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This document provides an overview of cell biology. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of life, with organisms being composed of one or more cells. It notes there are about 200 different cell types in mammals and cells measure on average 0.002 cm across. The key components of cells are then described, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, and other organelles. Their functions in processes like protein production, energy generation, movement, and waste digestion are highlighted. The differences between plant and animal cells are also summarized.
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The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm.
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast.
Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature.
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The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter.
Largest cell ….
The largest single-celled organism is an animal
called Syringammina fragilissima, which can grow to a width of 4 inches.
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The biological science which deals with the study of structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction, and genetics of the cells, is called cytology or cell biology
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Anatomy:
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationships involved between body parts.
Physiology:
Physiology is the study of how the parts of the body work, and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual.
Definition:
Atoms combine to form molecules, of which there is a vast range in the body. The structures, properties and functions of important biological molecules.
Example:
Neon (Ne)
Hydrogen (H)
Argon (Ar)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Definition:
Cells are the smallest independent units of living matter and there are millions in the body. They are too small to be seen with the naked eye, but when magnified using a microscope different types can be distinguished by their size, shape and the dyes they absorb when stained in the laboratory. Each cell type has become specialized, and carries out a particular function that contributes to body needs.
Cell Wall:
The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells. It is made up of cellulose. It provides shape and support to the cells and protects.
Cell Membrane:
The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
Cytoplasm:
The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane. Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm. The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.
Nucleus:
The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA. It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell. The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.
The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction.
The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles.
Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell.
Ribosomes are the protein synthesizers of the cell.
The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
Your Name
Date
Slide 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
Slide 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
Slide 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Slide 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Slide 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Slide 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
Slide 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Slide 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Slide 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
Slide 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
Slide 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Slide 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Slide 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
Slide 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
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1) All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life.
2) Cells arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
3) Cell differentiation is the process by which less specialized cells develop into more distinct cell types with specialized structures and functions. For example, a single fertilized egg cell can develop into the many specialized cell types that make up a complex multicellular organism.
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chapter4.ppt
- Amphibian species are facing threats such as habitat loss, pollution, climate change, overhunting, and diseases. 33% of amphibian species face extinction.
- Biodiversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels is vital for sustaining life on Earth. Evolution explains how life changes over time through genetic mutations and natural selection.
- Geological processes like plate tectonics and climate change have shifted habitats and caused extinctions but also created opportunities for new species to evolve.
hot spot.pptx
Hawaiian volcanoes go through distinct ages and life cycles. As the Pacific plate moves over the stationary hot spot under Hawaii, volcanoes are created over the hot spot and then become extinct as the plate moves on. This process has left a trail of volcanic islands and undersea mountains across the Pacific floor over millions of years. Earthquake activity often increases before volcanic eruptions as magma and gases force their way through cracks and passageways closer to the surface. The hot spot theory explains how steady plumes of molten rock from the Earth's mantle supply the Hawaiian Islands and other locations with magma over millions of years as tectonic plates gradually carry the volcanoes away from their source.
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The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm.
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
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Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationships involved between body parts.
Physiology:
Physiology is the study of how the parts of the body work, and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual.
Definition:
Atoms combine to form molecules, of which there is a vast range in the body. The structures, properties and functions of important biological molecules.
Example:
Neon (Ne)
Hydrogen (H)
Argon (Ar)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Definition:
Cells are the smallest independent units of living matter and there are millions in the body. They are too small to be seen with the naked eye, but when magnified using a microscope different types can be distinguished by their size, shape and the dyes they absorb when stained in the laboratory. Each cell type has become specialized, and carries out a particular function that contributes to body needs.
Cell Wall:
The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells. It is made up of cellulose. It provides shape and support to the cells and protects.
Cell Membrane:
The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
Cytoplasm:
The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane. Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm. The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.
Nucleus:
The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA. It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell. The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.
The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction.
The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles.
Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell.
Ribosomes are the protein synthesizers of the cell.
The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency.
Cells powerhouse carpenter.pptx
Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
Your Name
Date
Slide 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
Slide 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
Slide 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Slide 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Slide 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Slide 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
Slide 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Slide 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Slide 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
Slide 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
Slide 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Slide 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Slide 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
Slide 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
Cell Introduction and Cell Differentiation
1) All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life.
2) Cells arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
3) Cell differentiation is the process by which less specialized cells develop into more distinct cell types with specialized structures and functions. For example, a single fertilized egg cell can develop into the many specialized cell types that make up a complex multicellular organism.
Cell and cell theory
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
cellandcelltheory-190324140633.pdf
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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- Biodiversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels is vital for sustaining life on Earth. Evolution explains how life changes over time through genetic mutations and natural selection.
