Global convergence from 1400 to 1800 led to accelerating changes worldwide. Ideas, goods, technologies, and pathogens spread further and faster as trade networks expanded. World population grew significantly due to improved nutrition, while disease devastated native populations in the Americas. States and empires grew larger and more powerful through conquests, colonization, and wealth from trade and manufacturing. Challenges to absolutist rulers emerged from new social elites and ideas about human rights and democracy. Overall, this era saw the world become more interconnected as it moved closer to the modern globalized world.
During Big Era Five (300-1500 CE), cultural exchange increased dramatically across Afroeurasia and within the Americas due to growing populations, migrations, expanding trade networks, the rise of large empires, and spread of universal religions. Innovations in technologies, such as maps, the compass, and lateen sails enabled Europeans to begin linking Afroeurasia and the Americas in the late 15th century, marking the start of a new era of global connections.
Between 1750-1914, the Modern Revolution brought significant changes through industrialization, population growth, globalization, and new ideas. Key developments included the harnessing of fossil fuels like coal which powered new technologies and factories, increased agricultural production to support growing populations, the rise of democratic political ideals and nation-states, and global migrations and imperialism which shifted economic and political power towards Europe and North America. However, these changes were interconnected and challenging to control, with new ideas and forces for change spreading universally once industrialization and advances in communication and transportation were underway.
Between 1200 BCE and 500 CE, world population grew significantly due to advances in agriculture and iron technology. This population growth fueled the establishment of extensive networks of exchange across Afroeurasia and the Americas, including trade routes, writing systems, and the spread of major religions. Empires arose that maintained networks for communication, trade, and cultural diffusion over vast areas. By 500 CE, population increases had led to deforestation, more complex societies, greater collective learning, and more people living in large urban centers connected through expanding networks.
The Roman Republic declined due to social and economic problems arising from its conquests. The influx of wealth led to the rise of large slave-owning estates that drove small farmers into cities, fueling unemployment and inflation. This instability allowed Julius Caesar to seize power, leading to civil war against Pompey. After Caesar's assassination, further conflict between Marc Antony and Octavian ended the Republic and established the Roman Empire under Augustus.
- The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization and geography, focusing on the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3000 BCE, including major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later invasion of the Aryans around 1500 BCE, who introduced concepts like Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Key beliefs of Hinduism are outlined, including concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. The rigid and hierarchical caste system is also summarized.
The document summarizes the major motivations and players of the Age of Exploration in Europe. The three main motivations for Europeans to explore were God, glory, and gold. Portugal was a major player, led by Prince Henry the Navigator who established navigation schools and funded voyages down the coast of Africa. Spain also sponsored many expeditions, most notably sending conquistadors to establish colonies in the Americas and find gold. France explored for fish, fur, and a Northwest Passage to Asia, eventually establishing colonies in Canada and the central US. England explored for religious freedom, gold, and new colonies, settling along the East Coast of North America.
- Alexander the Great was a king of Macedon from 336-323 BC who conquered most of the known world at the time, including the Persian Empire and areas of India.
- He was trained by Aristotle and used innovative military tactics like the Macedonian phalanx to defeat larger Persian armies.
- By the time of his death at age 32 in Babylon, he had created one of the largest empires in history stretching from Greece to India but left no clear heir, leading to the division of his empire after his death.
During Big Era Five (300-1500 CE), cultural exchange increased dramatically across Afroeurasia and within the Americas due to growing populations, migrations, expanding trade networks, the rise of large empires, and spread of universal religions. Innovations in technologies, such as maps, the compass, and lateen sails enabled Europeans to begin linking Afroeurasia and the Americas in the late 15th century, marking the start of a new era of global connections.
Between 1750-1914, the Modern Revolution brought significant changes through industrialization, population growth, globalization, and new ideas. Key developments included the harnessing of fossil fuels like coal which powered new technologies and factories, increased agricultural production to support growing populations, the rise of democratic political ideals and nation-states, and global migrations and imperialism which shifted economic and political power towards Europe and North America. However, these changes were interconnected and challenging to control, with new ideas and forces for change spreading universally once industrialization and advances in communication and transportation were underway.
Between 1200 BCE and 500 CE, world population grew significantly due to advances in agriculture and iron technology. This population growth fueled the establishment of extensive networks of exchange across Afroeurasia and the Americas, including trade routes, writing systems, and the spread of major religions. Empires arose that maintained networks for communication, trade, and cultural diffusion over vast areas. By 500 CE, population increases had led to deforestation, more complex societies, greater collective learning, and more people living in large urban centers connected through expanding networks.
The Roman Republic declined due to social and economic problems arising from its conquests. The influx of wealth led to the rise of large slave-owning estates that drove small farmers into cities, fueling unemployment and inflation. This instability allowed Julius Caesar to seize power, leading to civil war against Pompey. After Caesar's assassination, further conflict between Marc Antony and Octavian ended the Republic and established the Roman Empire under Augustus.
- The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization and geography, focusing on the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3000 BCE, including major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later invasion of the Aryans around 1500 BCE, who introduced concepts like Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Key beliefs of Hinduism are outlined, including concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. The rigid and hierarchical caste system is also summarized.
The document summarizes the major motivations and players of the Age of Exploration in Europe. The three main motivations for Europeans to explore were God, glory, and gold. Portugal was a major player, led by Prince Henry the Navigator who established navigation schools and funded voyages down the coast of Africa. Spain also sponsored many expeditions, most notably sending conquistadors to establish colonies in the Americas and find gold. France explored for fish, fur, and a Northwest Passage to Asia, eventually establishing colonies in Canada and the central US. England explored for religious freedom, gold, and new colonies, settling along the East Coast of North America.
- Alexander the Great was a king of Macedon from 336-323 BC who conquered most of the known world at the time, including the Persian Empire and areas of India.
- He was trained by Aristotle and used innovative military tactics like the Macedonian phalanx to defeat larger Persian armies.
