Insect pests of Black paper 1.) Pollu beetle(Longitarsus nigripennis,coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 2.) Leaf gall thrips (Liothripskaryi,Thysanoptera,Phleothripidae Insect pests of cinnamon 1.) Cinnamon butterfly (Papilio clytia L.) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) 2.)Leaf miner (Conopomorpha civica Meyr.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae)

1. INDIRA GANDHI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE , RAIPUR
An Assignment On
Major Pests of Black Pepper, cinnamon, and clove
Course name - Pests of Horticultural and plantation crops
Course no. – ENT 512
Submitted to, Submitted by,
Dr. Rajeev Gupta Shekh Alisha
Dept. Of Entomology M.Sc. (Ag.) Pre.
2ndSem.

2. Black pepper
 Black pepper (Piper nigrum)
is a flowering vine in the family
piperaceae.
 Dried ground pepper has been
used since antiquity both for
its flavour and as a traditional
medicine.
 Black pepper is the world's
most traded spice and is one
of the most common spices
added to cuisines around the
world.

3. SN. Common name Scientific name Order Family
1. Pollu beetle Longitarsus
nigripennis
coleoptera Chrysomelida
e
2. Leaf gall thrips Liothrips karyi Thysanoptera Phleothripida
e
Insect Pests of Black
Pepper

4. Insect pests of Black paper
1.) Pollu beetle(Longitarsus nigripennis,coleoptera,
Chrysomelidae )
Identification and life cycle of the pest
 Egg: oval in shape.
Eggs are laid on the berries and 1-2 eggs are laid in each
hole, egg period is 5-8 days.
 Grub: Grub yellowish with black head.
Grub period is 30-32 days.
 Pupa: Pupation occurs in soil in a depth of 5.0 - 7.5 cm.
Pupal period is 6-7 days.
 Adult: Adult is a bluish yellow shining flea beetle with stout
hind legs.
Life cycle completed in 40 - 50 days. Four
overlapping generations in a year.

5. Damage symptoms
 The adults feed on tender shoots,
spikes and berries.
 The infested shoots and spikes turn
black and drop.
 The grub on emergence bore into the
berries, feed on the internal contents
and make them hollow.
 The infested berries turn yellow
initially and then black and crumble
when pressed.
 The pest population is more severe in
shaded areas.
 During the period from January to
April the adults do not breed but
remain in the field feeding on older
leaves.

6. Management
 Raking the soil at the base of the vine.
 Neem based insecticides Neemgold @ 0.6% at 21 days of
attack is effective in aug-oct.
 Apply chlorpyriphos in soil.
 Two spray of quinalphos 25 EC@ 2 lit/ha at an interval of 30-40
days of the first application commensing in July to aug.

7. 2.) Leaf gall thrips
(Liothripskaryi,Thysanoptera,Phleothripidae)
Identification and life cycle of the pest
 Egg: Eggs are laid in single within the marginal leaf
folds or on the leaf surface.
egg period6-8 days.
 Nymph: Nymphs whitish and sluggish.
nymphal period 9-13 days.
 Pupa: Pupal period, 2 to 3 days.
 Adult: Adults black with heavily fringed wings. Adult
longevity is 7-9 days.

8. Damage symptoms:
• Infestation by leaf gall thrips is
more serious at higher
altitudes, especially in younger
vines and also in the nurseries.
• The feeding of thrips on tender
leaves causes the leaf margins
to curl down and inwards
resulting in the formation of
marginal leaf galls.
•The infested leaves become
thick, malformed and crinkled.
• Life stages of the insect can be
seen within the gall.
• In severe cases of infestation,
the growth of young vines is
affected.

9. Management
 Parasitoids: Aphytis sp., Pseudoscymcus sp., Chilocorus
circumdatus etc.
 Predators: Androthrips flavipes, Geogarypus sp., Lestodiplosis
sp., Montandoniola moraguesi, Rhodesiella sp, predatory
mites, hoverflies, thrips, mirids etc.
 Spray dimethoate 20EC and quinalphos 25 EC @ 1lit/ ha.
spray on the emergence of new flushes during June- July.

10. Cinnamon
 All are members of the genus
Cinnamomum in the family Lauraceae.
 Cinnamon is an evergreen tree
characterized by oval-shaped leaves,
thick bark, and a berry fruit. When
harvesting the spice, the bark and leaves
are the primary parts of the plant used.
 Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the
inner bark of several tree species from
the genus cinnamomum.
 Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic
condiment and flavouring additive in a
wide variety of cuisines, sweet and
savoury dishes, breakfast cereals,
snackfoods, and traditional foods. The
aroma and flavour of cinnamon derive
from its essential oil and principal
component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as
numerous other constituents, including
eugenol.

