Bihar is a state in eastern India. It has a population of over 103 million, making it the 3rd most populous state. Bihar has experienced lagging social and economic development since the 1970s compared to other Indian states. However, improved governance has led to increased investment and economic growth in recent decades in areas like infrastructure, healthcare, education, and reducing crime. Bihar was an ancient center of power, learning, and culture, and was home to India's first empire, the Maurya Empire, as well as the religion of Buddhism.

1. DEPARTMENT OF POWER MANAGEMENT
Power Sector Structuring and Function
(State Analysis - Bihar)
Assignment By-
Dr. Anil Kumar
Submitted by-
NAME : SHUBHAM RISHAV
ROLL NO : R130216039
SAP ID : 500054572

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Executive Summary
The report gives a brief detail about Sweden, as a country, its basic
geography, the political, economic, socio- cultural, technological, environmental
and legal scenario of the state and would try to link it with the presentenergy and
power scenario of the State
Bihar is a state in East India. It is the 13th-largest state of India, with an area of
94,163 km2
(36,357 sq mi). The third-largest state of India by population, it is
contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of
WestBengal to the east, with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is split by the
river Ganges which flows from west to east.
Bihar is a States and territories of India in North India. Itis the 12th largest state in
terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2
) and 3rd largest by
population. Itis bounded by Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepalto the north,Northern
part of West Bengal to the east and by Jharkhand to the south.
On November 15, 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of
Jharkhand.Closeto 85%of thepopulation lives in villages. Additionally, almost58%
of Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young
people compared to any ther state in India. The official languages of the state are
Hindi and Urdu.[4][5]
Other languages commonly used within the state include
Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Bajjika, and Angika (Maithili being the only one of these
to be publicly accepted by the government).
Inancient and classicalIndia,Bihar wasconsidereda centre of power,learning, and
culture.[13]
FromMagadha aroseIndia's firstempire, the Maurya empire, as well as
one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism.[14]
Magadha
empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of
South Asia under a central rule

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Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of
social and economic development. Many economists and social scientists claim
that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government, such as the
Freight equalisation policy, its apathy towards Bihar, lack of Bihari sub-nationalism
(the state has no public spokesperson or persona), and the Permanent Settlement
of 1793 by the British East India Company. The state government has, however,
made significant strides in developing the state. Improved governance has led to
an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,
better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in
crime and corruption.

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Contents
Sl.
No
Contents Pg No
1 Introduction 05- 11
2 PESTEL Analysis 11-20
3 Energy Scenario 21- 27
4 Power Scenario 28- 29
6 Conclusion 30
7 References 31

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Introduction
Coordinates (Patna): 25.37°N85.13°ECoordinates: 25.37°N 85.13°E
Country India
Region East India
Bihar Province
1 April 1936
Summary [show]
Capital Patna
0Largest city Patna
Districts 38
Government
• Governor Ram Nath Kovind
• Chief Minister Nitish Kumar
• Legislature
Bicameral
Legislative Council 75
Legislative Assembly 243
• Parliamentary
constituency
40
• High Court Patna High Court
Area†

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• Total 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi)
Area rank 13th
Population (2011)[1]
• Total 103,804,637
• Rank 3rd
• Density 1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Bihari
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
UN/LOCODE INBR
ISO 3166 code IN-BR
Vehicle registration BR
HDI 0.447
HDI rank 16th (2010)
Literacy[3]
63.8% (total)
73.5% (male)
53.3% (female)
Official language Hindi
Additional official
language
Urdu

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The report gives a brief detail about Sweden, as a country, its basic
geography, the political, economic, socio- cultural, technological, environmental
and legal scenario of the state and would try to link it with the presentenergy and
power scenario of the State.
Bihar is a state in East India. It is the 13th-largest state of India, with an area of
94,163 km2
(36,357 sq mi). The third-largest state of India by population, it is
contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of
WestBengal to the east, with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is split by the
river Ganges which flows from west to east.
On November 15, 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of
Jharkhand.Closeto 85%of thepopulation lives in villages. Additionally, almost58%
of Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young
people compared to any ther state in India. The official languages of the state are
Hindi and Urdu.Other languages commonly used within the state include Bhojpuri,
Maithili, Magahi, Bajjika, and Angika (Maithili being the only one of these to be
publicly accepted by the government).
Inancient and classicalIndia,Bihar wasconsidereda centre of power,learning, and
culture. From Magadha arose India's first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as
one of the world's mostwidely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires,
notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia
under a central rule
Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of
social and economic development. Many economists and social scientists claim
that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government, such as the
Freight equalisation policy, its apathy towards Bihar, lack of Bihari sub-nationalism
(the state has no public spokesperson or persona), and the Permanent Settlement
of 1793 by the British East India Company. The state government has, however,
made significant strides in developing the state. Improved governance has led to
an economic revivalin the state through increased investment in infrastructure,[26]

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better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in
crime and corruption.
Etymology
The Mahabodhi Temple, among the four holy sites related to the life of the Lord
Buddha and UNESCO World Heritage Site
The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskritand Pali word, Vihara (Devanagari:
विहार), meaning "abode". The region roughly encompassing the presentstate was
dotted with Buddhist vihara, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and
medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjanirecords in the Tabakat-i-
Nasiri that in 1198 AD, Bakhtiyar Khaljicommitted a massacrein a town now
known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 kmaway from Bodh Gaya.
History
Ancient