- By the time of his death at age 32 in Babylon, he had created one of the largest empires in history stretching from Greece to India but left no clear heir, leading to the division of his empire after his death.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Fertile Crescent. The rivers' seasonal flooding deposited silt that nourished agriculture, allowing civilization to develop. The Sumerians built the first Mesopotamian cities like Ur and Uruk by 3000 BC and invented cuneiform writing and the wheel. Their theocratic city-states were later conquered by the Akkadians and Hammurabi's Babylonian Empire. Key developments included Hammurabi's Code of Laws and the Epic of Gilgamesh.
The document provides information about three ancient civilizations - the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes the locations and key features of each, including their religious practices, advances in mathematics and architecture, and their eventual declines. The Maya built cities like Chichen Itza in Mexico and Central America and developed hieroglyphic writing and a calendar. The Aztecs established the city of Tenochtitlan in Mexico and had an empire centered around religious practices like human sacrifice. The Inca ruled from Cuzco in the Andes and built elaborate stone structures and roads while practicing rituals like cranial deformation.
The Greco-Persian Wars dominated the Middle East from 550-330 BC and saw conflicts between Persian and Greek city-state forces. The wars expanded from a small base near the city of Parsa to incorporate various ethnic groups across a large empire administered through cuneiform script. This first led to the Ionian Revolt in 499 BC when Greek city-states along the Ionian coast rebelled against Persian rule, with Athens sending ships and troops to help burn the city of Sardis. The wars culminated in three invasions of Greece by Persian kings Darius and Xerxes between 490-479 BC, including major battles at Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Pl
Medieval Christianity had a profound influence on everyday life. The Church organized people's lives from birth through death, requiring rituals like baptism, Christian marriage, and funeral. It also regulated working hours and holidays. As a result, the Church had immense social power. Christians had religious duties to obtain salvation, such as weekly confession and communion. Politically, bishops advised kings while the Pope governed the Papal States. The Church also wielded significant economic power through tithes and ownership of lands worked by peasants. Overall, Christianity dominated medieval European society.
Growing tensions between Athens and Sparta led to the Peloponnesian War. Athens had formed an alliance known as the Delian League to dominate trading routes, growing powerful under the leadership of Pericles. As Athens took control of the league and demanded tribute, tensions increased with Sparta and member states. The war was bitterly fought for decades until Athens was defeated by a disastrous plague, a failed expedition to Sicily, and Persian support of Sparta's navy. Both city-states were weakened, allowing Thebes to gain dominance over Greece for several decades until the rise of Philip II of Macedon.
1) The Persians, led by Cyrus and Cambysus, conquered Babylon and freed the Jews, and attempted to conquer Egypt.
2) In 490 BC, the Persians under Darius launched a second invasion of Greece after their first attempt failed. They were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon.
3) In 480 BC, Xerxes led a massive Persian army in a second invasion of Greece. They were defeated by the Greeks at the naval Battle of Salamis, ending Persian efforts to conquer Greece.
The document summarizes various aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization such as their writing system, cuisine, holidays, geography, architecture, traditional dress, and history. Hieroglyphic writing was used to record information about religion and government. Bread was a staple food and Egyptians used garlic and onions frequently in cooking. Major structures from ancient Egypt include the pyramids and Sphinx. Egypt had a long continuous history as the earliest unified state dating back to around 3000 BC.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations. It featured a variety of influential cultures including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Mesopotamian civilizations developed writing, law codes, agriculture, and many other advances that formed the basis of later cultures in the region and beyond.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The "Five Good Emperors" (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius) ruled Rome during the second century A.D. and presided over the final decades of the Pax Romana. During their reigns, Rome attained the peak of its power and dominion. Part of this was intentional - each of the first four adopted a capable successor fit to rule the Empire. Most historians see the ascension of Marcus Aurelius' natural son, Commodus, as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire
Pamana ng Kabihasnang Romano
ARALING PANLIPUNAN 8
IKATLONG MARKAHAN
KONTRIBUSYON NG KABIHASNANG ROMANO SA IBA’T-IBANG LARANGAN
batas - Ang mga taga-Roma ay kinilala bilang mga pinakadakilang mambabatas ng sinaunang panahon. Twelve Tables - batas para sa lahat. Ito ang ginamit upang alamin ang mga krimen at tantiyahin ang kaukulang parusa. Nakasaad dito ang mga karapatan ng mga mamamayan at ang pamamaraan ayon sa batas.
arkitektura -Sila ang tumuklas ng semento. gumamit ng stucco - isang plaster na pampahid at pantakip sa labas ng pader
ARCH - natutuhan nila mula sa mga Etruscan
ginagamit sa mga templo
FORUM, ang sentro ng lungsod
matatagpuan ang mga pampubli-kong paliguan at pamilihan
BASILICA, isang bulwagan na nagsisilbing korte at pinagpupulu-ngan ng Assembly
panitikan - Ang panitikan ng Rome ay mga salin ng mga tula at dula ng Greece.
Odyssey - isinalin ni Livius Andronicus sa Latin
Aeneid - sinulat ni Virgil
inhinyeriya - Appian Way
- nag-uugnay sa Rome at Timog Italy
aqueduct
- pinagdadaluyan ng mga tubig sa lungsod
pananamit - kasuotan ng mga lalaking Roman
Ang tunic ay kasuotang pambahay na hanggang tuhod.
Ang toga ay isinusuot sa ibabaw ng tunic kung sila ay lumalabas ng bahay.
Kasuotan ng mga babaeng Roman- Ang stola na parang tunic ngunit mas mahaba.
Ang kasuotang panlabas nila ay tinatawag na palla.
libangan - Ang gladiator ay karaniwang mga kriminal, alipin o bihag na nakikipaglaban sa isa’t isa o sa mababangis na hayop.
Ito ay nagaganap sa mga colosseum na isang ampitheater.
The document discusses the key factors that motivated European exploration between 1450-1700, known as the Age of Exploration. It describes the main motivations as the "Three G's" - Gold, Glory, and God. Europeans were motivated to explore in search of gold and resources from other continents that could be sold for profit. They also sought glory for their kingdoms and countries. Additionally, Europeans felt a duty to spread Christianity and convert native peoples. Technological developments in navigation helped enable long voyages of exploration by sea. The closing of traditional land trade routes to Asia after 1453 further pushed Europeans to find new maritime trade routes by exploring the oceans.
