This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using bi cementation for sand through microbial induced calcite precipitation. It discusses using waste materials like eggshells and limestone as calcium sources for the MICP reaction. Methods are presented for producing soluble calcium from eggshells and limestone by dissolving them in acid solutions. Factors that influence calcium solubility like particle size and acid concentration are examined. Methods for testing bi cementation on sand samples include measuring permeability reduction and strength increases from precipitated calcite. Results showed eggshell and limestone both increased sand strength and decreased permeability, improving soil properties in an eco-friendly way.

1. Presented By
Aniket Pateriya
SEMINAR ON
BIOCEMENTATION FOR SAND
USING WASTE (CONTAIN CALCIUM
SOURCE)

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
NECESSITY
 METHOD TO PRODUCE SOLUBLE CALCIUM
FROM EGGSHELL
SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TESTING
METHODS
TESTING RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

3.  Biocementation
 Microbial induced calcite precipitation(MICP)
 CaCl2
 Calcium source from waste
 Egg shell
 Limestone from aggregate quarry
INTRODUCTION

4.  Microbial induced calcite precipitation(MICP) reaction :
CO(NH2)2 + H2O → 2NH4 + + CO3
2– (UPB catalyst)
Ca2 + + CO3
2– → CaCO3 ↓

5. NECESSITY
 To decrease permeability, compressibility and
settlement
To increase bearing capacity , shear strength and
density of soil/sand
Disposal of egg shell / Lime stone / acetic acid waste

6. METHOD TO PRODUCE SOLUBLE CALCIUM
FROM EGG SHELL
Eggshell contains 94% of calcium carbonate & it can be
dissolved using acid liquid
Vinegar diluted with water to 5% acidity

7. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED :-
Effect of Inner Membrane
Effect of grains size of crushed Egg shell
(Above 0.85 mm and in between 0.85 and 0.075 mm)
Effect of duration to be placed solute in solvent
Effect of Ratio of eggshell to vinegar(1:4,1:8 & 1:12 by weight)
Produce optimum type, size, time and dose of required matrix

8. (A) Influence Of Membrane In Eggshell; (B) Influence Of Size Of Eggshell; (C)
Influence Of Ratio Of Eggshell To Vinegar
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2016)]

9. Optimum effective :
• Type :with or without membrane(any)
• Size: fine(between 0.85 and 0.075 mm)
• Time:3 day
• Dose :1:8 (eggshell to vinegar by weight)
FROM GRAPH IT CAN CONCLUDE THAT:-

10. METHOD TO PRODUCE SOLUBLE CALCIUM
FROM LIMESTONE
 Limestone powder obtained from aggregate quarry & it can be
dissolved using acid liquid
 Acetic acid byproduct from the fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic
biomass contained more than 7% (w/v) acetic acid

11. FACTORS TO BE SELECTED :-
Grains size of crushed limestone use (Less than 0.075 mm)
with G = 2.7
Time = 5 days
Ratio of limestone to acidic acid (1:2,1:4,1:8 & 1:12 by weight)
Produce optimum dose of required matrix for given condition

12. Different ratios of limestone powder to acetic acid solution used for preparing
calcium ion solution
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2017)]
Limestone
powder (g)
Acetic Acid
Solution(mL)
Calcium ion
conc.
(M)
pH
100 200 0.83 5.2
100 400 0.80 5.1
100 800 0.76 5.0
100 1200 0.64 4.8
{As Acetic acid stream also contain other chemicals Acetol, Phenolic etc.
which retard bacterial growth hence 1:8 dose give ideal condition for MICP,
4.5 g dose of Sodium hydroxide also added in given above matrix to get pH is
equal to 7}

13. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TESTING METHODS
USING EGG SHELL
Arrangement For Biotreatment Of A Sand Sample
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2016)]

14. The UPB solution <A> poured @ drainage rate of 2.5mm/min
( kept for 2 hr. Before drain out)
Solution <B> (CaCl2)
Solution <C> (egg shell solution)
Sample <B> and <C> poured in the same way
(@ Drainage rate is maintained such that it would complete in 2 days)
repeat this for 15 times
Calcium carbonate produced in the samples -measured using
ASTM D4373-14Rapid calcite content determination method )

