3. Coffee (Coffea sp.) is one of the most widely traded
agricultural commodities.
Coffee production is the backbone of the economy of many
developing countries. (ICO,2003).
Coffee is King of beverages & highly consumed beverage
after Tea
Types of Coffee
1.Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica Linnaeous)
2.Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) (Rubiaceae).
3
4. World
World coffee production – 151.62 million bags.
(ICO , 2016)
Brazil – 1st place of coffee production.
India
India is 6th place in coffee production – 3.17 lakhs MTs.
(Coffee Board, 2016).
80% of coffee production export to foreign countries.
Tamilnadu
Total production - 17,295 MTs.
(Coffee Board, 2016).
4
6. Several insect pest have been recorded in Asian
countries, only some are of economic importance.
6
Coffee
pest
White Stem
Borer
(Xylotrechus
quadripes) Coffee Berry
Borer
(Hypothenemus
hampei)
Green Scale
(Coccus
viridis)
Termites
(Macrotermes
spp.)
Shot Hole
Borer
(Xylosandrus
compactus)
Red borer
(Zeuzera
coffeae)
7. Xylotrechus quardripes Chevrolat, Cerambicidae
is the most serious pest of coffee plantation in
throughout the countries.
A majority of growers consider the stem borer as a
major threat to arabica coffee.
7
8. White Stem Borer - native of South East Asia.
(Rhainds et al, 2001).
Stokes (1838) was the first person to report the borer
attack on coffee in Mysore, India.
Coffee white stem borer was earlier known as
Cucujus coffeophagus.
(Richter, 1861).
Chevrolat (1863) renamed as Xylotrechus quadripes.
8
9. It is reported from India, South Africa, Thailand, Sri
Lanka, China, Brazil & Vietnam.
In India, it is distributed in all the arabica coffee tracts
of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh.
It also has been reported from Assam and Bengal.
9
10. Crop losses can reach up to 93.6% in some plantations
when timely management is not implemented.
(Basavaraj et al., 2005).
One million coffee plants are destroyed each year
because of CWSB infestation.
(Hall et al., 2006)
Annual loss due to the CWSB in India as $17.5–26 mill.
(Venkatesha, 2010)
It cause the damage varies from 2.3 to12.5% when
integrated management tactics are applied.
(Venkatesha and Dinesh, 2013)
10
11. Related to crop cultivated area
Low land – 6.6%
Hilly areas - 9.7%
Related to the age of the plants
Old plant - 8.3%
Young plant - 0.7%
(Shylesha and Veeresh, 1995)
11
12. Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
Superfamily : Chrysomeloidea
Family : Cerambicidae
Genus : Xylotrechus
Species : quadripes
Tribe : Clytini
Author : Chevrolat(1863)
12
13. Xylotrechus basifuliginosus
X. buqueti
X. carinifrons
X. contortus
X. concurvatus
X. cenominatus
X. cmei
X. ctebbingi
X. subdepressus
X. subscutellatus
Among them only X. subscutellatus has been recorded
from arabica coffee.
13
15. 15
Pupa periods : 30days Larval periods : 6-10 months
Egg periods : 9-15 days
16. 1.25 –1.28 mm long and 0.46 – 0.5 mm wide
16
Eggs are elongate, oval, milky white
at first and turn pale yellow later.
17. 17
The mature larva is yellowish with a
dark brown head capsule,
cylindrically segmented
18. Cont..
Apodous
It measures 7 – 25 mm in length and 2.3 – 5 mm in
width
The fully grown larva is about 2-3 cm long.
18
19. It measures 12 –19 mm in length and 2.3 –6 mm in
width.
Pupation - stem
19
20. 20
Slender beetle, elongate, with a
greyish pubescence on the head
Legs are black with hind femur
colour from dark red to black
21. Cont..
21
Elytra are black with white bands.
Four pairs of whitish markings
present.
Length of the beetles is about 1 to 2 cm.
length of the antennae was around half the length of the
beetles.
24. Beetles are active only during the day time when the
weather is bright and hot.
