Bio jeopardy
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1. The document is a Jeopardy-style game about biology topics including cells, DNA, organelles, and kingdoms. 2. The questions cover processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation, cellular structures like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes, and transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. 3. Kingdoms represented include Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
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1. The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and host cells.
2. Evidence for this includes mitochondria and chloroplasts containing their own DNA, resembling prokaryotic cells. Their protein synthesis mechanisms also resemble bacteria.
3. Molecular sequencing shows mitochondria being most similar to proteobacteria like Rickettsia prowazekii. Chloroplast sequences are similar to cyanobacteria, supporting an endosymbiotic origin.
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1) The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells developed from ancient prokaryotic cells when aerobic prokaryotes were engulfed by anaerobic hosts, providing oxygen utilization and enabling the hosts to survive.
2) Evidence supporting this includes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and replicate like prokaryotes.
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The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endocytosis of aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria by ancient prokaryotic cells. Over billions of years, these engulfed bacteria developed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell and transferred genes to the host genome, eventually evolving into permanent organelles. Evidence for this includes mitochondria and chloroplasts containing circular DNA like prokaryotes and mitochondria having 70S ribosomes and protein synthesis mechanisms found in bacteria. However, the theory does not explain the origin of non-photosynthetic organelles and there are differences between bacterial and mitochondrial membranes.
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The endosymbiotic theory proposes that modern eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living symbiotically with larger unicellular organisms. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacterial cells that benefited from living inside larger prokaryotes, which eventually took them inside their cells to form the first eukaryotic cells. Evidence for this includes chloroplasts and mitochondria having their own membranes, DNA, ability to replicate, and other cellular structures like ribosomes.
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Differences Between Eukaryotes And Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the two main types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear envelope and various organelles. Eukaryotes are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes. While they differ in their structures and complexity, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes perform basic cell functions like metabolism, protein synthesis, and replication. The document examines the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Classification And Taxonomy Of The World
Classification and taxonomy were established to create a system for grouping and naming organisms to make identification easier. Aristotle was the first to group organisms into plants and animals based on traits like movement. Carl Linnaeus further developed taxonomy by grouping organisms into a hierarchical system of kingdoms, which classified organisms based on increasingly specific characteristics. Taxonomy allows scientists to better identify, compare, and build knowledge about the millions of species in the world.
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cells can be divided into two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes. It is believed that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells when ancient bacteria were engulfed but not destroyed by their hosts, eventually evolving into the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in modern eukaryotic cells. This endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of the more complex eukaryotic cell structure.
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Why do you th.pdf
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Why do you think their endomembrane
systems are different, is evolution involved? Paragraph format please, be very detailed and the
answer is expected to be long!
Solution
Prokaryote,relatively simple unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and other features found in
the more complex cells of all other organisms,called eukaryotes.In 1938 American biologist
Herbert Copeland proposed that unicellular organisms lacking nuclei be classified in their own
kingdom, Monera, also called Kingdom Prokaryotae.All bacteria were categorized in this newly
established kingdom. This scheme was the first to establish separate kingdoms for prokaryotes
(organisms without nuclei) and eukaryotes (organisms with nuclei).In 1990 American
microbiologist Carl Woese proposed that bacteria be divided into two groups,the archaea,or
archaebacteria,and bacteria, based on their structural and physiological differences.In some
classification systems,the archaea are considered prokaryotes;in others, they are classified in
their own domain, the archaea.Archaebacteria consist of a small group of primitive anaerobes
(organisms that do not require oxygen).They are found in a narrow range of habitats–often in
extreme environments with high temperature,high salt,or high acidity.In contrast, bacteria live in
a wide range of environments with or without oxygen, at various temperatures, and at various
levels of acidity.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,the plasma membrane is composed of two layers of
phospholipid molecules interspersed with proteins,and regulates the traffic that flows in andout
of the cell.The prokaryotic plasma membrane,however,carries out additional functions.It
participates in replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for cell division andsynthesis of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP),an energy molecule.In some prokaryotes,the plasma membrane is
essential for photosynthesis,the process that uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and
water to glucose.
