Cellulosic FO Membrane for Water Desalination

Essay On Down Membrane
Synthesis and performance of cellulosic nonwoven forward osmosis membrane blend for water
desalination
Abstract
Recently, forward osmosis (FO) acquired a growing research area, because of its great potential for
low energy consumption and simple configuration of equipment used. Accordingly, FO was
investigated in a broad range of applications, comprising seawater and brackish water desalination,
wastewater treatment, food processing and power generation. The development of FO process can
be governed by two major factors; the development of high–performing draw solutions and highly
efficient FO membrane. It is the fact to say that, the core of the advancement in the FO process is
dedicated to membrane materials development to fabricate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Fouling in FO membrane is physically reversible process that decreases the need for chemical
cleaning compared to reverse osmosis (RO) membrane [7, 8].
The development of FO process can be managed by two major factors:1) the development of high–
performing draw solutions and 2) using highly efficient FO membrane.
The desired FO membranes consist of the following characteristics: (1) an ultrathin semi–permeable
active layer with a high water flux and high solute rejection; (2) a thin supporting layer with high
porosity and low internal concentration polarization (ICP); (3) hydrophilic nature to enhance water
flux and reduce membrane fouling; and (4) sufficient mechanical strength and robust to sustain
backwash, cleaning and vibration in industrial operations [9, 10]. Recently, efforts were done to
develop new types of FO membranes with better properties. Based on the fabrication methods, the
newly developed membranes can be classified into two main kinds: cellulosic and thin film
composite (TFC).
Nowadays, the most common commercially FO membrane has been the asymmetric CTA
membrane. In spite of the CTA membranes have proper characteristics that including high chlorine
resistant and high hydrophobicity, they possess some drawbacks that hinder the future development.
The CTA membranes have limited stability to pH, temperature and microorganisms. Accordingly,
the feed and draw solutions must be maintain at pH between 4 and 6 and temperature below
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Lab Report Of The Copper Acetate Monohydrate
Based on the above mentioned structural and morphological results, the sample SP0.10 has high
degree of crystallinity with narrower particles size distribution, Therefor this value was selected as
optimum degree and checked the effect of gel making agent on it. Experiments SP0.10, SP0.10A
and SP0.10B were an optimization set for the citric acid (CA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as gel
making agent shown in table–1. The common small organic molecules used in sol–gel chemistry are
citric acid. Citric acid is a weak triprotic acid (equation.2), three carboxylic acid moieties that are
able to dissociate with in. A. E. Danks et al. 2016. While being readily available and cheap it is also
an effective chelating agent affected the process which makes ... Show more content on
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As mention above citric acid act to neutralize the solution through reaction (2) as a result, the pH of
the reaction solution decreases with increasing concentration of citric acid. If the concentration of
citric acid citrate exceeds 1:2, the solution pH is lower than 8 and citrate anions also inhibit the
nucleation and growth of CuO crystals. It was concluded that the gel specifications were changed by
varying the amount of citric acid and as an optimum value, 1:2 ratio of EG:CA was used to
synthesize homogeneous CuO nanoflower (figure 4 b). The selected area electron diffraction
(SAED) patterns of SP0.10, SP0.10A and SP0.10B, confirming the monoclinic structure of as
prepared materials. It evidence of crystalline CuO is found in the SAED patterns, consistent with
XRD results (see figure 5). Distinct diffraction bright spots are clearly visible in the SAED pattern
of SP0.10B due to a lesser diffraction area.
The complete structural and microstructural parameters further confirmed by the Rietveld
refinement analysis. The characteristic XRD plots of sample SP0.10, SP0.10A and SP0.10B along
with the crystal structure was extracted by Rietveld analysis and is represented in figure 5(a–c). It
reveals that diffraction peaks are assigned to CuO as reported in JCPDS file No. 48–1548, indicates
that the synthesized samples are monophasic CuO with a monoclinic structure. From the

Acetanilide From Aniline Lab Report
Introduction: Diazoaminobenzene can be prepared by dissolving two equivalents of aniline in three
equivalents of hydrochloric acid and one equivalent of sodium nitrite in aqueous solution followed
by two equivalents of sodium acetate.
Reaction:
Procedure:
1. In a 100 mL conical flask place 20 mL of water, 5 mL conc. HCl and 3.5 g aniline.
2. Shake vigorously and add about 15 g crushed ice.
3. In a test tube dissolve 1.3 g sodium nitrite in 3 mL water.
4. Add this sodium nitrite solution to above reaction mixture with constant shaking drop by drop.
5. Allow to stand with frequent shaking for 5 minutes.
6. In another flask dissolve 5.25 g sodium acetate in 10 mL water.
7. Add this sodium acetate solution to above reaction mixture with ... Show more content on
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Take 0.46 g aniline in the conical flask and add 10 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid, 10 mL
distilled water to it. Mix the contents.
5. Prepare a solution of sodium acetate (NaOAc) by dissolving 0.5 g anhydrous sodium acetate in 3
mL distilled water in a small beaker.
6. Quickly add 15 drops of acetic anhydride and the the sodium acetate solution to the conical flask .
7. Swirl the conical flask to mix the contents and place it in an ice–water bath.
8. Acetanilide will crystallize from the solution. When the crystallization is complete, filter the
crystals on a Buchner funnel.
Mechanism:
Step II: Preparation of p–nitroacetanilide from acetanilide – Nitration reaction
Reaction:
Procedure:
1. Add 10 g of powdered acetanilide to 10 ml (10.6g) of glacial acetic acid in 100 ml beaker and
then to the well stirred mixture add 20 ml (37g) of conc. sulphuric acid. The mixture becomes hot
and a clear solution is obtained.
2. Place a beaker in a mixture of salt and crushed ice until the temperature of the reaction mixture
falls to about 0–50C. Now stirr the viscous mixture continuously, add 4 ml of fuming nitric acid
cautiously drop by drop from a burette, so that the temperature of the mixture does not rise about
250C.This operation should take 10–15

Isobornyl Acetate Synthesis Lab Report
Synthesis of Isobornyl Acetate Sophie Mueller 11/18/15 Abstract The specific aims of the
experiment were to initiate the transformation of camphene to isobornyl acetate, and analyze a
sample of the products using IR to confirm the presence of isobornyl acetate. The results from the
IR analysis confirmed that there was isobornyl acetate present, though it was not overly abundant.
Scheme 1. Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate necessary steps of the
transformation of camphene to isobornyl acetate. After the isobornyl acetate was formed, it was
separated from the reactants. Above is a reaction scheme that shows the reaction that occurs when
sulfuric acid and acetic acid are added to camphene. The addition sulfuric acid promotes a
rearrangement of camphene, and then acetic acid was added. The acetate from this was added to the
rearranged camphene, resulting in a formation of isobornyl ... Show more content on
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Approximately 2.1 mL of 50% sulfuric acid was added to the mixture. A reflux apparatus was set up
using a water condenser. The reaction was heated over boiling water and stirred for fifteen minutes.
Water (8 mL) was added to the reaction mixture, which was then cooled in an ice bath. The mixture
was transferred to a separatory funnel and an extraction of the isobornyl acetate layer was conducted
with water (15 mL) twice to remove most of the acid. The isobornyl acetate layer was then again
extracted with 10% sodium bicarbonate (15 mL) to remove the remaining acid. The final aqueous
layer was removed and the remaining isobornyl acetate was dried over sodium sulfate for ten
minutes. A few drops of the final sample were taken to an IR spectrometer to perform an IR
analysis. A large spike at 1735.62 cm–1 was seen in the IR analysis. The remainder of the final
product was placed in a vial, weighed, and the mass (3.95 g) was recorded. Percent yield was
calculated to