Inactive during cloudy and moist conditions.
Heavy north-east monsoon lessens beetle activity.
Cloudy weather delay the emergence of the beetles.
24
25. Emergence period of CWSB called as flight periods.
Two flight period in India
April - May (pre-monsoon)
September – November (post-monsoon)
Maximum no. of beetles emerging during the winter
flight compared to summer flight.
25
32. 32
Hatching grubs feed on corky portion
under the bark for 2 months.
Later they enter in to the hard wood
feed the internal tissues and make
tunnels in all the directions.
33. Tunnel length
Stem - 100 cm
Root -20 cm
33
Tunnels are filled with excreta .
Galleries in the main stem
and primary branches,
34. 34
Adult feed on foliage, conifer
needles, tender bark of stems and
shoots
Pupation chamber close to the
bark.
35. 35
Yellowing and wilting of leaves
and branches. Affected branches
are easily broken off.
Ridge develops on the surface of the
stem.
36. Cont..
36
exit holes of adults clearly
seen in the stem
Sawdust like (frass) residues on the
ground.
37. cont…
Susceptibility to diseases and termites may increase
Infested young plants (7-8 years old) die in a year, &
older plants withstand the attack for a few seasons.
37
38. Sparse rainfall during north east monsoon period and
less number of rainy days.
coffee farmers usually remove shade to increase crop
yield, thereby increasing the borer incidence
Completely neglected estates becoming reservoirs of
pest innoculum.
Period to increase the productvity non adoption of
control measures due to low price.
38
43. Shade maintenance
Provide shady conditions the borer attack was less
Two tier system of shade is essential.
Avoid mono shade & provide multi shade
Planting of shade trees like
1. Erythrina subumbrans (Fabaceae) and
2. Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae)
It check the borer incidence (Rao, 2004)
43
45. Hand-picking,
Tracing, stumping/uprooting and destruction,
Bark scrubbing,
Physical barrier of the stem(wrapping).
45
46. The hand-picking of larvae and beetles was practised
for coffee cultivated area.
46
47. Tracing can be done throughout the year.
In uprooting and destruction of borer infested plants
before flight periods.
Breeds faster in drying stems, uprooted stems should
be burnt immediately .
47
48. The borer stems can be used after immersing in water
for ten days.
48
49. After the uprooted plant replaced new plant for
maintaining optimum population.
49
50. Stems covered some barrier to prevent the emergence
and the egg-laying of adults.
Barrier like nylon mesh, Polythene, fertilizer bags,
paddy straw, news paper & gunny strips.
50
52. Scrubbing effective if done during the egg laying period
or before the grubs entered the stem.
Eggs and young larvae are removed.
Scrubbing to be done once a year.
Using a coir fibre glove/coconut husk found be to safe.
Deep scrubbing with any sharp implement should be
avoid.
52
53. Ovipositional behaviour between the natural
and scrubbed stem
53
Meanno.ofegg
Natural stem
Scrubbed stem
(Aswathanarayana Reddy,2010)
54. Pheromone trap
Pheromone traps can successfully control the female.
(Jayarama et al., 2007).
2-hydroxy-3-decanone major component of the male sex
pheromone of CWSB. (Hall et al., 1998)
Sticky cross vane pheromone trap is effective in trapping
the adult beetles.
It is highly effective against this pest only in high borer
infested coffee area.
25/Ha .
(Jayarama and Vinod Kumar, 2009)
54
55. 55
white polypropylene sheet (20 x 10 inches)
(3mm thickness)
Circular window (2.5 inch diameter)
Ploybutene glue
Pheromone lure (male)
Above the ground level at 6 to 6.5 feet.
56. Avoid highly susceptible variety
like Cauvery 1, 2, 3,Hemavathi,
Selection 795 & Sandraman.
Chandragiri, shows a good yield
potential and a high tolerance to
the CWSB (Jayarama, 2007).
56
58. Parasitoids
Twenty-eight species of parasitoids to be recorded.