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Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, Vaishali. The Brahmi letters on the seal
means: Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman (Mahavira) used this seal after
the Judgement
Regions of Bihar—such as Magadha, Mithila, Anga, and Vaishali—arementioned in
religious texts and epics of ancient India. The power centre of ancient Bihar was in
the region ofmodern-daysouthwesternBiharcalled Magadha,which remained the
centre of power, learning, and culture in India for 1000 years.
The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BC, ruled Magadha fromthe city of Rajgriha
(modern Rajgir). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and
his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru
founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He
declared war and conquered Vajji, another powerful Mahajanapada north of
Ganges with its capital at Vaishali. Vaishali was ruled by the Licchvi, who had a
republican form of government where the king was elected from the number of
rajas. Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainismand Buddhism,
Vaishali was established as a republic by the 6th century BCE, before the birth of
Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE, making it the world's first republic. The Haryanka
dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty. Later the Nanda Dynasty ruled a
vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab.
The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, India's first empire. The
Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes
up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated fromMagadha in 325 BC,
wasfounded byChandraguptaMaurya,who wasbornin Magadha.Ithad its capital
at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, who was born in
Pataliputra (Patna) is believed to be one of the greatest rulers in the history of the
world.
The Gupta Empire, which originated in Magadha in 240 AD, is referred as the
Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and
Indian philosophy. Bihar and Bengal was invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola
dynasty in the 11th century.

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Kalidasa's Sanskritplay Abhijñānaśākuntalam
Medieval
Buddhism in Magadha went into decline due to the invasion of Muhammad Bin
Bakhtiar Khilji, during which many of the viharas and the famed universities of
Nalanda and Vikramashilaweredestroyed,and thousandsof Buddhistmonkswere
massacred during 12th century.D. N. Jha suggests, instead, that these incidents
were the result of Buddhist-Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy. In 1540
the greatPathan chieftain, Sher ShahSuri, fromSasaram,Bihar, took overnorthern
India from the Mughals. He defeated the Mughal army of emperor Humayun and
drove the Mughals out of India. Sher Shah declared Delhi his capital.
The tenth and the last Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna. After
the downfall of Mughal Empire, Bihar came under Nawabs of Bengal.
Colonial Era
After the Battle of Buxar (1764),theBritish EastIndiaCompanyobtained the diwani
rights (rights to administer, and collect revenue or tax) for Bihar, Bengal and
Odisha. The rich resources of fertile land, water and skilled labour had attracted
the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A
number of agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign
entrepreneurs.[40]
Bihar remained a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India
until 1912, when the province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out as a separate
province. Since2010, Bihar has celebrated its birthday as Bihar Diwas on 22 March.

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PESTEL Analysis
Geography:
Bihar is one of the most important Eastern states of India. The state lays between
25°8'& 27°31'North Latitudeand 83°20'& 88°17'EastLongitudeoccupyingan area
of 94,163 sq. km. Theaverageelevation of the stateis 173 feetabovethe sea level.
North of it lies Nepal while on other sides it shares theborder with Indian states of
Jharkhand (South), West Bengal (East) and Uttar Pradesh (West). Topographically
Bihar can be grouped into three regions: The northern mountainous region, Indo-
Gangetic Plain and southern Plateau. The Northern mountainous region consists of
Someshwarandthe Dun hills in the extreme Northwestin Champarn district. These
hills are offshoots of the Himalayans system. South of it lies the Tarai region a belt
of marshy, swampy, sparsely populated and unhealthy region.
The North Gangetic part of Bihar is just south of Tarai. This fertile alluvium tract is
the productofvariousHimalayansandPeninsularriverslikeGandak,BudhiGandak,
Koshi, Mahananda, Bagmati, Gogra and Son and other small river and rivulets.
Gangetic plain of Bihar is divided into north and south by Ganga river which is
flowing through it. South Bihar Plain has some devegetated hummocky hills which
have been subjected to continuous erosion by the rivers flowing through this
region. To the further south of Bihar plain lies the plateau region which consists of
Kaimur plateau in the west and Chhotanagpur plateau in the east. As the Indian
sub-continentas a whole is adorned with monsoonaltypeof climate by the nature
Bihar cannot go far away from this general climatic pattern.
Being located between 25 to 27 degree North latitude the climate of Bihar is of
mostly sub-tropical. Nevertheless region close to Tropic of Cancer experiences
tropical climate during summer. Likeall the Indian states Bihar also reels under hot
summer season during months of March to May. Average temperature is 35-40
Celsius throughoutthe summer months. April and June are the hottest months of
the year. December to January is the winter season in Bihar becauseof its location
is Northernhemisphere.The winterin Bihar ismild with averagetemperaturebeing
5 to 10degree Celsius.Bihar gets its maximumrainfallduring South-Westmonsoon
season which prevails from June to September. The average rainfall of Bihar is

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around 120 cm.
Bihar lies in transitional zone between the wet climate of West Bengal and North-
Eastern ProvincesandSemiarid climate ofWestern Uttar Pradesh.Thusthe natural
vegetation of Bihar is moist deciduous forests. These forests are mostly found in
northern and southern parts of the state. As far as soil resources are concerned
Bihar has three types of soil: montane, alluvium and marshy/swampy soilof Tarai.
Demographic data of Bihar is also very interesting. According to 2001 Census, Bihar
has a total population of 8.29croreswith an averagedensity of 880 personspersq.
km. Bihar is dominated by rural flock which constitutes the 90% of the total
population. More than half of the people (58%) are below 25 years and in their
peak productive periods. Majority of the population (83%) are the followers of
Hinduism while Islam is practised by 17% of the people.
Location of Bihar in India

