)
-reduction in viscero & neurotropism
o Then passage until 227/229 passages
o Use to immunize 8 volunteers (17D virus)
21. Family: Flaviviridae
Baltimore Group IV: (+) ss RNA genome
Genus:
• Flavivirus
o Yellow Fever virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus
• Hepacivirus
o Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
• Pegivirus
o Pegivirus B, human pegivirus (HPgV)
• Pestivirus
o Bovine diarrhea virus 1 & 2,
o Classical swine fever virus
22. Screaton et al 2015 Nature Reviews Immunology 15: 745-759
23. Structure: Viral proteins
• Lipid envelope (orange)
• Envelope protein E (green): anchored at C-terminus
o 3 domains: DI (central), DII (fusion), DIII (Ig-like fold)
• Membrane protein M (blue): prM stabilizes E protein’s DII
o Following prM cleavage, pr peptide still associated
• Capsid protein C (red)
• ssRNA genome (black)
Cruz-Oliveira et al. 2015. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 39(2):155–170,
https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuu004
24. Structure: Triangulation number
• Triangulation number = 3
• 90 dimers of glycoprotein E (180 subunits)
• Herringbone pattern
• “Bumpy form” of virion found at 37˚C
-intermediate between smooth mature & fusogenic
Dengue virion at 25˚C Dengue virion at > 33˚C
Zhang et al 2013 PNAS 110(17): 6795-6799
Zhang et al 2013 PNAS 110(17): 6795-6799
Immature
Screaton et al 2015 Nature Reviews Immunology 15: 745-759
25. Genomes of Class IV viruses: single stranded (ss) (+) RNA
ViralZone www.expasy.ch/viralzone, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
26. Genome
• The genome is (+) ss RNA: Baltimore classification IV
• There is one type of viral mRNA and it is identical to
the genome.
• The viral mRNA is translated by the host ribosome
to produce 1 polyprotein
• The 5’ UTR has a methylated cap
• Three tandem stop codons at end of coding frame
30. Dengue viral entry: Putative receptors
• suggested use of various receptors
o variety of hosts & variety of host cells infected
Cruz-Oliveira et al 2015 FEMS Microbiology Reviews 39: 155-170
33. Dengue exiting the endosome: pH trigger
Alen & Schols 2012 Carbohydrates- Comprehensive Studies on Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Chapter 8
Conformational changes in E protein
34. Dengue: antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral fusion
Flipse et al 2016 Sci Rep. 6:29201 doi: 10.1038/srep29201
35. Dengue genome uncoating is independent
of proteasome degradation but requires ubiquitination
Inhibiting Ubiquitination blocks uncoating
Byk et al 2016 mBio 7(3): e00804-16
36. Treat with UBEI41 (host E1 inhibitor): Luciferase assay
Cells infected in presence of UBEI41
Translation measured at 3 & 5 hours
post infection (p.i.)
Cells transfected with
viral RNA in presence or
absence of UBI41
Byk et al 2016 mBio 7(3): e00804-16 Byk et al 2016 mBio 7(3): e00804-16
37. Treat with UBEI41 (host E1 inhibitor): Luciferase assay
• Treat with UBEI41 2 hours after initial infection
• Measure translation 4 hours following UBEI41
Byk et al 2016 mBio 7(3): e00804-16
38. Treat with UBEI41: Time series luciferase assay
• Treat with UBEI41 starting at select time points
• Measure translation 6 hours post-infection
Byk et al 2016 mBio 7(3): e00804-16
39. Treat with UBEI41: Block viral genome release
• RNA levels stay the same in UBEI41 experiment
Byk et al 2016 mBio 7(3): e00804-16
40. Screaton et al 2015 Nature Reviews Immunology 15: 745-759
Translation of viral genome using host ribosomes
• Thought to occur on cytoplasmic side of ER
42. Protease cleavage
by host Furin
Form immature
particles in ER lumen
Transported to Golgi
Screaton et al 2015 Nature Reviews Immunology 15: 745-759
Exiting the cell
43. Exiting the cell Drop in pH results in conformational change
that exposes furin cleavage site
pRM protein is
cleaved
pR stays
associated
to prevent
fusion in
Golgi
Yu et al J Virol. 2009 Dec; 83(23): 12101–12107. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01637-09
50. Zika Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT)
• Measures level of protective antibodies an individual has
toward a virus
• virus + antibody = inactivation of virus, inability to infect cells and
produce plaques
• Incubate known virus suspension with serum of patient,
perform dilution series and plate samples as you would with
typical plaque assay
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6521e1.htm?s_cid=mm6521e1_w
54. Zika vaccine candidate (mRNA-LNP)
• packaged in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)
• expressing both pre-membrane and envelope proteins
will result in assembly & secretion of subviral particles
Pardi et al 2017 Nature 543: 248-251 doi: 10.1038/nature21428
55. Zika vaccine candidate (mRNA-LNP)
Figure 2: A single immunization of nucleoside-modified ZIKV prM–E mRNA–LNP provides
rapid and durable protection against ZIKV challenge in mice.
Pardi et al 2017 Nature 543: 248-251 doi: 10.1038/nature21428
56. Zika vaccine candidate (mRNA-LNP)
Figure 4: A single immunization of nucleoside-modified ZIKV prM–E
mRNA–LNP protects rhesus macaques against ZIKV challenge at 5
weeks after immunization.
Pardi et al 2017 Nature 543: 248-251 doi: 10.1038/nature21428
Editor's Notes
E proteins (pink), prM (light blue)
Notes for students: Molecular mechanisms involved in antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection in primary human macrophages.
Antibody-dependent infection does not enhance binding or entry of the virus to the cells. Yet, the membrane fusion potential within the endosomes of the macrophage is increased. Thanks to the unaltered characteristics of binding and entry, ADE does not trigger endogenous interferon-responses which thus allows the virus to replicate freely during the early stages of infection. ADE can be mimicked in terms of the number of infected cells and burst size by infection at high MOI in absence of antibodies. Yet high MOI leads to more binding, entry, fusion, and as a consequence induction of an IFN response. The presence of an early IFN response significantly reduces virus replication and production. ADE is thus based on higher fusion but due to the absence of an early IFN response, it remains unnoticed by the cell allowing virus replication to higher titres.
Information for students: a, b, BALB/c mice immunized by intradermal injection of 30 μg of ZIKV prM–E mRNA–LNP or control poly(C) RNA–LNP were challenged by intravenous injection of 200 PFU ZIKV PRVABC59 at 2 weeks (a; n = 9 per group) or 20 weeks (b; n = 5 control mice; n = 10 ZIKV mRNA–LNP mice) after vaccination and plasma viral loads were measured by qRT–PCR for ZIKV capsid RNA. Two overlapping curves are indicated by a dagger symbol. Dotted lines indicate the limit of detection (200 copies per ml), with undetectable curves staggered to show individual mice. Day 3 viraemia in vaccine and control groups was compared by Mann–Whitney test, P < 0.001 for both challenges.
Information for students: Six unvaccinated control macaques and five vaccinated macaques that received 50 μg (n = 3), 200 μg (n = 1) or 600 μg (n = 1) of ZIKV mRNA–LNP at week 0 were challenged by subcutaneous injection of 104TCID50 of ZIKV PRVABC59 at week 5. Viral loads were measured in plasma by qRT–PCR for ZIKV capsid RNA. Dotted lines indicate the threshold beneath which values are below the limit of detection (50 copies per ml), and undetectable values were staggered to show individual animals. Day 3 and 5 viraemia in vaccine and control groups was compared by Mann–Whitney test, P < 0.001.