58
S. No Parasitoids Country References
1. Aulacidae
Pristaulacus sp. Thailand Visitpanich (1994b)
Pristaulacus nigripes
Kieffer
Vietnam Le Pelley (1968)
2. Bethylidae
Apenesia sp. India Venkatesha et al. (1997a)
Apenesia sahyadrica India Azavedo and Waichert
(2006)
Mysepyris grandiceps
Kieffer
Vietnam Kieffer (1921)
59. S.
No
Parasitoids Country References
Sclerodermus doesticus Klug Vietnam Kieffer (1921)
Sclerodermus sp. India Shylesha et al. (1992)
Sclerodermus vigilans India Shylesha et al. (1992)
3. Broconidae
Allorhogas pallidiceps (Perkins) India Prakasan et al. (1986)
Campyloneurus sp. India CCRI (1998)
Dorcyctes bistriatus Kieffer Vietnam Le Pelley (1968)
Dorcyctes coxalis (Turner) Vietnam Le Pelley (1968)
Dorcyctes picticeps Kieffer India CCRI (1998)
59
60. Dorcyctes stroliger (Kieffer) India Shylesha et al. (1992)
Iphiaulax sp. India Venkatesha et al. (1997)
4. Encyrtidae
Avetinella sp. India Shylesha et al. (1992)
5. Gasteruptiidae
Gasteruption sp. India CCRI (1998)
Eurytomidae
Eurytoma sp. India Shylesha et al. (1992)
60
61. It is a gregarious external parasitoid of grubs, pupae and adults
CWSB.
Field releases of laboratory-reared A. sahyadrica in the field
caused 20–100% parasitization of CWSB larvae
(Seetharama et al., 2008)
61
62. A. sahyadrica lays its eggs on third to fourth instar
larvae on the lateral and dorsal sides after paralysing
them.
One female parasitises 3-5 larvae in its life time.
62
63. Red ant
Ground beetle
Anthocorid bug
predatory birds
Blue barbet Megalaima sp. (Megalaimidae),
Small green barbet Megalaima viridis (Boddaert)
63
65. Beauveria bassiana- 2.5 % field infection reported
B. bassiana was effective when the fungus was applied to young
larvae located under the bark.
Adult infection grub infection
Aspergillus tamarii – rare reported
65
66. Swabbing method
Swabbing of Parathion E 605 and Demeton E 1059 is
less effective.
Stems swabbed with carbaryl 50WP at 4kg diluted in
200 litres of water is effective control.
66
67. A lime (10% in water) application on the stem.
(Vinod Kumar et al., 2009)
67
68. Chlorpyriphos is more effective and less hazardous, and it is
recommended for stem application during the peak emergence
periods of CWSB.
(Vinod Kumar et al., 2009).
Dosage
Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 600 ml in 200 litres of water along
with 200 ml of any wetting agent.
68
69. Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 5 ml by making a
window in the stem at 5cm x 5cm and fill it with
absorbent cotton dipped in insecticide solution and
close it.
69
70. Spraying of fermented cattle urine mixed with ketuki
extract in whole plant is highly effective against this
pest as it has repellent and antifeedant in nature.
Spray main stem and thick primaries with NSKE 5%
to give good control.
7
71. Scrubbing the main stem with the help of jute sacks
and Pasting with red soil mixed with fresh cattle dung
especially for unshaded coffee.
71
72. Located at Chickmagalur, Karnataka
On going research
Studies on Pheromone and
Kairomone systems in coffee white stem borer,
Studies on the natural enemies and exotic parasitoids of
coffee white stem borer.
Development of IPM strategies and techniques for coffee
pests.
Studies on botanical pesticides for control of coffee pests
Studies and evaluation of Entomopathogenic nematodes
against coffee pests.
72
73. Researchers in different Asian countries have been working on
CWSB.
Need for combined and coordinated research to develop better
and sustainable CWSB management strategies.
Governments of Asian coffee-producing countries should
provide adequate funds to conduct research on CWSB
programmes.
Still need improved management methods for an effective
control
Practice stem scrubbing and covering the pest-infested stem
safest and the effective control methods.
73