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Map of Bihar

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River Map of Bihar
Climate
Climate
Classification ETh
Avg. temperature 27 °C (81 °F)
• Summer 34 °C (93 °F)
• Winter 10 °C (50 °F)
Precipitation 1,200 mm(47 in)

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Bihar has a diverse climate. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot
summers and coolwinters. Bihar is a vaststretch of fertile plain. Itis drained by the
GangesRiver, including its northerntributaries Gandakand Koshi, originating in the
Nepal Himalayas and the Bagmati originating in the Kathmandu Valley that
regularlyflood partsof the Bihar plains. The total area covered by the stateof Bihar
is 94,163 km2
(36,357 sq mi). the state is located between 24°-20'-10" N~ 27°-31'-
15" N latitude and between 83°-19'-50" E ~ 88°-17'-40" E longitude. Its average
elevation above sea level is 173 feet (53 m).
The Ganges divides Bihar into two unequal halves and flows through the middle
from west to east. Other Ganges tributaries are the Son, Budhi Gandak, Chandan,
Orhani and Phalgu. Though the Himalayas begin at the foothills, a short distance
inside Nepal and to the north of Bihar, the mountains influence Bihar's landforms,
climate, hydrology and culture. Central parts of Bihar have some small hills, for
example the Rajgir hills. To the south is the Chota Nagpur plateau, which was part
of Bihar until 2000 but now is part of a separate state called Jharkhand.
Bihar climate is in accord with the climate prevailing in other parts of theIndiansub
continent. The place enjoys extreme cold with rains and intense summer season as
well. This is whatmakes Bihar rich in its climatic patterns. Therefore, there is every
kind of weather for everyone. If you love winter season for traveling, it is available
in Bihar. Similarly if it is in the summers you enjoy traveling, Bihar offers you that
as well. It just depends on the months you know for your traveling schedule.
November to March – Winter Season
The cold weather commences early in November and continues until the middle of
the March. Itis during this time, the temperatures hovers around 8 degree Celsius
to 10 degrees. January is the coldest month, however. This is the best time
especially if you want to experience the culture of Bihar while walking in its
vicinities. This is the best time when you can roam around in its lanes and by lanes
as the climate perfectly gels with your walking plan.
March to June – Hot Weather
Commencement of hot weather is frommid March onwards. Itcontinues untilmid
June. During this time, it is extremely hot in Bihar. This is the time when usually
people stay indoors. However, if one wishes to go for exploring the vicinities of

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Bihar, one has to prepare, which includes taking ample of drinking water to avoid
dehydration and related problems.
June to September – Rainy Season
Soon after the scorching sun hits the state, rainy season continues until mid
September. The beginning of this weather is when a stormarises from the Bay of
Bengal. Itis also a good time to visitBihar as crops mesmerizes your soulwith their
lush green appearance. The temperature remains moderate usually in this season.
For those who love to walk in rain, this is the best time to visit Bihar, as there is
ample of opportunity for them.
Political Scenario:
By 2004, 14 years after Lalu Prasad Yadav's victory, The Economist magazine said
that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and
inescapable poverty, of corruptpoliticians indistinguishable frommafia-dons they
patronise, caste-ridden socialorder that has retained the worstfeudalcruelties".In
2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous"
because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory
infrastructureand weak governance"., therearetwo main political formations: the
National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party, Lok
Janashakti Party, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party and Hindustani AwamMorcha. JD(U)-
led coalition which includes RJD and Indian National Congress. There are many
other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in
Bihar at one time, but is weakened now. The CPM and Forward Bloc have a minor
presence, along with the other extreme Left.
In contrastto prior governments, which emphasised divisionsof casteand religion,
Nitish Kumar'smanifesto wasbasedon economic development, curbson crimeand
corruption and greater social equality for all sections of society. This was the at the
time of election and immediately afterwards. Since 2010, the government has
confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeployed them as schools
buildings. Simultaneously they introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime. It
has also legislated for a two-hour break on Fridays, including lunch, to enable
Muslimemployees to pray and thus cut down on post-lunch absenteeismby them.

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Seal of Bihar
2015 Political Crisis
Following poor performanceof the JD(U) in election, Nitish Kumar resigned on 17
May 2014 as the chief minister of Bihar citing moral responsibility. His confidant
and the then minister of the SC and ST welfare department of the state
government, Jitan Ram Manjhi, took over as the chief minister of the state on 20
May 2014.Oppositionleader SushilKumarModiof the Bharatiya Janata Partycalled
Manjhi a "dummy chief minister", to which Manjhi responded by saying he was
"not a rubber stamp." Due to the breakup of the JD(U) alliance with BJP and the
desertion of someJD(U)MLAs,Manjhi'sgovernmentfaced instability and appeared