The document provides an overview of Europe's history from ancient Greece to the Protestant Reformation. It discusses the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta, Alexander the Great's conquests, the rise and fall of the Roman Republic and Empire, the Middle Ages and feudal system, the Crusades, the Black Plague, the Renaissance, and key figures such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Shakespeare, and Galileo. It also covers the growth of nationalism, the Silk Road, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation.
This document discusses class and caste systems in ancient China, India, and Rome. In China, society was divided into elite officials, landlords, peasants, and merchants. The civil service was open to all males but favored the wealthy. In India, the rigid caste system divided society into hereditary social groups based on occupation. The system justified social inequality through Hindu concepts. In Rome, slavery was widespread and the backbone of the economy, with slaves making up over 30% of the population in some areas. Resistance was generally nonviolent but the rebellion led by Spartacus showed the potential for open revolt. Overall, the document examines how different societies organized and stratified social class and hierarchies.
Ancient India was controlled by two major empires, the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Empire. These empires advanced sciences, math, literature and religion and expanded their territories. Before these empires, India had the Harappan civilization with cities and early agriculture. The Mauryan Empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC and expanded across northern India. His grandson Asoka converted to Buddhism and promoted the religion widely. The Gupta Empire that followed in the 4th century AD was a golden age with major developments in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and literature. Hinduism and Buddhism also became prominent religions during these ancient empires.
The earliest humans evolved in East Africa around 2 million years ago. They began using stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Around 30,000 BCE, early humans created cave paintings showing the animals they hunted. By 9000 BCE, during the Neolithic agricultural revolution, humans in some areas learned to farm crops and domesticate animals, leading to permanent settlements and the growth of early civilizations along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow Rivers.
This document provides an overview of ancient Greece, including its government, religion, art, cities, trade, daily life, technology, and writing. It discusses some of Greece's most influential figures in areas like math, science, literature, and philosophy. It also summarizes key aspects of Greek culture such as the development of democracy, the Olympic games, mythology, architecture, musical instruments, and the lasting impact of Greek language and literature.
Between 1500-1800:
- European powers expanded globally through exploration and colonization motivated by trade, wealth, and religion. Portugal led expansion in Africa and Asia while Spain dominated in the Americas.
- The slave trade dramatically increased to supply labor for American plantations, devastating parts of Africa and changing its political/social structures.
- Europeans established overseas colonies and trading posts in Asia, Africa and the Americas, transforming global economics and introducing mercantilism. Their presence impacted politics, culture and religion in conquered regions.
1) Farming and the domestication of plants and animals emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE, leading to population growth and the rise of complex societies.
2) Surplus food production allowed for specialization of labor and jobs. People took on occupations other than farming like craftspeople and priests.
3) By 1,000 BCE, the first civilizations had formed in places like Mesopotamia and Egypt, characterized by cities, governments, writing systems, social hierarchies, and religious institutions.
The Great Global Convergence from 1400 to 1800 saw accelerating changes in many areas of human activity. Population growth and environmental changes increased due to factors like the Columbian Exchange. Scientific and technological developments expanded with innovations such as printing. Global trade rose dramatically, and states grew more powerful through conquests and wealth from commerce. Challenges to political authority also emerged in this period of increasing global connections and exchange of ideas, plants, technologies, and peoples across Afro-Eurasia and between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Fertile Crescent. The rivers' seasonal flooding deposited silt that nourished agriculture, allowing civilization to develop. The Sumerians built the first Mesopotamian cities like Ur and Uruk by 3000 BC and invented cuneiform writing and the wheel. Their theocratic city-states were later conquered by the Akkadians and Hammurabi's Babylonian Empire. Key developments included Hammurabi's Code of Laws and the Epic of Gilgamesh.
The document provides information about three ancient civilizations - the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes the locations and key features of each, including their religious practices, advances in mathematics and architecture, and their eventual declines. The Maya built cities like Chichen Itza in Mexico and Central America and developed hieroglyphic writing and a calendar. The Aztecs established the city of Tenochtitlan in Mexico and had an empire centered around religious practices like human sacrifice. The Inca ruled from Cuzco in the Andes and built elaborate stone structures and roads while practicing rituals like cranial deformation.
The Greco-Persian Wars dominated the Middle East from 550-330 BC and saw conflicts between Persian and Greek city-state forces. The wars expanded from a small base near the city of Parsa to incorporate various ethnic groups across a large empire administered through cuneiform script. This first led to the Ionian Revolt in 499 BC when Greek city-states along the Ionian coast rebelled against Persian rule, with Athens sending ships and troops to help burn the city of Sardis. The wars culminated in three invasions of Greece by Persian kings Darius and Xerxes between 490-479 BC, including major battles at Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Pl
Medieval Christianity had a profound influence on everyday life. The Church organized people's lives from birth through death, requiring rituals like baptism, Christian marriage, and funeral. It also regulated working hours and holidays. As a result, the Church had immense social power. Christians had religious duties to obtain salvation, such as weekly confession and communion. Politically, bishops advised kings while the Pope governed the Papal States. The Church also wielded significant economic power through tithes and ownership of lands worked by peasants. Overall, Christianity dominated medieval European society.
Growing tensions between Athens and Sparta led to the Peloponnesian War. Athens had formed an alliance known as the Delian League to dominate trading routes, growing powerful under the leadership of Pericles. As Athens took control of the league and demanded tribute, tensions increased with Sparta and member states. The war was bitterly fought for decades until Athens was defeated by a disastrous plague, a failed expedition to Sicily, and Persian support of Sparta's navy. Both city-states were weakened, allowing Thebes to gain dominance over Greece for several decades until the rise of Philip II of Macedon.
1) The Persians, led by Cyrus and Cambysus, conquered Babylon and freed the Jews, and attempted to conquer Egypt.
2) In 490 BC, the Persians under Darius launched a second invasion of Greece after their first attempt failed. They were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon.