Fischer Esterification Of A Carboxylic Acid And...
NAME: _______Amy Hua____________________________
Experiment 6a: Fischer Esterification of a Carboxylic Acid and Identification of the Product By GC,
Micro–Boiling Point and IR Spectroscopy
Experiment 6b: Synthesis of Biodiesel
Summary of Points for Experiment 6:
Item Possible Points Actual Points
Pre–Lab 2 Notebook: N/A N/A
Purpose/Table of Reagents 2
Corrections 2
Blank Spaces 2
Signatures 2
TLC (1 in notebook) 2
Coherent 2
Conclusions (absent here) 1
Sub–Total = 15 multiply Sub–Total x 3 = 45 Report: N/A N/A
Introduction 2
Data and Calculations 7
Less Points–Missing Data 0
Unknown Identity 12
Data Analysis / Conclusions 5
Less Pts–Missing Attach 0 TOTAL 71 minus any page overage 0 minus for late reports 0 minus for
TA points 0
FINAL TOTAL POINTS 71
INTRODUCTION
In the first part of this experiment, an ester product will be isolated and purified from unknown
alcohol. Then the product ester will be identified through analysis of boiling point, gas
chromatography, and IR spectroscopy. In the second part of the experiment, Biodiesel will be
synthesized from vegetable oil by transesterification.
DATAAND CALCULATIONS

FISCHER ESTERIFICATION UNKNOWN ID:
UNKNOWN NUMBER: ___F________________________
UNKNOWN ID (name): ___Octyl Acetate__________________ (10 points)
UNKNOWN STRUCTURE: (2 points)
MASS OF PRODUCT ESTER: ____0.4599g_______________
% YIELD: ___97.44%_______________________
Yield Calculations:
Theoretical

Banana Oil Synthesis Report Essays
aMicroscale Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate (Banana Oil)
Objective: Carried out the microscale synthesis of isopentyl acetate by direct esterification of acetic
acid and isopentyl alcohol. This was an acid catalyzed Fischer esterification. Both extraction and
distillation were employed to obtain a pure product. IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography were
used to determine purity of the final product.
Reagents:
* Compound: | * MW (g/mol): | * MP (°C): | * BP (°C): | * Density (g/mL): | * Properties/ Safety: | *
Isopentyl AlcoholC5H12O | * 88.15 | * –117.0 | * 132.0 | * 0.81 | * Clear, colorless liquid,
disagreeable odor, flammable. Hazardous in case of skin, eye contact and ingestion and inhalation.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Table 1: Figure 1 summary: IR spectrum isopentyl acetate: Peak (cm–1) | Corresponding Bond: |
2959.98 | C–H | 2872.89 | C–H | 1743.38 | C=O (Ester) | 1244.50 | C–O |
Gas Chromatography (GC) Results:
The GC resulted in one peak determined to be 100% isopentyl acetate based on comparing to the
results of a known sample of isopentyl acetate which had a similar peak after a retention time of 1.5
minutes. Refer to figure 4 for results summarized below.
Table 2: Figure 4 GC Summary: Retention Time (min) | Area | % Composition | Identity | 1.525 | 1.7
x 107 | 100% | Isopentyl acetate |
NMR spectrum of typical isopentyl acetate sample is also shown in figure 3a.
Discussion:
This sulfuric acid catalyzed Fischer esterification reaction used excess acetic acid reacted with
isopentyl alcohol to create isopentyl acetate. Because the reaction is reversible it was necessary to
use excess acetic acid to drive the reaction forward and favor the formation of product in accordance
with Le

Reflection Paper On Slime
On a summer afternoon, as I make my way up to Ling's house, I was full of excitement because I
knew, as I get there, my boredom will be extinguished! If you read this, just know that you are in for
a long ride of reading what I did at Ling's house! Ling and I were making satisfying videos of slime,
we were making fascinating slime. Plus, we were talking about Minecraft and school too! Ling got
her iPad and all of her crunchy slime plus she went to the video app so we could make satisfying
slime videos. Ling and I wanted to make a satisfying slime video with the crunchy purple slime first,
so we did. At first, when we recorded the crunchy purple slime, it was not loud enough to be in a
satisfying slime ASMR Youtube video, so we tried to poke the slime harder while we recorded the
slime. (ASMR is Autonomous sensory meridian response, which means a tingling sensation on the
skin.) Additionally, we poked the slime so the slime would look satisfying to watch. If you want to
know how to poke slime to make it look satisfying for your satisfying video, you would need to
poke it with 2, 3, or 4 fingers like how Ling and I did the poking. Ling and I wanted to do something
fun but it was hard to visualize of something fun to do, it was making slime! The hardest thing to
think about was what kind of slime Ling and I wanted to make. We were thinking about all of the
types of slimes Ling doesn't have. Finally! Ling thought of a slime to make, crunchy clear slime! As
people can

Conversion Of Reactants In A Saponification Reaction Lab...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The main objective of this lab was to observe the effects of conversion of reactants in regard to
temperature and time. The main reactants that were used are ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide in a
saponification reaction. The expected products were sodium acetate and ethanol. This reaction was
conducted in a batch reactor in isothermic conditions and adiabatic conditions. The variables of
interest in this reaction are Conductivity, temperature, time and concentration.
The reactants used were 400 ml of 5.0% ethyl acetate and 400 ml of 2.3% Sodium hydroxide. This
is equivalent to 9.2 grams of sodium hydroxide which has 0.23 moles. The measured conductivity of
the sodium hydroxide initially before the start of the experiment was 112.2 mS/cm. The sodium
hydroxide was mixed with the acetic ether and recordings of the conductivity were recorded down
in intervals of 10 seconds to approximately 3 minutes.
In the experiment conducted, during the adiabatic reaction, a gradual temperature increase was
noted over the period. The temperature increase was accompanied by a decrease in the conductivity
measured. This is attributed to the increase in conversion percentage of the reactants. The increase in
conversion percentage is due to the temperature increase which caused the reaction of the reactants
as they form a new product and this consequently causes the temperature increase.
During the isothermic reaction, the temperature of the reaction was maintained at a

Synthesis Of Isopently Acetate ( Banana Oil )
Synthesis of Isopently Acetate (Banana Oil)
Deborah Nyabando
CHEM 2311
TA: Nicholas Serratore
February 20, 2014
Purpose:
The purpose of doing this experiment was to prepare isopently acetate, an ester that has a pleasant
smell like that of bananas from isopently alcohol and acetic acid by the Fischer esterification
reaction. Sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst. Water, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride were
used to extract any impurities from the product. Simple distillation was then used to purify the ester
product farther.
Reaction Scheme:
Mechanism: Procedure
8.5 mL of acetic acid and 5.0 g (6.2 mL) of isopently alcohol were measured out and added into a
50–mL round bottomed flask. A few boiling stones were added to the flask and then 1.2 mL of
concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the mixture under the fume hood. The reflux apparatus was
set up– a condenser mounted vertically onto the reaction flask and two hoses attached to it. The
water was to flow into the condenser through the bottom inlet and out throught the top outlet. A
heating mantle was placed under the reaction flusk and the mixture was let to heat to boiling and
reflux for sixty minutes. After the reflux period, the reaction flask was let to cool down and its
contents were then transferred to a separatory funnel. 10 mL of water was added to the mixture,
funnel was closed with a stopper and carefully shook while venting to wash out the mixture. The
equous (lower) layer was drained off,