18. Page | 18
unlikely to pass the trust vote in the state legislative assembly. However RJD and
INC provided outside support to Manjhi because he belongs to a backward caste.
The nine months rule of Jitan Ram Manjhi was marred by controversies. Hemade
several provocativestatements, like upper castes are foreigners, hoarding of food
grains by small traders was okay. He questioned the character of wives of army
personnel and migrant labour, saying they indulged in adultery while their
husbandswereawayforwork.Healso said itwasalright to consumealcoholbefore
going to bed and admitted that he received kickbacks in bridge construction
projects. On 9 February 2015, Manjhiwas expelled fromthe party for intentionally
courting controversies, due to his poor administrative skills and refusing to make
way for Nitish Kumar to return as the Chief Minister. Manjhi recommended
dissolution of the assembly but his cabinet did not pass the resolution. He
requested the governor of Bihar Kesri Nath Tripathi to remove two cabinet
ministers who accepted it. The dissolution was opposed by 21 cabinet ministers
and supported by 7 ministers. Manjhi met Narendra Modi in Delhi. JD(U) called
meeting of 97 MLAs of party and Nitish Kumar was elected as the leader of JD(U)
state legislative party. He claimed to form the new government in the state and
requested the governor to test the majority in the assembly. Patna High Court
stayed the election of Nitish Kumar as the leader of JD(U) state legislative party.
When not invited soon to prove the majority, Nitish Kumar paraded 128 MLAs in
front of President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on 11 February 2015 in Delhi. JD(U)
and its allies blamed the governor and BJP for political crisis in state but Union
Parliamentry Affairs Minister M. Venkaiah Naidu denied the charge and said that
the crisis arose over JD(U)'s internal issues. Manjhi included Dusadh caste in the
Mahadalit category. Patna High Court stopped Manjhi cabinet taking any financial
decisions until proven majority but later allowed it. Later JD(U) suspended seven
ministers from the party who were supporting Manjhi. Total sixteen legislators,
including Manjhi and ministers, were suspended from the party.
Inthe 243member assembly,theJD(U)has 111MLAs,BJP 87,RJD 24,INC5 besides
5 Independents, while ten seats are vacant. The support of 117 MLAs needed to
provethe majorityin the assembly.Nitish Kumar claimed the supportof 130MLAs;
99 fromJD(U),24 fromthe RJD, 5 fromINC,one fromCPI(M)and oneindependent.
Rajiv Ranjan, Manjhi appointed chief whip of JD(U), claimed support of 44 JD(U)
and 12 RJD MLAs.

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The governor asked Manjhi to seek vote of confidence on 20 February 2015, the
firstday of budget session of assembly. BJP announced it would supportManjhi.[15]
On 20 February 2015, Manjhi resigned from the post of chief minister in the
morning before the vote. He said that the legislators who supported him were
threatened with death and the speaker of assembly did not allow a secret ballot,
so hechoseto resign.The assemblywasadjournedsinedie. Later Nitish Kumar was
invited by the Governor to formthe governmentand he took oath on 22 February
2015 along with 22 other ministers.
Demographics
After the 2011 Census, Bihar was the third most populous state of India with total
population of 104,099,452 (54,278,157 male and 49,821,295 female). Nearly 89%
of Bihar's population lived in rural areas. Almost 58% of Bihar's population was
below 25 yearsage, which is the highestin India.The densitywas 881.The sexratio
was919females per 1000males.Mostof Bihar'spopulation belongs to Indo-Aryan-
speaking ethnic groups along with few Dravidian-speaking and Austroasiatic-
speaking people mostly in Chhotanagpur Plateau (now part of Jharkhand). It also
attracted PunjabiHindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947. Bihar
has a total literacy rate of 63.82% (75.7% for males and 55.1% for females),
recording a growth of 20% in female literacy over the period of a decade.
As of the 2011 census, population density surpassed 1,000 per square kilometre,
making Bihar India's most densely-populated state, but still lower than West Java
or Banten of Indonesia.

20. Page | 20
Religion in Bihar
Religion Percent
Hindus 82.7%
Muslims 16.9%
Christians 0.1%
Others 0.3%
According to the 2011 census
Flora and fauna
Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2
(2,612 sq mi), which is 7.2% of its
geographicalarea. The sub Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and theDun ranges in
the Champaran district are another belt of moist deciduous forests. These also
consistof scrub,grassandreeds. Herethe rainfallis above1,600millimetres (63 in)
and thus promotes luxuriant Sal forests in the area. The most important trees are
Shorea Robusta, Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur
in the Saharsa and Purnia districts. Shorea Robusta (sal), Diospyros melanoxylon
(kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose (Asan), Terminalia
bellerica (Bahera), Terminalia Arjuna (Arjun), Pterocarpus Marsupium (Paisar),
Madhuca indica (Mahua) are the common flora across the forest of Bihar.
Valmiki National Park, West Champaran district, covering about 800 km2
(309 sq mi) of forest,is the 18thTiger Reserveof Indiaand is rankedfourthin terms
of density of tiger population. It has a diverse landscape, sheltering rich wildlife
habitats and floral and faunal composition, along with the prime protected
carnivores.

21. Page | 21
Energy Scenario
Overview
Bihar is a States and territories of India in North India. Itis the 12th largest state in
terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2
) and 3rd largest by
population. Itis bounded by Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepalto the north,Northern
part of West Bengal to the east and by Jharkhand to the south.[1]
Status of the Power Sector
Situation of power availability in Bihar was never rosy, but with the separation of
Jharkhand in the year 2000, it became particularly critical beacuse most of the
power generation plants fell into the newly formed state. With Jharkhand, went
the bounty of natural resources and mines which minimised the chances of Bihar
generating its own electricity using coal. Currently, Bihar is dependent on National
Thermal Power Corporation Plants and Jharkhand Electricity Board for power
supply. But there is still a wide demand- supply gap that needs to be bridged, one
glaring proof of the same is the fact that Bihar's power systemhas a peak of about
1500 MW under the constrained demand scenario and the availablity is about 950
MW. Only 52.8 % of villages and 6 % of households of the state are electrified,
leaving about 85 % of the population with no access to electricity.

