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BIO GRADE 10.pptx
- 1. . Prepared by Rohan Pradhan M.Sc,BEd SET for Assistant Professor Qualified
- 2. INHERITANCE Transmission of traitsfrom parents to offspring.
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- 4. CELL Fig:- Cell andits Organelles
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- 6. DNA • DNA Structurewas discovered by James watson and Francis Crick in 1953 for which they were awarded with Nobel prize. • However their work was based on Rosalind Franklin. • The double helical strand of DNA is also called the Watson and Crick structure.
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- 9. NUCLEIC ACID • DNAis a nucleic acid which is made up a polymer of nucleotides. NUCLEIC ACID DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA) RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)
- 10. POLYMER OF NUCLEOTIDES •Thelinkage between two nucleotide is called phosphodiester bond.
- 11. NUCLEOTIDE COMPONENTS • Nucleotideconsists of 3 components- » Nitrogenous base » Five carbon base » Ion of phosphoric acid
- 12. What is thedifference between DNA And RNA?
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- 14. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DNAAND RNA DNA RNA •Stand for Deoxyribonucleic acid Stands for Ribonucleic acid •It has a double helical strand. It has a single helical strand •Contains the base Adenine,Thymine,Guanine,Cyt osine Contains the base Adenine,Uracil,Guanine,Cytosi ne •Present in Nucleus of the cell Present in both nucleus and cytoplasm •Sugar present is deoxyribose Sugar present is Ribose
- 15. TYPES OF NITROGENOUSBASES • There are two general types of nitrogenous bases in both DNA and RNA- Purine and Pyrimidine. • Two common purine base found in DNA and RNA are Adenine and Guanine. • Two major pyrimidine bases found in DNA are Thymine and Cytosine and in RNA they are Uracil. » Adenine(A) » Thymine(T) in case of DNA /Uracil(U) in case of RNA » Guanine(G) » Cytosine(C) Adenine base pairs with Thymine Guanine Base pairs with Cytosine
- 16. PURINE AND PYRIMIDINESTRUCTURE •Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused with imidazole ring. •Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic organic compound similar to benzene containing two nitrogen atoms at position 1 and 3 of the six member ring. Fig- Purine Fig- Pyrimidine
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- 18. BASE PAIRING RULE •Adenine only base pairs with Thymine. • Guanine only base pairs with Cytosine. • A and T are complementary bases • Similary G and C are complementary bases. • Complementary bases always link with each other and never with other bases. This is known as base pairing rule. • The amount of adenine and thymine are always equal in each molecule of DNA. So Is the case with Guanine and cytosine.
- 19. REPLICATION OF DNA •Replication of DNA – an exact copy of each DNA molecule is made in the nucleus. • As a result of replication each cell receives an the same amount of DNA. • Replication of DNA occurs in the S phase of Cell cycle
- 20. REPLICATION OF DNA Fig-Unwinding of DNA by Helicase enzyme
- 21. REPLICATION OF DNA •First the Unwinding of DNA occurs by the enzyme Helicase. • DNA synthesis then occurs by another enzyme DNA polymerase. • DNA synthesis always proceeds in 5’ to 3’ direction. • Each strand acts as a template for the formation of new strand of DNA.
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- 23. GENETIC CODE • DNAcontains the information for the manufacture of protein. Out of a long stretch of DNA Only a certain segment of DNA code for a particular protein. The segment of DNA that codes for a protein is called Gene. • Only one of the strand of DNA actually codes for the manufacture of protein in a cell. The strand that codes for this information is called template strand. • The other strand is called non template strand or coding strand.
- 24. GENETIC CODE • Proteinsare made up of a chain of amino acids. • A sequence of three bases codes for one amino acid. • Because three bases are required to code for one amino acid, the DNA code is a triplet code. • The first codon is called the start codon. • The last codon is called stop codon. • Base sequence that code for a particular amino acid may vary. • The triplet code that is same in all the organisms is called Universal code. • For eg- TGT codes for the aa Cysteine in humans,bacteria,banana,or in any other organism.
- 25. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Takesplace in two stages » Transcription- Synthesis of mRNA from DNA » Translation- Conversion of the mRNA code into a protein • Transcription occurs in Nucleus • Translation occurs in Cytoplasm. • Two types of RNA takes part in protein synthesis » Messenger RNA(mRNA) » Transfer RNA(tRNA)
- 26. TRANSCRIPTION • DNA helixis unwinded. • The template strand is then used to build mRNA from DNA by adding RNA nucleotides. They are added one at a time. • Transcription is performed by enzyme RNA Polymerase • They too follow the complementary base pairing rule.
- 27. TRANSCRIPTION Base on DNABase on mRNA A U G C C G T A
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- 30. TRANSCRIPTION After the completionof transcription, mRNA is transported from nucleus to the cytoplasm
- 31. TRANSLATION • In thecytoplasm the code in mRNA is converted into a protein. • Protein synthesis takes place in Ribosomes. • The triplets of bases in mRNA is called codon. • The codon AUG AND CUG are the initiation codon that codes for the amino acid methionine. • The mRNA attaches to the ribosome. • tRNA has anticodon arm that is complementary to the bases of mRNA • Other end of tRNA is a site where a specific amino acid can attach.
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- 33. TRANSLATION • tRNA Firstbinds to mrna at the start codon which is always AUG/GUG. This codon codes for amino acid Methionine. • Another tRNA brings along a second amino acid. The anticodon of second tRNA binds to the next codon on mRNA. • A bond forms between the methionine and second amino acid. • The first tRNA is released and goes off to collect another amino acid.
- 34. TRANSLATION • More tRNAmolecules arrive at the mRNA and add their amino acid to the growing chain forming a protein. • At the end of the chain a stop codon tells the translation machinery that the protein is complete and it is released.
- 35. TRANSLATION • There isa particular tRNA for each amino acid.
- 36. AMINO ACIDS *Note-It maybe noted that the amino acids selenocysteine and pyrrolysine are considered the 21st and 22nd amino acids, respectively. They are more recently discovered amino acids that may become incorporated into protein chains during ribosomal protein synthesis.