Isoamyl Acetate Synthesis
Preparing Isoamyl Acetate by the Fischer Esterification
Emily Whitsett
Lab Partner: Ariel Dryden
May 5th, 2015
Organic Chemistry Lab B
Experiment performed on April 30th, 2015
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment was to prepare isoamyl acetate from isoamyl alcohol and glacial
acetic acid by Fischer esterification.
Introduction Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids. Instead of having the –COOH group, an ester
will include an alkoxy substituent which is a hydrocarbon group of some kind attached to the
oxygen molecule (–OR) (1, 2). Esters emit fruity smells and are widely used as flavor enhancers or
fragrances. Esters are typically the predominant compound in natural fruits and flowers that ... Show
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Next, 0.809–g of isoamyl alcohol was added to the vial and weighed. The difference of these two
weights was recorded and considered the precise mass of the alcohol. A total of 2–mL of glacial
acetic acid was added to the vial. Three drops of concentrated H2SO4 and a boiling chip were added
to the vial. The vial was attached to a clamp and rested in a sand bath that ranged between 150–
160°C. A cold, damp kim wipe was placed around the tip of the vial to act as a condenser. The
mixture was refluxed for one hour. Once the hour passed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room
temperature and the sand bath was turned off. After the boiling chip was removed from the vial, 1–
mL of 5% sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) was slowly added to the reaction mixture, capped
and swirled. The vial was shaken to mix the contents and the cap was removed to release the
pressure. This was repeated until the bubbles were no longer produced. A Pasteur pipet was used to
remove the aqueous layer which was disposed in a test tube labeled "Aqueous Layer". The
extraction of the upper organic layer was repeated two more times with new 1–mL portions of 5%
NaHCO3, placing the aqueous layer in the labeled test tube each

Designing Products Or Deliver Services Safely And...
Learning Aim: Examine common engineering processes to create products or deliver services safely
and effectively as a team.
Product: Screwdriver
PICTURE
Processes:
Making the steel bar
Making the Handle
Assembly
Quality Control
INTRO
The screwdriver was firstly seen in the 19th century, which came from the flat bladed bit used in a
carpenters brace.
The function of a screwdriver is . A screwdriver has three main parts. A shaft, a tip and a handle.
P1
The materials mostly used to make the parts is plastic for the handle, steel bar and chromium (or
nickel) for the steel tip of the screwdriver.
For the steel bar, large amounts of green wire is sent to a factory. The wire is drawn to the correct
size diameter by a machine and after the wire is made into a rod. Then the rod is made to its correct
size by being put inside a die. To produce the correct strength for the wire goes through heating
treating. It is heated for around 12 hours for the best strength. Once this is done, by using a string
forge the wire is straightened and is put in a cold forming press. This makes the wire have its correct
length by cutting it, it also forms the screwdriver tip and the wings for the handle for it to correctly
fit. After this, by the heated wire. Blades are formed for the tip from the dies. This is done when the
screwdriver goes in the press. After all this the tool has formed wings and it is worn down.
Then the automatic tipping machine makes the point on the bar. After one more

Recrystallization Of Ethyl Acetate
Extraction and Recrystallization The purpose of this experiment was to separate an acid, base, and
neutral component from 30 mL of ethyl acetate and 1 gram of unknown through two separatory
techniques.The two separatory procedures used were extraction and recrystallization. Extraction is
used because it is an important method to purify solids and remove any impurities that might have
appeared when pouring chemicals or not cleaning the glassware correctly. Recrystallization was
carried out in this experiment after extractions to achieve an even higher state of purity. Extraction is
used to remove one or more component of a solid, liquid, or gas mixture into a separate phase. In
this experiment, extraction was used to separate a solid–liquid ... Show more content on
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The ethyl acetate in the neutral compound could have had some water in it therefore, Na2SO4 was
used to soak up the water. Then, the acid and base mixtures were separated by neutralizing the pH of
the solvent. We neutralized the pH of the solvents because it gives better percent yields and allows
the extractions to precipitate out. The reason we only neutralized the acid and base mixtures is
because the neutral mixture is already neutralized. The pH strip of the base was green (ph=7) and
the pH strip of the acid was red (ph=1) which showed that they were neutralized. Vacuum filtration
was then used to separate the precipitate from the liquid. Vacuum filtration is the done by using a
vacuum pipe under the fume hood with a Buchner funnel. To set this up, an Erlenmeyer flask with a
side arm (to connect the vacuum suction pipe) was tighten to a flask holder and the Buchner funnel
was put on top with the cork. The vacuum filtration was then carried out and the solids should have
separated from the liquid.The solids collected were labeled "crude acid" and "crude base". The
neutral compound would take too long to separate through filtration, therefore it had to be air dried.
Through this process, the ethyl acetate eventually dried out and the crude neutral solid should have
remained at the bottom of the

PAE Synthesis Lab Report
2.2 Materials and Methods: Polyamino–ether was obtained from the collaborator Dr. Kaushal Rege
lab in Arizona state University. All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO). 2.2.1 Synthesis of the bioreducible modified–PAE: The obtained PAE polymer was
synthesized by reacting neomycin with glycidyl ether at molar ratio of 1:2 as reported in detail by
Rege et al. previously[14]. The modified bioreducible PAE(mPAE) was synthesized by a simple one
step reaction with Traut's reagent as described previously[15]. Briefly, 10g of PAE was dissolved in
1ml of ddH20 (Double distilled water) and was allowed to react with 1.85 g(5–times molar excess)
of 2–iminothiolane hydrochloride (IH) at room temperature for 15 h[16]. The product was dialyzed
using a dialysis membrane (MWCO = 1,000 Da) against 5 mM HCl for 24 h followed by dialysis
against 1 mM HCl solution for 24 h. The purified mPAE was lyophilized and stored at –20°C for
future use [17]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mPAE was collected after extensive dialysis and freeze dried for future use. The modification of
amino groups (–NH2) is shown as representative

Case Study: Buy Trenbolone Acetate Abuse
Buy Trenbolone Acetate Injection OnlineProduct DescriptionPurchase Trenbolone Acetate online
without prescription
We all have heard about athletes and body builders using steroids to build their body up. Here you
can buy Trenbolone Acetate injection that will allows you to build muscles real quick. They can go
from having hardly any muscles to being very buff in a very short period of time. Trenbolone acetate
is a steroid that is supposed to be used by animal doctors to use on animals (primary, it is used to
build the animals muscles and give them a better appetite).
Trenbolone compounds have a necessary similarity for the androgen receptor three times as high as
that to testosterone. It works by decreasing the amount of fat that gets put

Bismuth Synthesis Essay
Bismuth(III) metal is relatively inert, soft and malleable. The world production of bismuth(III) is
about 5000 tones per year [1]. Bismuth is seen as the least toxic heavy metal for human being and is
widely used in medical applications for its good antimicrobial properties. Bismuth(III) compounds
are used in cosmetics, pigments and a few pharmaceuticals, nearly 70% of the production being
used for this purpose. Bismuth(III) compounds have been used in medicines for more than 200 years
in variety of gastrointestinal disorders, because of their demulcent properties [2]. Presently, bismuth
is used in the cosmetics industry for the preparation of creams and hair dyes, while some of its
colloidal salts due to their antiseptic, astringent and diuretic ... Show more content on
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Synergistic mixture of N–n–octylaniline and trioctylamine used for extraction and separation of
bismuth(III) [8]. Literature survey revealed that 4–methyl–N–n–octylaniline [9] and N–n–
hexylaniline [10] were used for the solvent extraction of bismuth(III). The metal ion in the organic
phase was stripped and determined titrimetrically. It also suffers from multiple extraction of
bismuth(III) with 1622 hymine [11] in different solvents from nitric acid, mercury, thorium and
uranium interfered seriously. Many reports show that extraction of bismuth(III) is carried out by
using high molecular weight amines as liquid anion exchangers such as, 1622 hymine [11],
amberlite LA–1 [12], tri–iso–octylamine [12], aliquot 336 [12], tri–n–octylamine (TOA) [13–15],
tris (2–ethylhexyl) amine [16] and C10C12 primary amines [17]. Other authors have proposed the
extraction of Bismuth from acid or highly acidic solutions of HCl, HBr, HNO3 and/or H2SO4 using
Cyanex 925, Cyanex 921, 2–bromoalkanoic acid and Cyanex 302 as extractant [18–21].
Bismuth(III) in alloy samples was determined extractive spectrophotometrically using 1–amino–
4,4,6–trimethyl–(1H,4H) pyrimidine–2–thiol [22]. Spectrophotometric and atomic absorption
spectrometric methods have been developed for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibacterials
by ion–pair complex formation with bismuth(III) tetraiodide [23]. A study on bismuth(III) extraction
and its separation from other elements was carried out with triphenylarsineoxide [24]. Cyanex–925
in xylene was used for extraction separation of bismuth(III) from aqueous solution [25]. Bis–(2,4,4–
trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid (cyanex 302) [26] is predominant organophosphorus
extractant used for the extraction of bismuth(III). Bismuth was extracted quantitatively with 0.05M
18–crown–6 in methylene chloride