22. Page | 22
Current Electricity Scenario in Bihar
Attribute Value
State Installed Capacity 590 MW
of which thermal 540 MW
(Barauani) 320 MW
(Muzaffarpur) 220 MW
Hydro (Kosi) 50 MW
Shareof Chhattisgarh Stations 1379 MW
AT&C Losses 14.45%
Energy Shortage 16.4%
Peak Deficit 27.6%
Per Capita Consumption 93 kWh
National Consumption 650 kWh
(Source: 3rd North East& East Power Summit 2010, CEA and PFC)
Energy Capacity
Bihar gets an allocated shareof 1233MWof power fromthe centralsector projects
and draws an unallocated share of 28 MW. The state owned extisting power
stations generate only 584.6 MW. Looking at the table below, it is clear that
majority of this comes from the thermal power stations.[3]
Power Capacity in Bihar (As of December 2010;inMW)
Thermal Hydro RES* Total
Central 1131.7 129.4 0 1261.1
State 530.0 0 54.6 584.6
Private 0 0 9.5 9.5

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Total 1661.7 129.0 64.1 1855.0
 RES: Renewable Energy Sources (mainly small hydro)
(Source:Power Crisis in Bihar, Electrical Monitor, EM News Bureau, August 01,
2011)
Energy Supply
Bihar ranks second on the list of the least electrified states with 50% of its villages
still being in the dark due to the absence of transmission wires there.
Energy supply Position- Peak
Year
Requirement
(MW)
Availablity (MW) Deficit (MW) Deficit (%)
2002-03 1389 1325 64 14.6
2003-04 973 788 185 19.0
2004-05 980 980 0 0
2005-06 1314 1116 198 15.1
2006-07 1399 1162 237 16.9
2007-08 1882 1243 639 34.0
2008-09 1842 1333 509 27.0
2009-10 2249 1509 740 32.0
(Source: Road map for development of power sector in Bihar, Governmentof
India, 2007; Power Crisis in Bihar, Electrical Monitor, EM News Bureau, August01,
2011)

24. Page | 24
Energy Consumption
The annual per capita consumption in Bihar is currently at 95 units, against a
national average of 717, according to the CEA general review 2009. As per the
statistics provided by the Energy Department, Governmentof Bihar on its website
energy.bih.nic.in, per capita energy consumption in pre- division Bihar was 152
units per year which came down to 60 units per year in the post- division period.
Status of Renewable Energy
At present, the installed capacity of Bihar (as of December 2010) is 1855.23 MW,
which comprises 1661.70 MW (90 %) from thermal, 129.43 MW (7 %) from
hydropower, only 64.10 MW (3 %) from renewable energy (mainly from small
hydro and biomass).
Rural Electrification
Only 52.8 % of villages and 6 % of households of the state are electrified, leaving
about 85% of the population with no accaess to electricity.
While urban areas are still better positioned with respect to the power availablity,
the situation is particularly grim for rural areas. Other than the general low
availability of power in the state, the rural areas face additional roadblocks like:
 High Transmission and Distribution Losses: Transmission and distribution
losses of electricity have been higher in rural areas when compared with
urbanareas. Dueto long disperseddistribution lines, poorinfrastructureand
low paying capacity; even the distribution costs more.

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Transmission and Distribution Losses
Year Transmission & distribution loss (%)
2003-04 36.66
2004-05 38.88
2005-06 43.96
2006-07 50.67
2007-08 48.79
(Source: Power Scenario at a Glance, January 2011, CEA)
 Subsidies: The electricity supply in rural areas is highly subsidised.
 Low Collection of Revenues: From the past trends, it has been established
that the rural population is willing to pay for the electricity provided they
have a reliable and continuous supply of power. But the revenue collection
from the rural areas has not only been low but has been dipping with time.
This, in a way, reflects the quality of electricity supply in ruralareas. Due to
poor revenue earnings, the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) did not adopt a
positive growth policy for rural infrastructure or power supply.
 Lower Technical & Operational Efficiency: Due to political interference,
electrical boards operate at a lower technical and operational efficiency in
rural areas. Large number of unauthorised connections and power thefts
further add to it. The inefficiency is confirmed by the frequently interrupted
and poor quality of power supply is ruralareas despitethey being connected
to the electrical grid.
Constrains and Opportunities
The below mentioned points sum up the power situation in Bihar:

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 Wide demand- supply gap
 Low capital availablity
 Lack of infrastrauctureto supportthe centralized power supply
 Low availablity of reliable conventional fossilfuel supply
Whilst these points do not hint towards a promising and upcoming picture of the
power situation in Bihar (if pursued the conventional way), the state has several
geographic and climatic advantages to harness the renewable energy. Bihar is
blessed with fertile soil that spreads along the mighty river Ganges. The average
annual temeperature in Bihar lies between 14- 28 degree celsius and the average
annual rainfall is 1205 millimeters. Thus the limitations and the resource
availablities necessitate that alternate and innovative energy access initiatives be
brought onboard.
The table below enlists the conditions prevalentin Bihar and the requirements that
they pose on the power supply.
Situation Requirement
Exceptionally high rate of growth in
the recent years & future
Reliable energy supply to supportit
Available Biomass is transported out
of the state
In- houseconditions to utilize the biomass
Majority of the population is below
poverty line
Low cost/ affordablepower
Scattered but large number of small
scale commercial activities
Reliable & flexible power supply systems
Low investment flow Innovatvetechniques to lure investors
Low infrastructuredevelopment
Increased supportfromprivateentities
for infrastructredevelopment
High population density and spread
Zoom- in to ensurebetter penetration
and reach for power distribution
High transmission losses
Local micro grids, local management of
resources