3) In 480 BC, Xerxes led a massive Persian army in a second invasion of Greece. They were defeated by the Greeks at the naval Battle of Salamis, ending Persian efforts to conquer Greece.
The document summarizes various aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization such as their writing system, cuisine, holidays, geography, architecture, traditional dress, and history. Hieroglyphic writing was used to record information about religion and government. Bread was a staple food and Egyptians used garlic and onions frequently in cooking. Major structures from ancient Egypt include the pyramids and Sphinx. Egypt had a long continuous history as the earliest unified state dating back to around 3000 BC.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations. It featured a variety of influential cultures including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Mesopotamian civilizations developed writing, law codes, agriculture, and many other advances that formed the basis of later cultures in the region and beyond.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The "Five Good Emperors" (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius) ruled Rome during the second century A.D. and presided over the final decades of the Pax Romana. During their reigns, Rome attained the peak of its power and dominion. Part of this was intentional - each of the first four adopted a capable successor fit to rule the Empire. Most historians see the ascension of Marcus Aurelius' natural son, Commodus, as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire
Pamana ng Kabihasnang Romano
ARALING PANLIPUNAN 8
IKATLONG MARKAHAN
KONTRIBUSYON NG KABIHASNANG ROMANO SA IBA’T-IBANG LARANGAN
batas - Ang mga taga-Roma ay kinilala bilang mga pinakadakilang mambabatas ng sinaunang panahon. Twelve Tables - batas para sa lahat. Ito ang ginamit upang alamin ang mga krimen at tantiyahin ang kaukulang parusa. Nakasaad dito ang mga karapatan ng mga mamamayan at ang pamamaraan ayon sa batas.
arkitektura -Sila ang tumuklas ng semento. gumamit ng stucco - isang plaster na pampahid at pantakip sa labas ng pader
ARCH - natutuhan nila mula sa mga Etruscan
ginagamit sa mga templo
FORUM, ang sentro ng lungsod
matatagpuan ang mga pampubli-kong paliguan at pamilihan
BASILICA, isang bulwagan na nagsisilbing korte at pinagpupulu-ngan ng Assembly
panitikan - Ang panitikan ng Rome ay mga salin ng mga tula at dula ng Greece.
Odyssey - isinalin ni Livius Andronicus sa Latin
Aeneid - sinulat ni Virgil
inhinyeriya - Appian Way
- nag-uugnay sa Rome at Timog Italy
aqueduct
- pinagdadaluyan ng mga tubig sa lungsod
pananamit - kasuotan ng mga lalaking Roman
Ang tunic ay kasuotang pambahay na hanggang tuhod.
Ang toga ay isinusuot sa ibabaw ng tunic kung sila ay lumalabas ng bahay.
Kasuotan ng mga babaeng Roman- Ang stola na parang tunic ngunit mas mahaba.
Ang kasuotang panlabas nila ay tinatawag na palla.
libangan - Ang gladiator ay karaniwang mga kriminal, alipin o bihag na nakikipaglaban sa isa’t isa o sa mababangis na hayop.
Ito ay nagaganap sa mga colosseum na isang ampitheater.
The document discusses the key factors that motivated European exploration between 1450-1700, known as the Age of Exploration. It describes the main motivations as the "Three G's" - Gold, Glory, and God. Europeans were motivated to explore in search of gold and resources from other continents that could be sold for profit. They also sought glory for their kingdoms and countries. Additionally, Europeans felt a duty to spread Christianity and convert native peoples. Technological developments in navigation helped enable long voyages of exploration by sea. The closing of traditional land trade routes to Asia after 1453 further pushed Europeans to find new maritime trade routes by exploring the oceans.
The document provides an overview of Europe's history from ancient Greece to the Protestant Reformation. It discusses the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta, Alexander the Great's conquests, the rise and fall of the Roman Republic and Empire, the Middle Ages and feudal system, the Crusades, the Black Plague, the Renaissance, and key figures such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Shakespeare, and Galileo. It also covers the growth of nationalism, the Silk Road, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation.
This document discusses class and caste systems in ancient China, India, and Rome. In China, society was divided into elite officials, landlords, peasants, and merchants. The civil service was open to all males but favored the wealthy. In India, the rigid caste system divided society into hereditary social groups based on occupation. The system justified social inequality through Hindu concepts. In Rome, slavery was widespread and the backbone of the economy, with slaves making up over 30% of the population in some areas. Resistance was generally nonviolent but the rebellion led by Spartacus showed the potential for open revolt. Overall, the document examines how different societies organized and stratified social class and hierarchies.
Ancient India was controlled by two major empires, the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Empire. These empires advanced sciences, math, literature and religion and expanded their territories. Before these empires, India had the Harappan civilization with cities and early agriculture. The Mauryan Empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC and expanded across northern India. His grandson Asoka converted to Buddhism and promoted the religion widely. The Gupta Empire that followed in the 4th century AD was a golden age with major developments in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and literature. Hinduism and Buddhism also became prominent religions during these ancient empires.
The earliest humans evolved in East Africa around 2 million years ago. They began using stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Around 30,000 BCE, early humans created cave paintings showing the animals they hunted. By 9000 BCE, during the Neolithic agricultural revolution, humans in some areas learned to farm crops and domesticate animals, leading to permanent settlements and the growth of early civilizations along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow Rivers.
This document provides an overview of ancient Greece, including its government, religion, art, cities, trade, daily life, technology, and writing. It discusses some of Greece's most influential figures in areas like math, science, literature, and philosophy. It also summarizes key aspects of Greek culture such as the development of democracy, the Olympic games, mythology, architecture, musical instruments, and the lasting impact of Greek language and literature.
Between 1500-1800:
- European powers expanded globally through exploration and colonization motivated by trade, wealth, and religion. Portugal led expansion in Africa and Asia while Spain dominated in the Americas.
- The slave trade dramatically increased to supply labor for American plantations, devastating parts of Africa and changing its political/social structures.
- Europeans established overseas colonies and trading posts in Asia, Africa and the Americas, transforming global economics and introducing mercantilism. Their presence impacted politics, culture and religion in conquered regions.