Isopentyl Acetate
Experiment 12: Isopentyl Acetate
19 October 2012
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to prepare isopentyl acetate by direct esterification
of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. After refluxing there is an isolation procedure where excess
acetic acid and remaining isopentyl alcohol are easily removed by extraction with sodium
bicarbonate and water. The ester is then purified by simple distillation and the IR is then obtained.
Techniques and equipment used throughout the experiment include a reflux apparatus, separatory
funnel for isolation, vacuum filtration, and simple distillation. The reflux condenser is used to allow
thorough distillation of the product with the use of heat to accelerate and stir while vapors ... Show
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2. Why is the mixture extracted with sodium bicarbonate? Give an equation and explain its
relevance. The mixture is extracted with sodium bicarbonate because doing so will cause any
unreacted acid to react with the sodium bicarbonate to become neutralized. The neutralized acid,
being water soluble, would then separate from the ester, which is water insoluble. This causes an
increase yield of pure product.
3. Why are gas bubbles observed when the sodium bicarbonate is added? This occurs because
adding sodium bicarbonate produces carbon dioxide gas
4. Which starting material is the limiting reagent in this procedure? Which reagent is used in excess?
How great is the molar excess? The limiting reagent used in this experiment is the isopentyl alcohol
while the reagent used in excess is the acetic acid. The molar excess is about 1.5 – 1.75 times greater
than the amount that is theoretically yielded.
5. Outline a separation scheme for isolating pure isopentyl acetate from the reaction mixture. When
the crude product is transferred to a separatory funnel, it is washed with 10 ml of water. When the
solution forms two layers, the bottom aqueous layer is disposed of. The solution is then mixed with
5 ml portions of 5% sodium bicarbonate allowing separate layers to form; the bottom layer is
drained out. 5 ml portions of 5% sodium bicarbonate are continuously added until the drained
aqueous layer is basic with a pH

Ethyl Acetate Lab Report
This experiment provided accurate data of how a mixture of solids, and liquids consisting of both
nonpolar and polar substances can be separated using vacuum filtration and water. The separation of
oil from the sand, KNO3, and CuSO4 mixture using ethyl acetate was performed using a vacuum
filtration. Ethyl acetate is an ester of ethanol and acetic acid with a formula of CH3–COO–CH2–
CH3 (Tro, 975). Ethyl acetate is a suitable solvent due to its ability to undergo hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis is the breaking apart of chemical bonds with the addition of water. Both oil and ethyl
acetate are nonpolar in nature, whereas sand, CuSO4 and KNO3, are polar in nature. This separation
of polarity allows for a natural separation of the substances to occur. Nonpolar ... Show more
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The oil was found to be the lowest, though this is not consistent because it has the highest molar
mass when compared to all of the parts of the mixture. When the percent composition of all of the
components is added together, the total is 100%, portraying an accurate measurement of all of the
parts. Though all the percent compositions added to 100%, the mass of CuSO4 was dependent upon
the masses of the other substances, which could give way to possible error in the mass of CuSO4
measured. The KNO3 was not completely clean of copper. This was observed because when
ammonia was added, the solution turned a faint blue color, indicating the presence of copper. The
possible sources of error include not allowing the sand to fully dry before massing it, resulting in a
higher mass due to the extra water. When water was added to the sand, KNO3, and CuSO4 mixture
to separate out the sand, a large quantity of water was used and this could have caused some
complications with the next step in which the water was boiled off. If not all of the water was fully
boiled off then this could have affected the rate at which the KNO3 crystallized. If too much water
was still left in the solution, the solution would have had to remain in the ice bath for a longer
amount of time, possibly disrupting the crystallization process and causing the CuSO4 to also
become crystallized as the KNO3 crystallized, directly affecting

Isopropyl Acetate Lab Report
3 mL of a 1:1 isopropyl acetate and toluene mixture along with a spin vane was added to a 5 mL
conical vial using a calibrated Pasteur pipette. A Hickman still and heating block was assembled.
The connector and lower portion of the Hickman still was wrapped with aluminum foil and the top
of the still was loosely covered with foil. The thermometer was placed into the heating block and
was moved into the Hickman still once the temperature of the heating block was near the listed
temperature from the lab manual. The solution was stirred slowly while the hot plate was turned on.
The temperature of the heating block was slowly (5°C/min) raised to 80–90°C. The connector
between the flask and Hickman still was periodically tightened. Using a bent ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Fractional distillation was accomplished by using the knowledge of the boiling points of both
isopropyl acetate and toluene and controlling the temperature of the apparatus so that one substance
would boil but not the other. By doing this, isopropyl acetate was able to evaporate first because it
has a lower boiling point than toluene. This is why Fraction 1 contained much more isopropyl
acetate than it did toluene. By slowly raising the temperature of the apparatus to that of the boiling
point of toluene, the distillate collected for Fraction 2 contained more toluene due to the majority of
the isopropyl acetate having already evaporated. By using gas chromatography, the exact percentage
of each substance in Fractions 1 and 2 were found. Fractional distillation was required to separate
the liquids because isopropyl acetate and toluene have similar boiling points. It allows the liquid
with the lower boiling point to evaporate and be collected and separated first. The liquid with the
higher boiling point can then evaporate and be collected. The purpose of re–distillation is to
removed most of the liquid with the lower boiling point and leaving a purer toluene in the vial. The
working principle of gas chromatography is that once the solution is

Method For Determining Leachability Toxicity...
6.4.11 Method for Determining Leachability
 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
Reference: USEPA Method 1311
Apparatus:
1. Agitation apparatus: The agitation apparatus must be capable of rotating the extraction vessel in
an end–over–end fashion at 30 ±2 rpm.
2. Extraction vessels: Jars or bottles with sufficient capacity to hold the sample and extraction fluid.
Two liter normal capacity bottles are recommended. The vessel type is determined by the analysis of
interest.
3. Filtration devices
4. Filter holders: Any filter holder, which meets all of the following requirements. Capable of
supporting a 0.6 to 0.8 µm glass fiber filter membranes. Has a minimum internal volume of 300 ml
(1.5 L recommended) can hold a filter of minimum size 47 mm in diameter (142 mm filter diameter
recommended). Positive pressure filtration units capable of exerting pressures of 350 KPa or more
which are commonly called "Hazardous Waste Filtration Units".
5. NOTE: If the leachate is to be analyzed for metals, the filter must be prewashed with 1 M nitric
acid, rinsed with double distilled water (DDW) and dried before use. Acid washed filters may also
be used for other non–volatile extracts.
6. pH meter: Calibrated to within ± 0.05 pH units at 25°C.
Reagents
All reagents should be of recognized analytical reagent grade.
1. Nitric Acid, 1M
2. Hydrochloric Acid, 1M

3. Sodium Hydroxide, 1M
4. Glacial Acetic Acid
Extraction Fluid
Extraction fluid No 1: Add 5.7 ml of

Essay about Organic Chemistry Ii Lab Report
Torres 1
Luis A. Torres
Group #11
USC Chemistry 322b
Formal Lab Report
6th November 2015
I.
II.
Enzymatic Resolution of 1–Phenylethanol and Diastereomer Analysis
Objective/Abstract
Enzymatic transesterification reaction was performed to study the resolution of diastereomers using
1H–NMR analysis. The stereo–selectivity of acylase I, an enzyme, for a 50:50 racemic mixture of
1–phenylethanol was determined. In the first of a two–step reaction, 1–phenylethanol was reacted
with vinyl acetate with the help of acylase I to form an ester, unreacted 1–phenylethanol, and vinyl
alcohol. The unreacted 1phenylethanol was separated from the ester by column chromatography and
confirmed by thin–layer chromatography (TLC). In the second ... Show more content on
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In the first reaction of this experiment, 1–phenylethanol was reacted with vinyl acetate, using the
acylase I enzyme. The enzyme's chirality results in a preferred reaction with one alcohol enantiomer
over the other. In the second reaction, the unreacted alcohol is reacted with (R)–(–)–
acetoxyphenylacetic acid to create a diastereomer. By comparing the 1H–NMR spectra of the final
product diastereomers, we can determine which alcohol enantiomer the enzyme preferred to react
with.
We relied on column chromatography to separate the unreacted 1–phenylethanol from the
phenylethyl acetate ester. Column chromatography is a useful laboratory technique aimed at
separating aqueous and organic components of a mixture.
Torres 3
For this experiment, the lab was separated into groups of four. Each member of the group was
responsible for using a sample of 1–phenylethanol. The samples used were detailed in the
Objective/Abstract section of this report.
IV.

