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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Early life
× Born in 714
× Father : Charles Martel (Duke of Francia and
Mayor of Palace)
× His mother was Chrotrud.
× Pepin and his older brother, Carloman, received
religious education from a young age from monks
of Basilica of St Denis near Paris.
× In 740 Pepin married to Bertrada and his second
cousin
× Has two son and one daughter
3. How did he become a
king
× Pepin's father, Charles Martel died in 741
× Power was passed down to Charles' legitimate
sons, Carloman and Pepin as mayors of the
palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.
× Power may also have been intended for
Charles' illegitimate son, Grifo, but he was
imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-
brothers.
× Carloman retired to a monastery in 747. This
left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor
of the palace.
4. His Later Reign
× During his reign, Pepin was a great supporter of
Papacy and fought several battles in support of
Pope.
× Pepin is remembered as one of the most
successful and a prominent ruler of his time but
his reign was overshadowed by his remarkable
son, Charlemagne.
× Pepin declared war against Lombard King,
Aistulf. He snatched the territories of Ravenna
and Pentapolis from Aistulf and gave them to
pope. (‘Donation of Pepin’). These territories
were used to create the Papal States.
5. His Reputation
× He is called Pepin the Short
because even though he lacks
in height, his bravery and his
courage that made him Pepin
the Short.
× He is known as wise and liberty
× He was frequently called in the
national assemblies where
countries and the church
representative to discuss about
the church and his Empire.
6. His
Accomplishments/Failures× He maintained the standing army that his
father had found necessary to protect the realm
and form the core of its full army in wartime.
× He not only contained the Iberian Muslims as
his father had, but drove them out of what is
now France.
× He continued his father's expansion of the
Frankish church and the institutional
infrastructure that would prove the backbone
of medieval Europe.
× Known as a great conqueror, he was undefeated
during his lifetime.
7. The End of His Life
× He died in 768.
× He was only fifty-four years old at
the time of his death.
× After his death, his kingdom was
distributed between his two sons,
Charlemagne and Carloman I.
× Pepin was buried in the Church of
St. Denis