1) Farming and the domestication of plants and animals emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE, leading to population growth and the rise of complex societies.
2) Surplus food production allowed for specialization of labor and jobs. People took on occupations other than farming like craftspeople and priests.
3) By 1,000 BCE, the first civilizations had formed in places like Mesopotamia and Egypt, characterized by cities, governments, writing systems, social hierarchies, and religious institutions.
The Great Global Convergence from 1400 to 1800 saw accelerating changes in many areas of human activity. Population growth and environmental changes increased due to factors like the Columbian Exchange. Scientific and technological developments expanded with innovations such as printing. Global trade rose dramatically, and states grew more powerful through conquests and wealth from commerce. Challenges to political authority also emerged in this period of increasing global connections and exchange of ideas, plants, technologies, and peoples across Afro-Eurasia and between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
El documento analiza las ventajas y desventajas del turismo urbano como estrategia de desarrollo. Mientras que el turismo genera crecimiento económico y empleo, también puede conducir a la estandarización de la imagen de la ciudad y la exclusión de ciertas áreas. La creación de enclaves turísticos puede homogeneizar la ciudad y privatizar el espacio público. Asimismo, el turismo puede fracturar la ciudad al marginar sectores fuera de las inversiones.
Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed diverse social, political, and economic structures based on their environments and interactions. The three major civilizations were the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas, who practiced advanced agriculture, built large cities, and developed complex societies. European expansion starting in the 15th century resulted in the Columbian Exchange and drastic population changes on both sides of the Atlantic. The Spanish established large empires in Central and South America but oppressed native populations, while other European powers like England began exploring North America in search of resources and new markets. Contact between Europeans, Africans, and Americans challenged the worldviews of all groups.
1. Philip II inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies after his father Charles V retired. Between 1550-1650, Spain imported over $14 billion worth of gold and silver from the Americas, allowing Philip II to become Spain's absolute monarch.
2. Louis XIV ruled France from 1643-1715, the longest reign of any European monarch. He weakened the nobility and increased the power of government officials to strengthen his absolute rule. He spent lavishly on Versailles to surround himself with luxury.
3. Ivan IV of Russia became czar at age 16 and ruled as an absolute monarch, but grew increasingly paranoid and violent, ordering thousands of nobles and others executed. He was succeeded
- Teotihuacán was a large Mesoamerican city that dominated the region from around 450-600 CE with a population of over 125,000 people. It was ruled by alliances of wealthy families rather than kings and had a stratified social structure.
- The Maya civilization occupied southern Mexico and Central America but never formed a unified political state. Individual Maya kingdoms competed for dominance while developing advanced agricultural, astronomical, and mathematical knowledge. Most Maya cities were abandoned between 800-900 CE possibly due to environmental or disease factors.
- The Aztecs rose to power in central Mexico in the 14th century, establishing the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. Through conquest
The Columbian Exchange led to widespread changes as plants, animals, diseases, and ideas were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Native American populations plummeted due to diseases brought from Europe, against which they had no immunity. Europeans introduced livestock, cash crops, and African slaves to the Americas to replace declining Native American labor. Foods native to the Americas like tomatoes, potatoes, and maize became staple crops in Europe and around the world, dramatically impacting global diets, economies, and populations.
The document discusses the major factors that led to the Age of Discovery and European expansion between 1450-1700. Some key developments included advances in navigation technology from the Scientific Revolution like the caravel ship and magnetic compass that enabled long distance travel. Motivations for exploration included seeking gold, glory for their nation, and spreading Christianity ("God, glory, and gold"). Portugal led initial exploration down the coast of Africa. Major explorers included Columbus, who sailed for Spain and reached the Americas believing he found India, and Magellan, who was the first to circumnavigate the globe. European powers established colonial empires through conquest and the slave trade had devastating impacts on African societies. The Columbian Exchange also introduced new crops, animals
Between 1450-1750, global interactions increased dramatically due to advances in ship technology and the rise of maritime empires. The Atlantic slave trade expanded greatly to supply labor for the Americas. Major social and demographic changes occurred as crops and diseases were exchanged between the Old and New Worlds, and millions of people were forced into transatlantic slavery. Culturally, the European Renaissance and Reformation reshaped intellectual life and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.
Between 1450-1750, global interactions increased dramatically due to advances in ship technology and the rise of maritime empires. The Atlantic slave trade expanded greatly to support the colonies in the Americas. Major cultural and religious changes also occurred in Europe during this period, including the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and growing influence of science and philosophy.
The Age of Exploration had widespread global impacts. It increased trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa; led to the growth of capitalism and mercantilism in Europe; introduced crops, animals and diseases between the Old and New Worlds in the Columbian Exchange; established European colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas; and initiated the transatlantic slave trade that forcibly brought millions of Africans to labor in the Americas.
European colonization of the Americas began in the 15th century as explorers from Portugal and Spain arrived in search of gold, glory and the spread of Christianity. Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas in 1492 believing he had found Asia but had actually discovered the Americas. Soon after, conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Aztec and Inca empires, devastating native populations with violence and disease. The influx of gold and silver from the Americas made Spain the most powerful country in Europe and set the stage for further imperial conquest around the world.
When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this PPS, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged.
The document discusses the increasing globalization and interconnectedness of the world from ancient times through the 19th century. It describes how traders, travelers, and missionaries helped spread goods, ideas, crops, and diseases across vast distances by land and sea. Major developments included the Silk Road linking China and Europe, the Columbian Exchange introducing new crops and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, and the 19th century seeing the rise of global trade networks, population migration, and formal European colonization that restructured economies and societies worldwide. Technological advances like refrigerated ships further intensified global flows of goods, people, and capital.
The Columbian Exchange resulted in the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres following the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492. This large-scale biological and cultural exchange included crops, livestock, commodities, technologies, cultures, languages and peoples between the Americas and the Old World.
Big Era Five lasted from 300 CE to 1500 CE, a period of increased connections and cultural exchange across different regions of Afroeurasia and the Americas. Population growth, migrations, expanding trade networks, and large empires all contributed to the spread of ideas, technologies, religions, and goods. By 1500 CE, much of Afroeurasia and parts of the Americas were linked through these patterns of interregional interaction and unity, setting the stage for the global connections that intensified in Big Era Six with the voyages of discovery.