Results and Discussion
1
H–NMR Analysis:
The 1H–NMRs were produced for all 4 samples, and segments of each can be seen below in Figures
1 – 4. The integrations at 1.5 ppm refers to the (R)–1–phenylethanol while the integrations at 1.4
ppm refers to the (S)–1–phenylethanol. I was unable to use my own unreacted alcohol because TLC
analysis shows that I was unable to separate my alcohol from the ester during column
chromatography. I used an unreacted alcohol

Titrimetric Analysis Of Calcium Acetate
Faculty of Pharmacy
Analytical Chemistry Department
Assignment Topic: Calcium Acetate
Course Title: Analytical Chemistry 2
Course Code: PC223
Lab Group: F3
Submitted To: Dr. Souha Hosam
Prepared By: Manar Mohamed Abd El Aziz – 170339
Due Date: 23–10–2017 Introduction:
There is more than one method to be used in the quantitative analysis. One of these methods is
titration method which used in the titrimetric analysis. Titrimetric analysis is the quantitative
chemical method which determines the accurate concentration of sample to react with another
known volume and concentration substance. Titrimetric analysis was been called volumetric
analysis as it expresses the analysis method better than volumetric analysis. The standard in
titrimetric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cool, transfer to a 250–ml volumetric flask, dilute to volume with water, and mix. Transfer 50 ml of
the solution to a 400ml beaker, add 100 ml of water, 25 ml of sodium hydroxide TS, 40 mg of
murexide indicator preparation (an alternative indicator is hydroxynaphtol blue, of which 0.25 g is
used – in this case the naphthol green TS is omitted), and 3 ml of naphthol green TS. Titrate with
0.05 M disodium ethylenediamine–tetraacetate until the solution is deep blue in colour. Each ml of
0.05 M disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate is equivalent to 7.909 mg of

Sythesizing Isopentyl Acetate by the Fischer Esterification
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize isopentyl acetate via an esterification
reaction between acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol, using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
The product was washed with sodium hydrogen carbonate, as well as with water, then dried with
anhydrous sodium sulfate. The product was then distilled using a Hickman still and characterized
using infrared spectroscopy. The percent yield of isopentyl acetate was 61.52%. This may have been
low due to not all of the condensed product being removed from the Hickman still, some product
being lost during transfer of the product from the reaction tube into the Hickman still, or the loss of
some product due to evaporation during distillation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Place card in spectrometer and run an infrared spectrum on the product. Part 5 – Cleaning Up The
aqueous layers from the washings performed in Part 2 may be put down the sink with a lot of water.
Place all other materials in their appropriate waste containers. Data and Calculations: Mass isopentyl
alcohol: 0.820 g Mass product (isopentyl acetate): 0.745 g Theoretical Yield: 1.211 g Percent Yield:
61.52% Finding Limiting Reagent Acetic Acid (2 mL AA) ( 1.049 g AA) (1 mol AA) (1 mol
product) (130.19 g product) (1 mL AA) (60.05 g AA) (1 mol AA) (1 mol product) = 4.549 g
isopentyl acetate Isopentyl Alcohol (0.820 g IA) (1 mol IA) (1 mol product) (130.19 g product)
(88.15 g IA) (1 mol IA) (1 mol product) = 1.211 g isopentyl acetate The limiting reagent for this
esterification reaction is isopentyl alcohol. It yields the least amount of isopentyl acetate in this
reaction, and therefore is the limiting reagent. Preparing Isopentyl Acetate by the Fischer
Esterification Theoretical Yield Isopentyl Alcohol (0.820 g IA) (1 mol IA) (1 mol product) (130.19 g
product) (88.15 g IA) (1 mol IA) (1 mol product) = 1.211 g isopentyl acetate Percent Yield (mass of
isopentyl acetate) (0.745 g isopentyl acetate) x (100) = 61.52% yield (theoretical yield) (1.211 g
isopentyl acetate) Observed Properties and IR Data and Interpretation: An infrared spectrum of the
product revealed

Mixture Of Ortho And Para Nitrophenol Lab Report
During this experiment the crude product (mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols) was run through
a column chromatography. The point of the column chromatography was to separate the
nitrophenols and purify them. During the experiment the crude product was ran through the silica
with two different solvents. 60:40 DCM/hexanes was used to form the first band while 50:50
DCM/EtOAc was used to form the second band. The reason for this method was that there had to be
a change in solvent for the para product because since it is polar it was expected to run very slowly
through the column and therefore needed a more polar solvent to speed it up, ethyl acetate. As
expected two different yellow bands were observed. Each band represented one of the nitrophenols,
with the bottom band being the ortho–nitrophenol since it is less polar and stayed within the solvent
and therefore ran through the column quickly. The para product stayed at the top because it was
similarly polar to the Silica and had the ability to hydrogen bond to it. Once the bands were formed
fractions were taken from the yellow bands. Fraction 1–5 was from the ortho product and fractions
6–10 were from the para product. The fractions formed were than ran through TLC chromatography
to test the true purity of the products and the success of the column chromatography separation. The
first TLC plate containing fractions 1–5, surprisingly did not have any spots (Figure 1b). This is was
unexpected because fractions 1–5 were

Polyvinyl Acetate Lab Report
Inquisition of the polymers formed between Polyvinyl Acetate, Polyvinyl Alcohol, and Sodium
Borate
Cheriann Baker
CHS 2440L 006
Laura Anderson
Mestiyage Dona Chamithri Jayawardana
October 21, 2014
Introduction
A monomer is a compound that can react with at least two other monomers and form polymers
(Monomer). Polymers are very large molecules that are made up of repeating monomers. Polymers
can be formed into linear and nonlinear structures. Most polymers consist of two or more different
types of monomers (Polymer).
A bouncy ball can be formed from a ratio of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and sodium
borate. This experiment is designed to find the ideal ratio of the above compounds to create a
substance that has the qualities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The balls that contained 4% polyvinyl alcohol didn't stay in a ball like structure for more than ten to
fifteen minutes. The balls that contained 4% sodium borate and polyvinyl acetate were able to
bounce and retain their shape and stayed in a circular ball shape much longer than the balls that had
the 4% polyvinyl alcohol. The balls were able to keep their shape because the polyvinyl acetate
cross links with the sodium borate when they are reacted together. The 4% polyvinyl alcohol doesn't
cross link with the borate so the bouncy balls weren't able to retain their shape. The bouncy balls
that consisted of a two to one ratio of polyvinyl acetate and 4% sodium borate produced the best
bouncy balls in this experiment. Those bouncy balls bounced the highest after there were placed in
the cold and hot temperature environments. They were able to be stretched further than the other
balls and retained their shape after being dropped repeatedly. A two to one ratio of polyvinyl acetate
and 4% sodium borate was the ideal ratio, in this experiment, to produce a bouncy