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Keeping all these requirements in mind, one possible solution for Bihar seems to
be the decentralized electricity generation.This will proveparticularly beneficial for
remote areas where grid connectivity is not possible. The decentralized power
generation can make use of different renewable energy sources available in the
state. Since Bihar is an agriculture based economy, rural areas have readily
availablebiomass;hilly and coatsalareascould beutilized for windenergy andlarge
surfaces in the rural areas can be used for solar energy generation.[8]
Policy Framework, Laws & Regulations
 Bihar Policy for Promotion of New & Renewable Energy Sources 2011
 Renewable Energy Action Plan for Bihar; WISE, DFID; 2011
 Bihar Policy for Promotion of New & Renewable Energy Sources 2009
 Policy Guidelines for Private Sector Participation for Developing Non-
Conventional Energy Sources 2003.
Institutions Involved
 Bihar State InvestmentPromotion Board: looks at the project proposals and
grants approvals for setting up renewable energy plants.
 Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency (BREDA): The projects are
evaluated and recommended upon by BREDA.
 Bihar State Elecricity Board (BSEB): Post installation, the sale and
transmission of power are handled by the BSEB.
 Bihar Electricity Regulatory Commission (BERC): comes into the picture to
decide on supply and pricing.

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POWER SCENARIO
Bihar is now India’s second-fastest growing economy among poor states, with a
peak power demand that has risen 94% about seven years. This growth-driven
surgein electricity demand sounds impressive–untilyou siftthrough the details of
the data.With 104 million people, India’s third-most populous state reported a
peak power demand of 3,500 mega watt (MW) in 2014-15, about the same as
Mumbai (which has a fifth of Bihar’s population).
The per capita power consumption in Bihar is 144 kilo watt hour (kwh), 85% lower
than the all-India averageof 927 kwh. Only 26% of ruralhouseholdsareelectrified,
the worst of any state, IndiaSpend reported earlier. It is clear that Bihar cannot
meet the rising electricity demands of its people.
Power deficits fall, Bihar remains energy starvedThe peak demand was 1,800 MW
in 2007-08, which increased to 3,500 MW in 2014-15. Peak power availability was
1,244 MW in 2007-08, which increased to 2,831 MW in 2014-15.
Power Scenario In Bihar, 2008 to 2015Bihar faces a power deficit (the difference
between peak demand and electricity supplied) of 19%, according to the Economic
Survey 2014-15.(Source: Economic Survey 2014-15)
However,theCentralElectricity Authority (CEA)reportstates thatthe powerdeficit
has been brought down to 4% in 2014-15 from 34% in 2007-08.Despite the
mismatch in data, the energy deficit has clearly dropped.
(Source:Central Electricity Authority; Figures in MW; Data as on August 31, 2015)
The installed electricity generation capacity in Bihar was 2,759 MW on August 31,
2015. This is 1% of India’s powercapacity and 8% of theeastern region (Jharkhand,
West Bengal, Odisha, Sikkim, Damodar Valley Corporation and Bihar).
Among the eight backward states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa,Rajasthan,Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, Bihar (4%) had a lower
power deficit, compared with Chhattisgarh (4.7%) and Uttar Pradesh (17%) during
2014-15, according to the CEA’s Load Generation Balance Report 2015-16.

29. Page | 29
Source: Central Electricity Authority
Some states, such as Rajasthan and Uttarakhand, had no power deficits. India’s
power deficit was reported to be 4.7% during the year 2014-15.
Source: Central Electricity Authority
Jammu and Kashmir is the most energy-starved state along with Andaman and
Nicobar facingpowerdeficit of 20%.Therearemany other states,suchasTelangana
(14.3%),Assam(13.3%), Punjab (13.1%), Kerala (4.4%) and Karnataka (4.5%), that
have higher power deficits than Bihar.
So, Bihar appears to bedoing well, as regards power deficits, butthat is becauseits
power demand, capacity and generation, as we mentioned, are very low. Bihar’s
powergeneration is primarilydependent on thermalenergy(91%),whilehydroand
renewables account for only 5% and 4%, respectively. Bihar is also challenged by
high transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, reported to be 42% in 2013-14
against the Indian average of 27%.Financial losses, measured in terms of cost
coverage, are as high as 52% for the north Bihar distribution network and 50% for
the south Bihar distribution network in 2013-14.