Big History takes a broad, interdisciplinary approach to history by examining common themes across large time scales from the Big Bang to the present. It aims to connect human history to broader patterns in areas like astronomy, biology, and geology. The approach helps place human events in a greater cosmic context and show how civilizations have been shaped by major catastrophes like volcanic eruptions and climate change. Migration patterns have also played a key role in history, as genetic evidence shows that all modern humans descended from groups that left Africa around 50,000 years ago and spread throughout the world.
The document provides information on various topics related to European history from the arrival of early humans in Europe around 40,000 years ago to the industrial revolution. It discusses how early Europeans populated the continent after the last ice age and the spread of Christianity. It also covers the Silk Road, cultural exchange during the Mongol Empire, the Renaissance, inventions like the steam engine, and the social and environmental impacts of the industrial revolution.
1. The document discusses several major historical turning points that had significant impacts and led to changes, including the Neolithic Revolution, the fall of the Roman Empire, the Crusades, the Printing Press, the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Age of Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Meiji Restoration, World War I, and more.
2. Many of these events involved new technologies, religious or political ideologies, or economic and social conditions that challenged the existing order and led societies to develop in new directions.
3. The impacts often included increased trade and exchange of ideas, the rise of new social classes and power
History - Class 10 - Making a Global World - Inter disciplinary project (IDP)JohnDavidselva1
This document provides details about a student's history project on the topic of "Making a Global World". It includes sections on the objective, introduction, acknowledgements, certificate, contents, and the beginnings of the content covering the pre-modern world. Specifically, it explores how globalization has occurred through various means like trade, exploration, colonization and industrialization over history. It also discusses topics like the Silk Road, spread of crops and foods, impact of diseases, and how a more connected global economy and trade networks began emerging in the 19th century.
10 new world and columbian exchange readingfasteddie
The document discusses the results of the Age of Exploration following Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It notes that over 2,000 English words have Native American origins, including common words like barbecue, hammock, and hurricane. It also discusses how Europeans introduced new crops, minerals, and goods to the Americas and brought horses, cattle, and pigs, while devastating native populations through disease and warfare. Over the centuries, this exchange of people, plants, animals, technologies, and ideas fundamentally reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
Global convergence from 1400 to 1800 saw an acceleration in the exchange of ideas, goods, technologies, and peoples between Afroeurasia and the Americas. Knowledge, innovations, and religious beliefs spread widely via translation, printing, trade, exploration, and colonization. This integration of populations and cultures on a global scale introduced changes that increased interconnectivity and transformed societies in many parts of the world.
The document summarizes European expansion into the Americas beginning in the 15th century. It first discusses early Viking exploration led by Leif Erikson who established a short-lived settlement in Vinland (North America) around 1000 AD. Next it explains how technological and navigational advances in 15th century Portugal enabled more successful Atlantic exploration and led to Spain funding Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. Columbus' landing in the Bahamas began the massive Columbian Exchange between the Old and New Worlds and devastated indigenous populations through disease and war. Finally, it outlines the later Spanish and French colonial empires that sought wealth and conversion through differing approaches in the Americas.
The document provides information about the Renaissance period including:
- The Renaissance sparked tremendous developments in art, technology, science and other areas and represented a rebirth.
- Reasons for European exploration and travel during this period included adventure, overpopulation which drove the need for more land, religion, and wealth through trade routes to India.
- The European empires in the Americas had both advantages like new foods and expanded trade, and disadvantages like destroying native civilizations and introducing diseases.
- Leonardo Da Vinci remains famous for his masterpieces in painting and engineering designs, as well as for being a pioneering scientist and thinker that exemplified the Renaissance spirit.
The document discusses Native American, West African, and European societies prior to contact between the Old World and New World in 1492. It describes the political, social, and economic structures of these societies, including advanced civilizations in Mesoamerica and West Africa. Upon contact, European diseases devastated Native American populations while European powers conquered empires like the Aztecs and Incas. The Columbian Exchange introduced new crops, livestock, and diseases globally in one of the most consequential events in human history. European nations then competed to establish colonies in North America.
This document provides a summary of globalization prior to the modern era. It discusses how trade, migration, and the movement of ideas, goods, and pathogens connected the world even before recent times. Key points include:
1) Ancient travelers, traders, priests, and pilgrims traveled vast distances carrying goods, money, ideas, and diseases, linking regions through the Silk Road by at least the 1st century CE.
2) Major food crops like potatoes and staples from the Americas transformed diets and populations in Europe and Asia from the 15th century onward.
3) European conquest and colonization in the 16th-19th centuries was enabled not just by weapons but also epidemic diseases that devast
This document provides guidance on writing a Document-Based Question (DBQ) essay for AP history exams. It explains that a DBQ requires students to make an assertion defending a position using evidence from historical documents and outside knowledge. It outlines a six-step process for writing the essay, including reading the question, analyzing documents, forming a thesis, using a "Yes/But" strategy to address counterarguments, and writing the essay. It emphasizes analyzing rather than quoting documents, referring to documents by title not letter, and including specific historical examples to support the thesis.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in world geography that are important for understanding global history. It discusses different map projections and defines continents. Key points include: viewing Eurasia and Africa as a single landmass called Afroeurasia; the significance of seas within Afroeurasia in facilitating communication; the impact of the great arid zone and mountain ranges; and the role of winds, currents and major rivers in connecting different regions. The objective is for students to develop a mental map of the entire world in order to think globally.
This document provides an overview of key events in Big Era Two from 200,000 to 10,000 BCE:
- Homo sapiens evolved in Africa by 200,000 years ago and began migrating to Southwest Asia and other regions.
- Language allowed humans to exchange complex ideas, store knowledge across generations through culture, and continuously build upon ideas - a process known as collective learning.
- Collective learning through culture enabled humans to adapt to diverse environments more successfully than other species and migrate worldwide.
- Neanderthals and Homo erectus inhabited parts of Eurasia but went extinct as Homo sapiens populations expanded and cultural complexity accelerated after 40,000 years ago.