Midterm Lab Report
Aneri Patel
CHEM 2100
Midterm Lab Report
Fall 2017
Comar
Unknown Number ##### Introduction:
The main purpose of these experiments was introduce various techniques such as the use of
separation, purification and extraction for each organic compound that was obtained. The first
experiment was done on a compound which is commonly known as a triglyceride which contains
three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone. The next experiment was done one a caffeine which is a
hetercylic ring. However, this heterocyclic ring has all oxygens in the place of the carbons. The third
eextraction was done on benzoic acid and acentanilide and the last experiment was done on acetic
acid to purify an ester.
The first of these many experiments was the extraction of trimyristin from nutmeg. Trimyristin
makes up about one–fourth of the composition of nutmeg. Compounds such as nutmeg can be used
in a process called natural product extraction which identifies if the natural products obtained from
such and extraction can be used to treat various types of diseases. In this first extraction two
important techniques were used and, these are the use of the rotary evaporator and gravity filtration.
Gravity filtration was used to complete a solid–liquid extraction of the nutmeg and ethyl–acetate
into a round bottom flask. The rotary evaporator was utilized to evaporate the ethyl acetate in the
flask and leave waxy yellowish trymristin crystals. The crystals underwent recrystallization and
suction

Isopentyl Acetate Lab Report
The overall purpose of this lab was to synthesize isopentyl acetate from glacial acetic acid and
isopentyl alcohol. These two were combined to ultimately give a clear solution. When sulfuric acid
was added to the solution this was where we seen the mixture turn to a brown color. Here was where
a polymer was formed.
The hardest part about this lab was separating all the components that were in the flask. This
included acetic acid, sulfuric acid, water, and isopentyl alcohol. To isolate the isopentyl acetate we
first must know that it isn't soluble in water therefore, when we put it into the separatory funnel and
added the water this made sense why the two didn't mix together. Although isopentyl acetate doesn't
dissolve in water, sulfuric acid

Therm Eze Essay
INDEX
S. No. | Title | 1. | Introduction | 2. | Company Background | 3. | Product (Description and Cost
Analysis) | 4. | Statistics | 5. | Focus Groups | 6. | Strengths and Weaknesses | 7. | Recommendations |
8. | Conclusion | 9. | References |
INTRODUCTION
* Written By:– William A. Preshing
Denise Walters. * Organization:– Tanner Company. * Product:– THERM–EZE. * Primary Focus:–
Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning. * Secondary Focus:– Channels and Channel Management,
Pricing Strategy. * Task Identification:– To Develop a Strategy for an unchanged market.
COMPANY BACKGROUND
Mr. Tanner owned the Tanner Company, which operated three businesses in western Canada – a ...
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Also he hired Richard McKay an experienced sales person a salary of $ 40 000 per year.
STATISTICS
* In British Columbia, 15.3 per cent of the population has arthritis. That is about 600,000 people *
Arthritis and related conditions can lead to death (2 per 100,000 die from arthritis). * Juvenile
arthritis (JA) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in Canada, affecting 1 in 1000 boys and
girls under the age of 16. * Aboriginal Canadians are harder hit by arthritis, especially older women.
(Aboriginal women are affected the most, 70% aged 65 and older live with the disease, compared to
50% of non–Aboriginal women in the same age group.) * Long–term disability accounts for almost
80% of the economic cost of arthritis. People aged 35–64 incurred 70% of these costs. * The direct
cost of arthritis in Canada is estimated at $4.4 billion each year.
Therm–eze had an introductory opportunity to slide into the competitors and acquire almost 50%
Market Share.
FOCUS GROUPS CONSUMER MARKET:
USES Substitute for other sources of heat. Apply heat to ease the pain. Can be used anytime. Better
pain relief from Arthritis.
PRICE

Arthritics patients can afford up to $ 20(CAD).
OUTLET
Drug Store or Departmental store. Guarantee provided by the store as a part of their retail policy.
FEATURES
Portable and Controlled heat. Reusable.

Determining The Ksp Value For Silver Acetate Essay
Determining the Ksp value for silver acetate.
Introduction:
An equilibrium constant for a solid substance that is dissolving in an aqueous solution is represented
by the solubility product constant, where the concentrations of different ions from the solid
substance (compound) are used to calculate the solubility product constant. If the solubility product
constant vale is high then the substance is very soluble in an aqueous solution. The solubility
product constant is denoted by Ksp, and for a common reaction: aA(s) ⇌ cC(aq)+dD(aq)T
The Ksp= [C(aq)]c[D(aq)]d
The concentration of the solid (aA) doesn't contribute to the equilibrium constant because their
concentration doesn't change the expression of the equilibrium constant. Any change in their
concentration isn't that important as the ions and therefore they are taken out of the expression,
hence, the solubility product constant represents the amount of solid that can be dissolved in a
solution.
One important effect on the solubility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution was swirled to induce precipitation, the swirling was for 30 minutes. The solution was
filtered through a dry filter paper and a dry funnel into a dry 250 ml beaker. The temperature of the
filtrate was then measured and recorded. A clean, dry burette was assembled and filled with the
potassium thiocyanate solution, the burette reading was recorded, then into a clean, 50 ml flask, 5.00
ml of the filtered silver acetate solution was pipetted. 30 drops of the indicator (saturated ferric alum
in 1.0 N HNO3), a few drop of the thiocyanate solution was added, then continued to be added
dropwise, with swirling after each addition, until one drop gives a permanent light orange colour.
The whole process of titrating silver acetate with potassium thiocyanate was repeated two more
times with batches of 5.00 ml of the saturated silver acetate

Megasterol Acetate Essay
Megasterol acetate
1. Composition –
Megestrol acetate is a hormonal therapy drug most commonly used to treat breast cancer that has
spread. It is also sometimes used to treat womb or prostate cancer.
Megestrol can also be used to improve symptoms such as hot flushes or loss of appetite.
2. Mode Of Action Megestrol is a drug that is similar to the female sex hormone progesterone. It
may work by interfering with the hormone balance in the body, which may stop the cancer growing.
It may also act directly on cancer cells so that they can't grow.
3. Conditions used for –
This drug is used for the treatment of breast and endometrial cancers. supportive medication to treat
severe loss of appetite (anorexia), muscle wasting and significant weight ... Show more content on
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Megasterol acetate passes through the breast milk hence should be avoided
Drug is excreted through the kidney, hence patients with renal failure are at a higher risk
Elderly patients have decreased renal functions , hence proper dose selection and calculation is
necessary.
10. FAQs
a. Q: What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking Megasterol acetate drug?
Megsterol acetate is used for the treatment of cervical cancer, hence if you are planning to have a
baby , consult your doctor as this drug interferes with the pregnancy cycle. In men the drug may
interfere with the sperm production. In women menstrual bleeding may become irregular, dryness of
vagina and itching are the side effects
b. Q: What should I do if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is near to the time for the next dose , skip the
missed dose and resume your regular schedule. Do not double the next dose
c. Q: What happens if I overdose?
The drug will have severe side effects as mentioned above. Overdosing will lead to extreme health
conditions and the cancer may develop resistance to the medicine.
d. Q: What should I know regarding storage of