11. S.N. Common
name
Scientific name Order Family
1. Cinnamon
butterfly
Papilio clytia Lepidoptera Papilionidae
2. Leaf miner Conopomorpha civica Lepidoptera Gracillaridae
Insect pests of cinnamon

12. Insect pests of cinnamon
1.) Cinnamon butterfly (Papilio clytia L.) (Lepidoptera:
Papilionidae)
Identification and life cycle of the pest
 Egg: Adults lay eggs on tender leaves and they hatch in 3–4 days.
 Larva: Newly hatched larvae are pale green with a pale yellow dorsal line and
irregular white stripes. Fully-grown larvae are dark brown and yellow with four
rows of red spots on the sides.
 Larval period - 11–17 days.
 Pupa: Pupae and elongated and brownish-black.
pupal period last for 11–13 days.
 Adult: Adults are large sized butterflies with a wingspan of about 90 mm and
occur in two forms namely, clytia and dissimilis. The form clytia mimics Euploea
sp. and has blackish brown wings with a series of arrowhead shaped white
spots on the outer margins. The form dissimilis which is more common mimics
Danais sp. and has black wings with elongated white spots and a series of
marginal arrowhead shaped spots.

13.  Damage
 The larvae of the cinnamon butterfly
feed voraciously on tender and partly
mature leaves.
 In case of severe infestations, the
entire plant is defoliated and only the
midribs of leaves with portions of veins
are left on the plant.
 Young plants are often completely
defoliated by the pest adversely
affecting the growth of plants.

14.  Management
Spraying quinalphos (0.05%) is recommended
for the management of the cinnamon.
 Egg parasitoid -Telenomus remus.

15. 2.)Leaf miner (Conopomorpha civica Meyr.)
(Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae)
Identification and life cycle of the pest
 Larva: Larvae are pale creamy white and are generally seen at
the centre of the mine. The larvae become pinkish red when
fully grown measuring about 5 mm in length.
 Pupa: Pupation generally occurs outside the larval mines on
the leaf.
 Adult: Adults are minute silvery grey moths with narrow fringed
wings with a wing span of about 5 mm.

16.  Damage
 The larvae of leaf miner feed on the tender tissues between the
upper and lower epidermis of the leaf resulting in the formation
of linear mines that end in blister-like patches.
 Severely infested leaves become crinkled and malformed and
later the mined areas dry up leading to the formation of large
irregular holes on the leaves.

17.  Management
 Spraying quinalphos (0.05%) is recommended for the
management of the leaf miner during emergence of new
flushes.

18. Clove , Syzygium aromaticum
 Used as a spice for its aroma
 Medicinal uses
 Non Culinary Uses

19. Stem borer( Sahyadrassus malabaricus )
 Most important pest of clove.
 Larva cylindrical of pencil
thickness with hemispherical head
 Adult is a greyish brown moth
Damage :- Caterpillars bore into
stem resulting in immediate drying
up of the plant above the point of
attack & cause death ultimate
defoliated, wilt.

20. Biology
 Eggs: the eggs are laid on the weeds around the basins of
clove trees.
 Larva: early instar larvae feed on the weed plants and the later
instar migrate to the clove trees and bore into stem. The larvae
creamy white with a black head. Full grown larvae measure
about 90mm in length.
 Pupa: pupation occurs within the larval tunnel.
 Adult: The adult wing span of about 110mm with greyish-brown
mottled forewings.

22. Management
 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki( @1500ml/ha in July-Aug)
 Egg parasitoid like Tricogramma chilonis @1.5 lakh/ha can be
released.
 Keeping the basins of clove trees free of weeds are prophylactic
,measure for preventing the pest infestation.(paraquat@3ml/lit)
 Quinalphos 0.1%(1ml/lit water) must be sprayed around and injected
into the bore hole.

23. Scale insect
HEMIPTERA,COCCIDAE
 Many spp of scale insect infest clove seedlings in the
nursery and sometimes young plants in the field.
 All of them belongs to Hemiptera: coccidae
a) Black scale – Saissetia nigra
b) Masked scale – Mycetaspis personata
c) Wax scale – Ceroplastes floridensis
d) Shield scale – Pulvinaria psidii
e) Soft scale – Kilifia accuminata

24. BLACK SCALE, Parasaissetia nigra
 Adults are elliptical, flattend and shiny
black.
 It infests tendar leaves, shoots and
twigs.
 Sooty mould fungus is observed on
leaves due to honey dew secretion.

25. Masked scale, Mycetapsis personata
 Adult are elliptical, flattend and Brown
in colour.
 Dome shaped and greyish brown scale
on the under surface of leaves spacially
of young clove plants.

26. Damage
 The scales are generally seen clustered together on tender
stems and lower surface of leaves.
 Scale feed from the phloem.
 Damage due to the feeding of an individual scale is small.
However large feeding population can cause:
 Yellowing, defoliation, reduction in fruit set and loss in
plant vigour.

27. Management
 Planting of trap crops like Hibiscuse rosa sinensis may act as
indicator plants for incidence of the pest.
 Manual removal of affected leaves and branches will prevent
the spread.
 The parasitoids Scutellista caerulea is major natural enemies.
 Predatory coccinellids, Scilocorous nigritus also take care of
this scale control.
 Use of Neonicotinoids,systemic insecticides imidacloprid
70%WG@ 4kg/tree.
 Thiamethoxim 30%WG@ 4gm/ tree.