This document provides examples of interconnectedness and interdependence in globalization across several topics: multinational corporations and their large economic power; measures of economic activity like GDP and changes over time; international trade agreements like NAFTA and OPEC setting oil prices; worldwide stock market crashes and oil crises affecting many nations; debt and poverty issues especially in the global south; the shift to more women in the workforce; privatization policies promoted by organizations like the World Bank; and the formation of trade alliances like GATT and the WTO to establish global trade rules.
This document discusses several environmental and social issues: deforestation is caused by population growth and urbanization which destroys natural habitat and the ozone layer; emitting chlorofluorocarbons causes loss of the ozone layer which removes ultraviolet protection from the sun; emitting carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect and climate change; sulfur emissions from factories cause acid rain which destroys forests and biodiversity; technological and biological advances enable weapons that could lead to war or fall into the wrong hands; and population growth, war, and natural disasters can exacerbate hunger and starvation.
Social issues are moral problems that directly or indirectly affect members of society. The United Nations was founded in 1945 with the goals of preventing war and promoting human dignity. It has various agencies that provide aid to address economic and social problems. Agenda 21 from the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development outlined proposals for sustainable development actions. Non-governmental organizations work on issues like human rights, the environment, and disarmament to cultivate global perspectives.
Technological revolution costs and benefitsjwils165
The document discusses several areas of technology that have advanced and their associated benefits and drawbacks. It examines transportation, communication, space exploration, health care, and agriculture, noting how each has increased access, information, scientific knowledge, longevity and food production but also caused pollution, lack of privacy, high costs, genetic and ethical issues, and greater use of pollutants. Weaponry is mentioned as a deterrent but also risks getting into the wrong hands.
The document summarizes key events related to terrorism from 1972 to 2007. It begins by discussing the 1972 Munich Massacre where Palestinian terrorists took Israeli athletes hostage and killed 11 Israelis at the Olympics. It then outlines several major terrorist attacks including the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 sarin gas attack in Tokyo subway, and the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centers and Pentagon. The document concludes by describing Operation Enduring Freedom, the US military operation launched in 2001 against al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan and other regions.
1. 1
Big Era Six
The Great Global Convergence
1400 – 1800 C.E.
2. 2
The Great Global Convergence
Welcome
to
Big Era
Six!
Big Era Six
lasted from
1400 to 1800
CE.
Today
Era 3 Era 4 Era 5 Era 6 7 8 9
3. What was global convergence?
3
Converge
means to
come
together.
Change accelerated
when people,
resources, and ideas
from the whole world
came together.
That made the world
more like we know it
today—more modern!
Accelerate means
to speed up.
4. 4
Exchanges that began in
Afroeurasia during Big Era Five
continued to bring about change.
• Scholars translated books, taught others,
and worked to gain knowledge.
• Trade introduced people to new
products, increasing the demand for
luxuries.
• Money moved across countryside and
continents in exchange for goods.
• Religious ideas were hotly debated, and
missionaries spread religions to new
lands.
• Ruling groups debated laws, and military
struggles continued.
5. 5
Sciences, philosophy, and the arts
flowered in Europe after 1400.
“Knowledge of the Ancients”
entered Europe during the
12th century. Its origins
were Greek, Arabic, Chinese,
and Indian. It contained all
natural sciences, math,
applied sciences, and
philosophy.
Scholars
flocked to
Spain in the
1100s to
translate
books from
Arabic to
Latin.
Europeans
had some
catching
up to do.
Scholars
represented
the
heritage of
ancient and
eastern
knowledge
as a
“giant.”
6. 6
Rise of European Universities
Demand for education
stimulated the growth
of European
universities in major
towns.
These universities
introduced new
knowledge into the
curriculum.
7. Printing technology spread from China to Europe.
European and Korean artisans invented printing
with moveable metal type at about the same time.
7
• Gutenberg’s printing
press with moveable
type could reproduce
pages quickly, adding
woodcut illustrations.
• By the time he
invented his
printing press,
papermaking had
spread to Europe.
• In the first century of
printing, thousands of
books were sold and
added to Europe’s
growing libraries.
8. European religious and national conflicts that
lasted more than a century—to the mid-
1600s.
8
Religious institutions and ideas
changed with the times
• Martin Luther challenged the Catholic
Church’s authority and brought on the
Protestant Reformation after 1517. He
translated the Bible into German.
• Political leaders took sides, spawning
• Neo-Confucian
doctrines were
challenged by Wang
Yangming (1472-
1529) and his
followers,
emphasizing rational
thought and
reflection.
• International religious institutions developed,
such as Sufi orders in Islam, Catholic and
Protestant missionary orders in Christianity, and
Muslim reformist groups in Africa and Arabia.
9. 9
Asian commercial and political
voyages on the seas
continued.
Indian Ocean trade
routes attracted
merchants as they had
for centuries.
Zheng He, Admiral
of the Ming fleet,
made seven
voyages around the
Indian Ocean.
Ottoman naval vessels patrolled
the Mediterranean, the Black
Sea, and the Indian Ocean.
10. Technologies from Afroeurasia led to new
European ship designs in the 15th century.
10
Chinese
sternpost
rudder
Arab
Chinese lateen sail
compass
Muslim portolan
charts and maps
11. 11
Columbus
1492
Vasco da
Gama
1498
Magellan
1519
After 1415, European mariners made voyages
across the seas toward east and west. By 1519,
Spanish ships had circumnavigated the globe.
Others set out in search of wealth and adventure.
12. 12
Spanish conquistadors ended Aztec and
Inca rule and claimed their lands in
Mesoamerica and Andean South America.
Aztec
Empire
Mayan
States
Inca
Empire
In 1492, two
major empires
in the Americas,
the Aztecs and
the Inca, ruled
many people.
13. 13
Global convergence sped up the
dynamic of world change.
From 1400 to 1800
the rate of change
accelerated more
rapidly in many
areas of human
activity.