Chemistry Of Zinc Acetate Dihydrate
The chemicals used in the experiment were analytical reagent grade and were used without further
purification. Zinc acetate monohydrate [Zn(CH3COO)2 .H2O] Merck > 98%, and sodium
hydroxide (99.5%, NaOH) pellets were purchased from R &M chemicals (UK). Indium nitrate
trihydrate, distilled water was ethanol used throughout the experiments, PEG 20000, Triton X–100.
For device fabrication materials were procured from Solaronix. In a typical synthesis process, the
reaction solution was prepared by mixing 6g of Zinc acetate dihydrate in 70:30 ratio of
ethanol/water. The ZnO precursor containing In–dopant was prepared with 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mole
% of indium. A thick white gel was formed after the addition of NaOH into the reaction solution, the
mixture was kept under magnetic stirring for 24h to provide perfect growth, the resulting white gel
was dried and finally calcined at 200ºC for 5h. The as–prepared pristine ZnO:P and ZnO:In3+
samples were characterized via X–ray diffraction (XRD) using Cu–Kα radiation (λ= 1.54056 Å) in
the 2θ range of 20°–80° [Bruker Advanced–D8 powder X–ray diffractometer]. The scanning speed
and steps were 2°/ minute and 0.02° of 2θ respectively. The XRD data were analyzed by Rietveld
refinement technique using FULLPROF program to confirm the phase formation as well as to obtain
the lattice parameters, space group and crystal system [2]. The microstructures and crystal structures
of the nanoparticles were obtained using Transmission Electron

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gil Dosimeters
Dosimetry systems developed in standards laboratories utilize calorimetry, ionization and chemical
methods for determining absorbed dose to water. One chemical method, the gel dosimeter, in which
substances carrying dosimetric information are suspended in a gel matrix, allows dose distributions
to be measured in three dimensions (3D), promising true 3D quality assurance measurements in
radiotherapy treatment planning. Gel dosimetry has many advantages compared to conventional
dosimetry techniques such as ion chambers, TLDs and films. This dosimeter not only records the
radiation dose distribution in 3D with good spatial resolution, but also has the ability to integrate
radiation doses from multiple directions. These advantages are particularly significant in dosimetry
situations where steep dose gradients exist, such as in intensity–modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
and stereotactic radiosurgery. This 3D dosimeter is radiologically soft–tissue equivalent with
properties that may be modified depending on the application. The readout techniques that have
been developed include magnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The genipin gel dosimeter composed of genipin which is extracted from the fruit of Gardenia
Jasminoides Ellis (widely used in herbal medicine) (Djerassi et al. 1961). The Genipin can react
with proteins or amino acids present in materials such as gelatin, and form molecular cross–links. A
recently developed application of genipin–gelatin cross–linking is the 3D dosimetry in radiotherapy
applications (Jordan 2008). Genipin–gelatin (genipin gel) is a light to dark blue radiochromic gel
which bleaches quantitatively after irradiation. Radiochromic genipin gel undergoes a fast bleaching
process which produces a dose image with sufficient stability and sensitivity to be used as a 3D
dosimeter for doses less than 100 Gy (Davies et al.,

The dye extracts obtained in the preceding subsection will be purified by solvent extraction. In this
method, equal volumes of ethyl acetate will be added to the concentrated dye extracts. The mixture
will then be shaken for a few minutes and put in a separating funnel. A settled solution will have two
layers in which the lower layer is the layer of interest. The layer contains mainly anthocyanins. The
separation of the two layers will be done using a separating funnel. The process will be repeated
until when the solution settles, the upper layer remains nearly colorless. To expel traces of ethyl
acetate in the lower aqueous layer, a rotary evaporator will be used.
The aqueous concentrated dye solution will then be loaded onto an amberlite XAD–7 column, and
washed with distilled water. Litmus paper will be used to test the eluent repeatedly until it is neutral
to blue litmus paper. By elution with acidified methanol, the pure dye solution will be desorbed from
the column. A rotary evaporator will then be used again to expel any excess solvent.
3.3 Characterization of dye extracts in terms of chemical structure, ... Show more content on
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In addition, the wavelength of maximum absorption is influenced by the presence of a unique
chromophores (light absorbing group) that are also used for bonding to the titanium surface. By
comparing the wavelengths of maximum absorption with in the absorption spectrum with those that
are known, the structure of the molecules will be fairly determined. A UV–vis–NIR
spectrophotometer will be used to confirm the presence of anthocyanins in the dye extracts if they
are found to absorb light within the range 500 nm and 550 nm and to determine the light absorbing
group as well as to determine molar extinction coefficient. The structure of the compounds in the
dye will be confirmed using density function theory

Fischer Esterification
Fischer Esterification
By Bohlin
Abstract:
In this experiment, an unknown alcohol underwent a Fischer Esterification reaction by reacting it
with acetic acid as well as sulfuric acid catalyst. The unknown product material was purified
through distillation and characterized by analyzing an IR spectrum and determining the density of
the product. In addition, the boiling point test was performed to test for an ester. Lastly, the starting
material, an unknown alcohol, was determined after finding out the product and examining the IR
spectrum for the reactant.
Procedure:
An acetate was synthesized by reacting an alcohol with acetic acid. Since the acetic acid, a
carboxylic acid, is less reactive than the acetate, an ester, the sulfuric ... Show more content on
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The very strong peak at 1033 cm is due to a o–ch–c stretch and is diagnostic of a o–ch2–c
antisymmetric stretch for primary acetates with the literature value of 1060–1030 cm.
Also, the similarity between the database reference of Isobutyl Acetate, reference IR data graph
included, and the experimental IR would also suggest that the products are the same and suggest that
the unknown reagent was Isobutyl Alcohol.
The density of the product was not able to be recorded due to spillage.
The smell had no distinguishable characteristics to be used for identification.
Based on the boiling point of the ester,119.0 C, the data suggests Isobutyl Acetate was the product
and would suggest Isobutyl Alcohol as the unknown alcohol reagent.
Based on the supporting data above it is suggested that the unknown alcohol was Isobutyl Alcohol.
References:

IR Spectra Database –

Porphyrin
There are many unique compounds that can be synthesized using methods of chemistry that are
serve as biological importance in the human body. Porphyrins are an example of one of these
compounds and it helps create many substances utilized by the body, like hemoglobin (National
Library of Medicine, 2013). Porphyrin, when it is in its purified form, can be mixed with several
metals to form metalloporphyrins, for example if magnesium s the metal mixed with the porphyrin it
can create chlorophyll (Weldegirma, 2014). An important characteristic to porphyrin is that it is
aromatic and this is determined by utilizing Huckel's rule. Huckel's rule simply uses two different
formulas, 4n+2 and 4n, and the amount of pi electrons present in a compound to determine if a
compound is either aromatic or non aromatic. One must simply count up the amount of delocalized
pi electrons present and if it is satisfied by 4n+2 it is aromatic, but if it satisfied by 4n then it is
nonaromatic. For example, porphyrin has 18 delocalized pi electrons, it cannot be nonaromatic
because if one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A possible explanation for a low percent yield is that the starting materials did not completely react
with each other meaning that the reaction did not produce the full amount of product possible, which
could be avoided by allowing the reflux to continue for more time. For copper tetraphenylporphyrin
the theoretical yield was 0.023g and the actual was 0.0274g, making the percent yield 118%.
Possible explanation for a large percent yield could have been due to the product not being
completely dry when being weighed or the presents of contaminates in the final product. A TLC was
conducted during the synthesis of tetraphenylporphyrin; this is useful in monitoring the progression
of the reaction because it helps identify what is present in the reaction in terms of starting materials
and

Discussion
As part of the experiment, the percent composition of each component of the mixture was
calculated. 51% of the components were retrieved from filtration while 49% of the solvents were
retrieved from dissolving the components in a solvent.
The original mixture was one globular solid–like structure. The first step, to separate the mineral oil
from the mixture, was achieved by placing the mixture into ethyl acetate. Mineral oil is the only
substance in the mixture that dissolves in non–polar solvents like ethyl acetate, so this helped
separate that part from the rest. To get oil by itself, the ethyl acetate must also be boiled off. Mineral
oil's boiling point is much higher than ethyl acetate's, so it was a good solvent for this process. The
remaining ethyl acetate would change states (from liquid to gas) while the mineral oil would remain
in its liquid state. The rest of the mixture (the sand, KNO3, and CuSO4) would remain solid and be
caught on the filter paper while the dissolved oil and ethyl acetate would go through into the flask.
Sand is a network solid that does not dissolve easily; it has such strong bonds that only a strong acid
can break. Potassium nitrate and copper sulfate do dissolve in polar substances, so using water as a
solvent would be logical. After heating the mixture of sand, potassium ... Show more content on
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Potassium nitrate has a lower solubility in solution at lower temperatures compared to copper
sulfate. Cooling the mixture to freezing temperatures allows more of the bonds of potassium nitrate
to re–associate and become a solid, allowing it to be extracted via vacuum filtration. Copper
sulfate's bonds stay disassociated more often in lower temperatures of water, so it would flow
through the filter paper with the water. If the temperature of that remaining mixture were continually
lowered, it would precipitate and could be extracted via vacuum filtration as