15. METHOD Solution A
(UPB)
Solution B Solution C
CaCl2
(Mole)
Urea
(Mole)
Calcium
-Egg
Shell
(Mole)
Urea
(Mole)
UPB+ CC
(CaCl2)
1/100 0.45 1 - -
UPB+ ES
(Egg Shell)
1/100 - - 0.45 1
Table :Mixing Ratio Of Various Calcium
Source

16. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TESTING METHODS
USING LIME STONE
Arrangement For Biotreatment Of A Sand Sample
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2017)]

17. The UPB solution @ drainage rate of 1.5 to 2.0 ml/min ( kept for 3 hr.)
The fresh UPB solution (30 ml) ,urea solution (150 ml at 0.3M) and
calcium solution (150 ml at 0.3 M)@ drainage rate of 1.5 to 2.0 ml/min
( kept for 9 hr.)
{ X (2 Times) X (10 Days) }
 Calcium carbonate confirmation done by XRD

18. UCS Results Using Different Calcium Source: (A) UCS Results
Using Calcium Chloride; (B) UCS Results Using Eggshell
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2016)]
TESTING RESULTS USING EGG SHELL AS
CALCIUM SOURCE

19. . Test results: (a) permeability versus UCS; (b) UCS versus calcite carbonate content;
(c) permeability versus calcite carbonate content
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2016)]

20. Fig. SEM Analysis - Calcium Carbonate Precipitated
Between Sand Grains
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2016)]

21. XRD results of the materials precipitated from the MICP
process (A), and pure reagent grade calcium carbonate (B).
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2017)]
TESTING RESULTS USING LIMESTONE AS
CALCIUM SOURCE

22. Permeability of MICP-treated sand as a function of CaCO3 content in the sand
column. Permeability of untreated sands is also presented as a baseline.
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2017)]

23. . Strain−stress relationship
(A) unconfined compression (UC); (B) splitting tensile (TS).
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2017)]

24. Fig. SEM Analysis - Calcium Carbonate Precipitated
Between Sand Grains
[Source : Sun-Gyu Choi et al (2017)]

25.  Soluble calcium from not only eggshell but also lime stone in
MICP process can use for soil improvement by strengthening
it.
 The permeability of the sand can be reduced by 10-6 to 10-7 m/s
by 7% more calcite content of size 5 to 20 um formed in matrix
of soil.
 Eggshells, limestone powder, acetic acid obtain as by-product
there disposal solution take advantages in given research
works.
 Soil stabilization by above methods is eco-friendly.
 In actual practice/site we can easily execute it only by mean of
controlling drainage rate using nozzle for UPB and soluble
calcium respectively poured through actual sandy soil for
required time.
CONCLUSION

26.  Sun-Gyu Choi; Shifan Wu; and Jian Chu – “Biocementation for Sand Using an Eggshell
as Calcium Source.” - J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 2016, 142(10): 06016010
 Sun Gyu Choi, Jian Chu, Robert C. Brown, Kejin Wang, and Zhiyou Wen – “Sustainable
Biocement Production via Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation: Use of
Limestone and Acetic Acid Derived from Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass” - ACS
Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 5183−5190
 Jason T. DeJong ; Michael B. Fritzges; and Klaus Nüsslein – “Microbially Induced
Cementation to Control Sand Response to Undrained Shear” - J. Geotech. Geoenviron.
Eng., 2006, 132(11): 1381-1392
 Qian Zhao; Lin Li; Chi Li; Mingdong Li; Farshad Amini ; and Huanzhen Zhang. -
“Mechanical Behavior of Sands Treated by Microbially Induced Carbonate
Precipitation”. - J. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2014, 26(12): 04014094
 ASTM D4373-14, “Standard Test Methods for rapid calcite content determination”
 B.K.G. Theng - “Sand–Chemical interactions. Summary and perspectives, - 310 (2012)
1–10”.
REFERENCES

27. Thank
You