Fossil records indicate that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes somewhere between 1.5 to 2
billion years ago.Two proposed pathways describe the invasion of prokaryote cells by two
smaller prokaryote cells.They subsequently became successfully included as part of a now much
larger cell with additional structures and capable of additional functions.They are Endosymbiosis
and Membrane infolding.ProkaryotesEukaryotessize is 0.1-5.0 micrometressize is 5-100
micrometresnucleus is absentnucleus made of nuclear
envelope,chromatin,nucleoplasm,nucleoliDNA is circularDNA is linearDNA is naked and not
assosciated with histonesDNA is associated with histonesplasmids may occurplasmids are
rare.cell membrane have in folding called as mesosomemesosome is absentmitochondria are
absentpresentribosomes are 70S80Sgolgi apparatus,ER,lysosomes,centrosome absentall are
presentsexual reproduction is absentsexual reproduction occurs.endocytosis and exocytosis are
absentthey occur in e.
Jeopardy cells and mitosis
This document is a mock Jeopardy game about cell organelles and cell biology concepts. It contains categories and clues about various organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and others. It also includes questions about the cell membrane, mitosis, and random cell facts. The game board layout lists the categories and point values for clues.
Cell biology for the under graduate course
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of cells. It describes how cells evolved from simple organic molecules into prokaryotic and eventually eukaryotic cells over billions of years. Prokaryotic cells were the first to emerge lacking organelles and nuclei. Eukaryotic cells later developed through endosymbiotic events incorporating organelles. Key events included the development of lipid membranes to enclose genetic material and metabolic pathways like glycolysis and photosynthesis that generated energy and changed Earth's atmosphere.
Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
The document discusses the key differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane and various membrane-bound organelles. Both cell types contain DNA and have similar basic structures and metabolic processes, but the DNA in eukaryotes is contained within the nucleus and is more complex than in prokaryotes.
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This document provides an overview of cell biology. It begins with definitions of key terms like cell and discusses early observations of cells by scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and others. It then explains the cell theory and the unity and diversity of cells. The rest of the document details various cell structures like organelles, their functions, types of microscopy used to study cells, model organisms for research, and more. It provides a comprehensive but concise introduction to the fundamental concepts and topics within cell biology.
please helpViruses are classified into which one of the three Doma.pdf
please help
Viruses are classified into which one of the three Domains?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Viruses are not considered to be members of any of the domains.
Which statement is true of the comparison of diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion involves liquids or gasses, where osmosis only relates to gasses.
Diffusion must always be facilitated, it will not occur passively.
Osmosis relates to molecules that are too big to pass through the cell membrane by themselves.
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion that involves water movement across a membrane.
What is assumed to be the advantage of the long, folded inner membrane of the mitochondria?
What do the folds of the inner membrane do to make the mitochondrion more efficient?
cool off the cell\'s interior
allow for a place to store the mitochondrial DNA
increased surface area for reactions
None of these are correct regarding the folded inner membrane of mitochondria.
Which structures within a cell are responsible for making the ATP molecules used for cellular
energy?
rough ER
smooth ER
lysosomes
mitochondria
Given that a cell\'s structure reflects its function, what do you predict would be the function of an
animal cell with a very large amount of Golgi apparatus inside of it?
movement within the animal using cilia and flagella
cell growth and division management
secretion of lipids for use in insulating tissue
storage of pigmentation molecules
The cellular cytoskeleton of eukaryotes contains which of these types of protein fibers?
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments (actin filaments)
All of these types of fibers are involved in the cytoskeleton.
How is an individual cell identified by the organism in which it lives (assuming we are talking
about a multicellular organism)? How does a cell show itself as \"friendly\" to the immune
system in humans, for example?
the size and particular shape of the cell determine it\'s identity
the types of phospholipids in the bilayer determines the cell\'s identity
carbohydrate and protein pieces in and on the cell membrane identify the cell
All of these are correct in determining the cell\'s identity.