Eastman Industry Analysis
Eastman Chemical Company – Executive Summary
Eastman Chemical Company, which was spun–off from parent company Eastman Kodak in 1994,
was founded by George Eastman in 1920. Eastman Chemical is a global specialty chemical
company that produces a broad range of products found in items people use every day. With a
portfolio of specialty businesses, Eastman works with customers to deliver innovative products and
solutions while maintaining a commitment to safety and sustainability. Eastman serves customers in
approximately 100 countries and had 2014 revenues of approximately $9.5 billion. The company is
headquartered in Kingsport, Tennessee, and employs approximately 15,000 people around the
world. See link for detailed company information: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Value–Chain Analysis: Primary Activities | Support Activities | * Marketing and Sales | * Inbound
Logistics | * Manufacturing | * Procurement | * Environmental Strategies | * Technology and
Development (Non– Product) |
Eastman's Relative Balance Sheet Ratios (In millions): Current Ratio: 157% | Quick Ratio: 82% |
Cash Ratio: 11% | Inv. Turnover: 484% | Capital Intensity: 169% | Return on Assets: 4.6% |
See Appendix D for detailed income/ equity performance vs. competitors.
Competitive Strategies * Critical Success Factors * Continue to provide unique chemicals at an
efficient and economical rate * Diversify strategies to compete on a globalized level * Continue to
be a leader in environmental conservation * Continue to make acquisitions and grow the company's
capacity
* Eastman must align itself in its strategies based on differentiation. With the vastness of the
chemical industry market, Eastman must stick with their specialized products and continue to
innovate their processes to insure their competitive advantage. In their industry, it is too difficult for
a company of their size to try and compete on a lower cost level.
Smaller competitive companies like Ashland and Celanese must also focus on a differentiation
strategy. Like Eastman, they do not have the level of production or sales to effectively compete

Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Lab Report
Materials Used. For silver nanoparticle synthesis, silver acetate (AgAc–166.91g/mol) was procured
from Sigma Aldrich and oleylamine from. Thiol terminated polystyrene (PS–SH) Mn–1100, Mw–
1230, PDI–1.12 was procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The polymer for micelles
Polystyrene–b–4vinylpyridine (PS–b–4VP) Mn(PS)=18,500; Mn(P4VP)=40,500; PDI–1.10 was
procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The Si sol precursor tetra ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)
was procured from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium borohydride and p–nitrophenol was procured from
Sigma Aldrich (99.9%) and Across Organics (95%) respectively. Organic solvents including Toluene
and Methanol were procured from Acros Organics and Chloroform from Fischer chemicals and
Ethanol from VWR PROLABO was of analytical grade and used as received. Millipore water (18.2
ohm cm at 25 degree C, cleaned with Pure Lab Plus ® ultra purification system) was used as solvent
throughout the experiment and used as received. Synthesis of Polystyrene Capped Silver
Nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using a simple method described by Hiramatsu
[Hir01]. For the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10mg of PS–SH was dissolved in chloroform in 1:1 proportion with the nanoparticles and added to
silver nanoparticle/chloroform dispersion drop by drop under stirring. 5ml more chloroform was
added to the AgNP/PS mixture and was stirred for 24hours. Thereafter Ag/PS mixture was
reprecipitated in 10ml of Methanol and centrifuged at 13500 RPM for 10 minutes. To remove the
rest of OlAm and excess of PS–SH, repeated (6–8 times) centrifugation/redispersion steps were
performed by adding chloroform as a solvent (ca. 5 ml) and methanol as flocculating agent (ca. 10
ml for each step). Final product was collected and dried under argon to give a fine metallic powder
of ca. 11mg

Preparation Of The ( 2 Nitrophenyl ) Acrylate Using The...
Preparation of 3–(2–Nitrophenyl)acrylate Utilizing the Wittig Reaction
Introduction:
The Wittig reaction, named after Georg Wittig, produces an alkene from an aldehyde or ketone
reacting with a phosphonium ylide (a Wittig reagent). The Wittig reaction is typically
stereoselective, which makes the Wittig reagents more difficult to work with but use of the Wittig
with different allyl substituents prove to make the Wittig more versatile which can lead to the
synthesis of a wide range of alkenes, styrenes, stilbenes, and 1,3–dienes which can then be used to
synthesize more complex bioactive compounds such as leukotrienes which are used to treat
asthma1. The Wittig reaction is also favored over other reagents because it can be used under
milder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The calculated total yield by mass was 78.6% which includes impurities. Of the impurities in the
final product analyzed by NMR, include various forms of hexanes and acetone–solvents which were
not completely evaporated
–as well as triphenylphosphine oxide, which was unsuccessfully separated by column
chromatography. The majority of desired product was in the trans configuration, with relative
integration of 3.30:0.62 of trans to cis configuration. The trans configuration protons would be more
downfield in chemical shift and this was used to distinguish the ratio of product configuration
PO
NO2
O O
P
NO2
O
H
O
O
NO2
O
OH
NO2
O
O
P
O
NO2

O
O
P
O
1 2 3 4
6 5 7 which was produced. In this experiment, the trans isomer was expected to be the major product
not only because trans alkenes are more stable but also because the phenyl substituents for the
phosphoylide were anion stabilizing. This stabilization for the anion gives the antioxaphosphetane
intermediate, which then produces the trans alkene.
There was a low yield for the product, as much of the reactant remained in the analysis sample,
despite what seemed to be a decent yield by mass. This could be because of poor mixing after the
reaction was heated since much of the reactant had solidified. Another source of error could be in
separating products since the fractions from column

Isoamyl Acetate Synthesis Lab Report
Discussion Isoamyl acetate was synthesized by refluxing 1 eq of isopentanol with 4 eq of acetic
acid, and 0.5 eq of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent to ensure reaction
equilibrium lies far towards the products. The reaction mixture was then added to water and liquid–
liquid extraction was conducted. A second extraction was then conducted after adding NaHCO3
solution to the organic layer. This removes the residual acids which are soluble in the aqueous layer.
Drying of the crude ester with anhydrous MgSO4 removes H2O that disrupts the NMR and infrared
spectrum, hindering the characterization of the product formed. 2.08g of isoamyl acetate was
obtained with a percentage yield of 40.4%. This low yield is due to firstly, the theoretical yield of
the synthesis is around 80%1 as Fischer esterification being a reversible reaction, does not go to
completion. Secondly, isoamyl acetate has a solubility in water of 2mg/ml 2, and thus some product
is lost in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, two anomalies were found in the NMR spectrum. Firstly, for Hc, we expect to see nine
peaks for a triplet of a septet with similar 3J coupling constant, but we only see seven. However, the
intensity of the 2 terminal peaks in a nonet were probably too small to be noticed. Secondly, the 2nd
and 3rd peak from the right for Hc has a larger intensity than the centre peak. From the chemical
shift of 1.65ppm, it is most probably water which has a chemical shift of 1.58ppm in CDCl3 3 that
overlaps with the 2 peaks, increasing their intensity. As CDCl3 is volatile, the solvent at the
dispenser tip evaporates, causing water to condense on the cold tip. Therefore, water may also be
dispensed into the NMR tube. The product does not contain significant traces of water as peaks
corresponding to the stretching (3750cm–1) and bending (1600cm–1) of H2O were not found in the
infrared

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