Ideas &
Inventions
States &
Empires
Population &
Environment
Trade &
Manufacturing
14. 14
The Great
Dying
The Great Dying was caused by
smallpox and other disease germs
carried by the conquerors. Native
Americans had no immunity to these
diseases.
By some accounts, the population of
the Americas fell from 22 million in
1500 to less than 1 million in 1640.
Population &
Environment
15. 15
Europeans brought
African slaves across the
South Atlantic to labor in
the colonies. The Atlantic
slave trade grew from
about 1,000 per year in
the early 1500s to nearly
80,000 per year at the
end of the 1700s.
Population &
Environment
17. 17
The Columbian Exchange
Population &
Environment
Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were
exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.
18. 18
The Columbian Exchange
New crops like
potatoes and beans
spread and
improved nutrition
worldwide.
Luxury products like
coffee, chocolate,
tea, tobacco, and
spices meant new
cultural habits for
those with money
to spend.
Population &
Environment
19. Environmental changes resulted
from introducing new species
19
Global cash crops
were grown on
large plantations
with slave labor.
Caribbean sugar plantation
1600s
Livestock
introduced to the
Americas changed
indigenous groups’
ways of life.
Plains woman hunting buffalo
1800s
Population &
Environment
20. 20
mining
Deforestation intensified with growth in
mining, shipbuilding, and plantation
boiling sugar
agriculture.
Population &
Environment
21. 21
World population grew a lot
during Big Era Six
The number of people in
the world increased about
2 ½ times between 1400
and 1800 CE
Population change in millions, 1400-1800 CE
400
300
200
100
0
1400 CE 1600 CE 1800 CE
China
India
Europe
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America
Growth differed
among world
regions.
Population &
Environment
22. 22
Islam and Christianity spread
with empires, trade, and
migration.
• Traders and Sufi orders
spread Islam in Africa and
Asia.
• The Ottoman Empire
expanded into eastern Europe,
and Islam spread into the
Balkans.
• Catholic missionaries and
religious orders followed the
spread of empires in Asia,
Africa, and the Americas.
• Protestants colonized North
America.
Population &
Environment
23. 23
Printed books carried more
and more information.
Ideas &
Inventions Page numbers, indexing,
and other citation systems
became common.
Scientists shared detailed
diagrams to replicate
experiments and
instruments.
Rich illustrations
stimulated interest in
literacy and learning.
Sharp, accurate
engraved
illustrations helped
spread innovative
inventions rapidly.
24. 24
Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler proved
that the earth was not the center of the
universe… but the Church opposed the
idea.
You mean
I’m not the
center of
everything?!
Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition, a
painting by Cristiano Banti, 1857
25. 25
Maps
reflected
discovery
and
colonization.
…and helped
exchanges of
knowledge
among people
in the world.
Ideas &
Inventions
26. 26
Maritime
technologies
continued to improve
after 1500.
•Mapping world wind
patterns and oceanic
currents.
•Ships were fully rigged
with sails for speed and
handling.
•Ships grew larger &
stronger (500 tons in
1450 to 2000 tons by
1590).
•The sextant greatly
improved navigation at
sea.
•Cannons and ammunition
improved.
Ideas &
Inventions
28. 28
Global artistic influences led to
new European industries.
Ottoman and Persian
ceramics led to Holland’s
Delft stoneware industry.
Chinese influence led English
manufacturers to try to make
“china” after they found the right
clay.
Trade &
Manufacturing
Chinese silks and Indian
cottons led to building of
English and French textile
factories.
29. 29
Banking and law served
new demands. Trade &
Manufacturing
• Accountants learned double-entry
bookkeeping with “Arabic”
numerals.
• Commercial law protected private
property and investments.
• More efficient bureaucracies and
taxation increased the power of
the government’s purse.
• European monarchs issued
charters to colonize overseas.
• Jurists experimented with civil
and constitutional law.
30. 30
Large bureaucratic
states in Afroeurasia
used gunpowder and
artillery to expand
trade and win
territory in several
parts of Afroeurasia.
Big Era Six
was the
first age of
global
empires.
States &
Empires
31. 31
Gunpowder empires in
Asia, Africa, and
Europe honed skills in
production of artillery
and handguns.
Persian, Indian, Turkish,
Chinese, Japanese, and
European artisans
experimented with steel
production for weapons.
States &
Empires
Land and maritime
empires battled over
control of trade,
resources, and
territory.
36. 36
Monarchs claimed
absolute power.
States &
Empires
Louis XIV
France
1643-1715
Catherine the Great
Russia
1762-1796
Elizabeth I
England
1558-1603
Philip II
Spain
1556-1598
Xizong
Ming China
1620-1627
Shah Abbas
Persia
1587-1629
Jahangir
India
1605-1627
Süleyman
Ottoman Empire
1520-1566
37. 37
Challenges to absolutism came from new
elites with ideas about human rights.
Charles I, beheaded in 1649
Charles I
1625-1649
King George III
1760-1820
Rebellion in American
Colonies 1776
Louis XVI
1775-1793
French Revolution
1789
States &
Empires
38. •Environmental change accelerated with the
Columbian Exchange, intensified resource
exploitation, and continuing deforestation.
•World population increased owing to
improved nutrition and migration. But Africa
gained only slowly due to slavery, and
native Americans suffered massive
population losses because of Old World
disease pathogens.
•Science, technology and cultural
development expanded with the invention
of printing and new knowledge
institutions—libraries, universities, and
museums.
38
Summary: global convergence led
to accelerating world change.
39. 39
Summary: global convergence led
to accelerating world change.
•World trade volume increased dramatically
and began to shift its center from Asia to
the Atlantic region.
•States increased their power with
gunpowder conquests and new sources of
mercantile wealth.
•In Europe rising economic elites enjoyed
growing wealth, which led them to
challenge old landed aristocracies and
monarchs.
40. 40
Is Big Era Six
the Modern World?
Are we
there
yet?
41. 41
Historians argue whether the world
became “modern” in Big Era Six.
Do you think
human society
was “there
yet” in Big Era
Six?
Wait until
you see
Big Era
Seven!
“Modernity” means
advanced, continuous
human development in
science, technology,
standards of living, and
social organization.