What is the term for the model used by biologists to describe the various proteins, carbohydrates,
and other molecules that make up the cell membrane, and their structure and function?
the gel electrophoresis model
the fluid mosaic model
the egg cell model
the triphosphate model
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of which are living and most of
which are non-living.
cells are part of a continuous membrane system, and are not individual living entities.
all living things are composed of at least one living cell.
DNA is a double helix in shape and is directly related to heredity and genetic traits.
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of.
The cell factory
All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. Eukaryotic cells contain specialized internal structures called organelles that carry out different functions. The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and directs protein production. Other organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes help modify and transport proteins and carry out other specialized functions, allowing the cell to survive.
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Cell structure and function
1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which are usually single-celled bacteria and eukaryotic cells which can be single-celled or multicellular.
3. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions and are surrounded by a cell membrane. The nucleus houses DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Legionella Pneumophila Experiment
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The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the first life forms and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger and compartmentalized with a nucleus. The cell theory proposes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and all living things are composed of cells. Key cell structures like the plasma membrane, organelles, and their functions are also described.
Animal Cell Structure
Here are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is located in the nucleoid region of the cell.
- Typically unicellular (single-celled) organisms like bacteria.
- Smaller in size, usually between 1-10 micrometers.
- Have simpler internal structures like ribosomes, cell membrane, and cell wall.
Eukaryotic Cells:
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-
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Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA; the endoplasmic reticulum for protein transport; mitochondria and chloroplasts for energy production; and lysosomes for digestion. Plant and animal cells differ in structures like cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles. The cytoskeleton helps maintain the cell's shape and enables movement. Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from ancient symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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This document provides an introduction to cell biology, including the history of cell discovery and the cell theory. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and ribosomes, while prokaryotes do not. It also provides an overview of several important cell organelles and their functions.
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Bio jeopardy
- 1. Hosted by Type your name here Jeopardy
- 2. 100 100 200 200 400 400 300 400 DNA Cells Organelles Kingdoms 300 300 300 200 400 200 100 500 500 500 500 100
- 3. Row 1, Col 1 The process where DNA makes a copy of itself. (What is replication.)?
- 4. 1,2 Difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote. (What is a nucleus.)?
- 5. 1,3 What is the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell – makes the energy to power the cell. (What is the mitochondria.)?
- 6. 1,4 Branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms. (What is taxonomy.)?
- 7. 2,1 The sequence of bases that pairs with the following in a DNA molecule: CTAGC? ( What is GATCG .)?
- 8. 2,2 Movement of materials (no energy required) such as diffusion across the cell membrane. (What is the passive transport.)?
- 9. 2,3 The cell organelle where proteins are made. (What are the ribosomes.)?
- 10. 2,4 An organism lacks a nucleus and lives in an extreme environment – a hot sulfur spring. What kingdom holds this organism? (What is Archaebacteria.)?
- 11. 3,1 The process that results in an RNA copy of a DNA strand. (What is transcription.)?
- 12. 3,2 Process represented by the following equation: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (What is photosynthesis.)?
- 13. 3,3 The organelle in the plant cell that functions similar to the mitochondria of the animal cell. (What is the chloroplast.)?
- 14. 3,4 Kingdom of ‘true’ bacteria. (What is Eubacteria.)?
- 15. 4,1 Process involving this molecule. (What is translation.)?
- 16. 4,2 The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration . (What is osmosis.)?
- 17. 4,3 Cell organelle most like a miniature stomach. (What are the lysosomes.)?
- 18. 4,4 Made up of multi-cellular consumers that feed on other organisms. (What is Animalia.)?
- 19. 5,1 The role of RNA molecules that form in the nucleus. (What is RNA molecules are messengers to carry the code to the ribosomes.)?
- 20. 5,2 Type of movement in which cells use energy to move materials across the cell membrane. (What is active transport.)?
- 21. 5,3 Serves as the packaging and distribution center of the cell. (What is the Golgi apparatus.)?
- 22. 5,4 Kingdom includes yeasts, truffels, mushrooms, and toadstools. (What is Kingdom Fungi.)?