30. Page | 30
Comparison with OTHER STATES of
india
On contrastto the energy scenario of Sweden, the energy scenario in India is more
rudimentary and provides a huge scope and opportunities for improvement.
Sweden is now an energy sufficientcountry and is a high income country, whereas,
India is a Lower middle income country and is energy deficit.
The primary energy mix is a complete mismatch between Sweden and India. The
energy goals forecasted for India by Niti Aayog is explained below:
Share of Electricity in Demand
After modelling economic demands from various demand sectors, and using the
SEC numbers as mentioned above, energy demand has been derived. Due to
increased penetration of electrical technologies and appliances in sectors such as
cooking, transport, industry in the Level 2 case, share of electricity in the energy
demand increases from 15.6% in the baseyear 2011-12 to 20.6% in the year 2030
as shown in Table 4.1.
Electricity demand in different Demand sectors – An overview
The rise in share of electricity can be attributed to the humongous growth in the
buildings’ energy demand, which is predominantly met by electricity as shown in
Table 4.2. Presently 35% of the rural Indians don’t have access to pucca houses.
With rapid urbanization and with all Indians getting access to ‘pucca’ houses under
the “Housing for All” initiative of the Prime Minister, this sharp increase in
household segment is inevitable. Further, urban areas will see an increased

31. Page | 31
penetration of air conditioners from the base year of 1 AC per 100 persons to 15
ACs per 100 persons in the year 2047. Multiplier effect of these two will result in
an almost 5 fold increase in electricity demand in this sector by 2030.
Electricity DemandSectors
The next section talks about electricity demand fromall the demand sectors in the
Current Policy scenario (Level 2).
Residential Sector
Residential sector comprised of 22% of the overall electricity demand in the base
year 2011-12. Increasing urbanization, pattern of urbanization and rising income
levels in both urbanand ruralareas arefactorsresponsible,for big pushto demand
for electrical appliances resulting in manifold increase in the electricity demand
from the residential sector. In projecting demand till 2030, following policy
announcements and assumptions have been incorporated into the model:
o Housing for all achieved by the year 2022.
o 24 x 7 power supply objective of the government is achieved by the year 2022
o Residential building space/capita increases from10 m2/capita to 32 m2/capita in
2047.
o 45% of the residential floor space is under high-rise buildings category in urban
areas.

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o 50% of the new high rise buildings and 40% of the horizontal buildings in 2047
are smart energy buildings.
o 18% of the household appliances in residential sector by 2047 arehigh efficiency
ones.
As a result, the electricity demand from household buildings will rise 5 fold to 842
TWh from the base level of 175 TWh as shown in Table 4.3.1
Commercial Buildings sector
Commercial buildings sector contributed 15% of the electricity demand in the year
2011-12. The drivers for electricity demand in buildings is the rising share of
services sector in the GDP, levels of urbanization and penetration of high efficiency
appliances in this sector. In this context, electricity demand from the commercial
sector has been modelled around the following assumptions:
m2/capita in 2047.
high efficiency type.
As a consequence, the electricity demand from the commercial buildings sector
increasealmost 3 fold to 238 billion units of electricity in 2030, fromthebase level
of 86 billion units as shown in Table 4.3.2

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Industry sector
Industry sector comprised of 43% shareof theoverallelectricity demand in India in
the year 2011-12. Eight sectors, under the ambit of Perform Achieve and Trade
(PAT) scheme of Ministry of Power contribute to approximately 60% of the
industrialelectricity demand.Steel sector alonecontributes to 25%ofthe industrial
electricity demand, followed by cement and aluminium sector. Drivers for
industrial electricity demand are the increased demand for materials in buildings,
transportation, capital goods and infrastructure. These levers also form the basis
of the modelling of economic demand of metals and materials in consonancewith
rising per capita income levels. The material demand thus obtained could be met
by various technologies, fuel choices leading to different levels of energy demand
for the same levels of economic demand. For the purposeof this study, technology
and fuel shares in Industry are kept in line with the past trends, with marginal
improvements in the specific energy consumption (SEC). The assumptions that
have gone into projecting demand from Industry sector are as follows:
Demand for Steel in 2047 grows to 654 MT and for Cement 1042 MT in 2047 as
compared to 80 MT and 246 MT in 2012, respectively.
Penetration of energy efficient plants in the Steel sector remain at 60% in 2047 as
compared to 56% in 2012.
Penetration of energy efficient plants in the Cement sector remains constant at
72% in 2047.
BF-BOP remains a dominant route in Steel Industry, and Cement Industry also
remains at the present policy path in context of fuel mixes.
Asa consequence,theelectricity demand fromthe Industrysectorincreasesalmost
2 fold to 703 TWh in 2030 fromthebase level of 336 TWh as shown in Table 4.3.3.

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Agriculture Sector
Agriculture sector contributed to 17% of the overall electricity demand in the
country in 2011-12. Increased mechanization and shift to ground water irrigation
across the country is driving the pumping and tractor demand in this sector, and
hence the large diesel and electricity demand in the agricultural sector.
Sustainability and subsidy concerns have made replacement of diesel pumps in
agriculture with electricity and solar based pumps imminent, which is likely to be
the policy driver. The current policy scenario in agriculture projects the efficiency
improvements of tractors and penetration of solar and electricity based pumps, as
highlighted in the assumptions below:
1. Pumping demand grows at a CAGR of 4% between 2012-47.
2. 85% of the pumps in 2047 run on electricity as compared to 83% in 2012.
The electricity demand thus obtained fromthe bottom-up analysis is presented in
the Table 4.3.4.
The ‘Others’ Sector
This sector includes Telecom, transport and cooking, which contribute to 4-5% of
the electricity demand. While, expansion of telecom infrastructurein the country
in orderto meet demand for voiceand data, willdrivedemand forelectricity in this
sector, penetration of Electric Vehicles and fuel switch to electric and induction