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hot spot.pptx
Hawaiian volcanoes go through distinct ages and life cycles. As the Pacific plate moves over the stationary hot spot under Hawaii, volcanoes are created over the hot spot and then become extinct as the plate moves on. This process has left a trail of volcanic islands and undersea mountains across the Pacific floor over millions of years. Earthquake activity often increases before volcanic eruptions as magma and gases force their way through cracks and passageways closer to the surface. The hot spot theory explains how steady plumes of molten rock from the Earth's mantle supply the Hawaiian Islands and other locations with magma over millions of years as tectonic plates gradually carry the volcanoes away from their source.
DrWhite.ppt
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of several major organ systems in the human body, including the heart, lungs, pancreas, liver, and kidneys. It describes the structure and functions of each organ in detail over multiple pages with diagrams and illustrations. The heart pumps blood through the circulatory system, the lungs facilitate gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones, the liver performs many metabolic functions and produces bile, and the kidneys filter blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
Elements and Atoms.ppt
This document provides an overview of atoms and elements. It defines atoms as the building blocks of matter and notes they consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are the basic substances that cannot be broken down further by chemical means. The document explains atomic structure using two models: the Bohr model which depicts the atom's particles, and Lewis dot structures which represent the outer shell electrons. Examples of drawing lithium in each model are provided. Readers are then instructed to create Bohr and Lewis dot structure models of the first 20 elements using physical representations.
Newtons Laws.pptx
Newton's three laws of motion are:
I. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force (law of inertia).
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There are two types of eclipses: lunar eclipses, which occur when the moon passes into Earth's shadow, and solar eclipses, which occur when the moon passes between Earth and the sun. Lunar eclipses can be total, partial, or penumbral depending on how far into Earth's shadow the moon passes. Solar eclipses can be total, partial, or annular depending on the moon's position in its orbit. Eclipses do not occur daily because the moon's orbit is tilted relative to Earth's orbit around the sun, so the three bodies do not align perfectly most months.
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s
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The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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bio_cells_1_.ppt
- 1. The key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925 Why Study Cell Biology?
- 2. Cells are Us
- 3. Cells are Us Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg
- 4. Cells are Us A person contains about 100 trillion cells. That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells. There are about 200 different cell types in mammals (one of us). Cells are tiny, measuring on average about 0.002 cm (20 um) across. That’s about 1250 cells, “shoulder-to-shoulder” per inch. nerve cell Red and white blood cells above vessel- forming cells.
- 5. The Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living things. All organisms living today are descendents of an ancestral cell. Cells arise only by division of previously existing cells. The cell theory (proposed independently in 1838 and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology. Schleiden Schwann
- 6. A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria on the Head of a Pin
- 7. Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells A prokaryotic cell A eukaryotic cell
- 8. Us vs. Them - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- 9. An Idealized Animal Cell
- 10. Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
- 11. A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles)
- 12. It’s Crowded In There An artist’s conception of the cytoplasm - the region of a cell that’s not in the nucleus or within an organelle.
- 13. A micrograph showing cytoskeleton (red), ribosomes (green), and membrane (blue) It’s Crowded In There
- 14. Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences
- 15. Cellular Anatomy We’ll start by seeing what role these parts play in making and moving proteins.
- 16. The Nucleus Think of the nucleus as the cell’s control center. Two meters of human DNA fits into a nucleus that’s 0.000005 meters across.
- 17. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 18. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein movement (trafficking) Protein synthesis (about half the cell’s proteins are made here). Protein “proofreading” Functions:
- 19. Cystic Fibrosis Click here to see the article.
- 20. The Lysosome Cell suicide (suicide is bad for cells, but good for us!) Recycling cellular components Functions: Digesting food or cellular invaders (The lysosome is not found in plant cells)
- 21. The Lysosome This bacterium about to be eaten by an immune system cell will spend the last minutes of its existence within a lysosome.
- 22. Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction
- 23. Cellular Anatomy
- 24. The Mitochondrion Think of the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell. Both plant and animal cells contain many mitochondria. (Mitochondria is the plural of mitochondrion)
- 25. The Mitochondrion A class of diseases that causes muscle weakness and neurological disorders are due to malfunctioning mitochondria. Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in aging.
- 28. Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference
- 29. Cells In a Leaf
- 30. The Chloroplast Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell. Only plants have chloroplasts, but animals reap the benefits too.
- 31. Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells The central vacuole may occupy 90% of a plant cell.
- 32. A Consequence of Cell Walls – the Great Strength of Woody Plants
- 33. The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure flaccid turgid
- 34. Cellular Anatomy
- 35. The name is misleading. The cytoskeleton is the skeleton of the cell, but it’s also like the muscular system, able to change the shape of cells in a flash. The Cytoskeleton An animal cell cytoskeleton
- 37. A white blood cell using the cytoskeleton to “reach out” for a hapless bacterium. The Cytoskeleton in Action
- 38. The Cytoskeleton in Action Cilia on a protozoan Beating sperm tail at fertilization Smoker’s cough is due to destruction of cilia linking the airways.
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