35. Page | 35
cook stoves, will drive electricity demand in the cooking sector as highlighted by
the assumptions below-
miniscule level today.
-top
solar from almost zero penetration in the base year.
ruralareas and 26%percenthouseholdsin the urbanareas
will be using electric cookstoves.
The electricity demand fromthe other sectors increases to 233 TWh in 2047 from
the base level of 29 TWh (Table 4.3.5)
T&D losses
Currently, every 22 units of electricity delivered from the power stations are lost
during transmission and distribution (T&D) before reaching the consumer. It is
assumed thatthe on-going reforms initiated in the past5-6 years in the T&D sector
in the form of R-APDRP, smart grids will bring down the transmission and
distribution lossesfromthe level of 22.7%in the baseyear to 9.9%in the year2030
(Table 4.4)

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Electricity andEnergy Mix
As explained above, Level 2 or the Determined effort (in IESS) has been considered
to project the energy demand and supply for the purpose of this study. Level 2
scenario of IESS 2047, not only talks of the economic behaviour in the Demand
sectors, but also the technology choices and fuel preference category, leading to
significant impact as to how energy or electricity is supplied to meet this demand.
The conditions as they obtain in India havebeen factored in after consulting sector
specific players. For eg. increased penetration of Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen
Furnace (BF-BOF) route in the steel industry leads to more demand for
metallurgical coal as opposed to Gas-based Direct Reduction process, which leads
to increased demand for Gas. However, insufficient supply of domestic gas in the
country coupled with unfavourable economics of imported LNG will push steel
makers to deploy blast furnace route for the manufacture of steel in the country,
going by the past trends and the present policy scenario. Similar choices in other
sectors,willgenerate demand for individualfuels-coal,oil, gasand electricity. From
the supply side, each of the fuel demands is met by domestic resources first, and
the balance is imported. Hence, energy security concerns have also been borne in
mind. Within electricity, no preference is given to any technology on the supply
side and past trends have been used to project deployment of supply side
technologies in 2030 and 2047, resulting in energy and electricity mix as shown in
table 4.5 (a) and 4.5 (b).

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As evident, Coal will remain a dominant fuel and its share will rise to 51% in 2030
from the present level of 47%, being driven by the industry sector, owing to
burgeoning demand for steel and cement, while oil share will decrease only
marginally to 29% in the year 2030. Itis to be noted that, the coal supply shown in
the tables abovewill feed into the coaldemand of the power sector and that of the
industry sector (also as solid fuel). Share of electricity in the demand sector will be
a combination of that fromcoal based power, gas based power and clean sources.
IESS 2047- Level2 (Determined scenario) reveals that the shareof electricity in the
demand sector will rise to 20.6% in 2030 from the present levels of 15.6 % (Table
4.1 above). The electricity mix is indicated in Table 4.5 (c) and the electricity mix in
generation is indicated in Table 4.5 (d).

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The overallpower installed capacity rises from193 GW in the year 2011-12to 562
GW in the year 2030. Shareof renewable capacity in the year 2030 would be 170
GW, 32% of the overall power capacity.

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Other Implications:
Emissions:
In the reference case scenario, the emissions per capita will rise from the levels of
1.7 tons/capita 2012) to 3.7 tons/capita in 2030, and further to 5.8 tons/capita for
the supply mix as generated by the model (Fig 4.6.1).

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Import Dependence
As the IESS, 2047 also provides estimates of likely domestic production of energy
sources, as per the choices made in this exercise, we have also derived the likely
levels of import dependence. India’s fossil fuel import dependence of fossil fuels
will rise from a level of 32% in the base year to 45% of the primary energy supply
in the year 2030 .
Thus, when we compare Indian energy scenario with that of Sweden, we find that
we are far behind them and need to move on a steep path to meet the
environmental requirements of the world. India has fixed an ambitious goal of 175
GW addition of renewable energy sources in the power mix to make the power
generation more sustainable.

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Conclusion
The report gives a basic idea about the political, economical, socio-cultural, technological,
environmental and legal scenario of the State of Bihar. It also provides the detailed analysis of the
present energy and the power scenario of Bihar and the future policies for the reduction of energy,
improving energy efficiency, reducing the fossil fuel dependence and the reduction of green house
gas emissions of the country to make the country environment friendly and sustainable.
On the other hand, we also discussed the projected path of development of India towards its
developmental goals. From the report, it can be visibly found that the dependence of the Indian
energy sector is going more towards the conventional coal based energy rather than the non-
conventional and sustainable sources of energy like solar, wind and biomass.
The basic difference in the framework of Bihar and other states is that Bihar is a developing state
and looks at development at a very different view while compared with other developed states like
Gujarat is a high income state which has reached its sufficiency in both the energy needs and the
technological needs that are required to make their development more green and sustainable
Bihar is still striving to provide Accessible, Easily Available and Affordable power to the people
of its State. Bihar has been poorly responding towards the conversion of waste into energy. India
lacks the right regulatory framework, decisive decision-makers and a supportive population.
This is hugely due to the difference in the environmental view-point of the citizens towards a
sustainable future. Bihar has failed to create a robust framework towards a sustainable energy
future. After more than 65 years of Independence, the government has taken a positive step towards
a sustainable and futuristic energy planning, which is met by stiff opposition from the citizens and
a sarcastic gloom about the ambitious sustainable planning by the government.
Though there are many improvements like the transmission system strengthening and the
distribution system’s financial turnaround that has to augment the plan for the sustainable future,
there is a light at the end of the tunnel that gives us hope that the planning shall be atleast partially
successful.

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References
http://www.bihar-tourism.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar
gov.bih.nic.in
ceobihar.nic.in
wikitravel.org/en/Bihar
www.thisismyindia.com
www.downtoearth.org.in
www.mapsofindia.com
www.indiaspend.com
CEA
CERC