1) The document is a physics lesson from a teacher named Francesco in Taranto, Italy about the reflection of light in mirrors.
2) Francesco explains the laws of reflection - that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and that the incident ray, normal, and reflected ray are coplanar.
3) He demonstrates how to draw the virtual image of an object reflected in a flat mirror using rays and the laws of reflection.
detailed slide about microscope, its history, components of microscope, uses and care of bright field microscope, types of microscope, brightfield microscope, darkfield microscope, phase contrast microscope, fluorescence microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM)
detailed slide about microscope, its history, components of microscope, uses and care of bright field microscope, types of microscope, brightfield microscope, darkfield microscope, phase contrast microscope, fluorescence microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM)
To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microsco...Om Prakash
To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
ByOm Prakash
June 13, 2022
Write a Comment
on To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
Aim: To study principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
Table of Contents
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Light Microscopy
History:
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
Principles of Microscopy:
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Phase Contrast Microscope
Electron Microscopes
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
Also Read
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Light Microscopy
The light microscope is an instrument designed for the study of cells and tissues. It comprises of lenses that produce a magnified image of the object under study. The light microscope is considered to be a simple important invention that has contributed to the advancement of biological research.
History:
The ancient Greeks and Romans knew the use of Glass and quartz lenses. In the 14th century, spectacles and lenses were used to magnify objects. Galileo had constructed a microscope at the same time (1610). It was employed for the study of the arrangement of the compound eye of insects. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1674), the father of biology was the first to use the microscope for biological studies. His microscope has consisted of a single lens with a higher power of magnification. The compound microscope was constructed by Robert Hooke (1665) and is the forerunner of the present-day compound microscope.
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
The simple microscope distinguishes between two points that are less than 0.1mm apart when placed at a normal viewing distance of 25cm. The two points appear as one and the eye fails to resolve or distinguish them as two distinct points. Another limitation of the human eye is that it cannot resolve any image less than 5µm.
A simple microscope consists of a single convex lens or a combination of lenses that functions as a convex lens. A convex lens magnifies the objects and also helps to produce a magnified image of a near object which appears to be at the distance of distinct vision.
The magnification obtained with a convex lens can be easily calculated by the formula
M = 25/f + 1
Where f= focal length, 25 is the distance of distinct vision in cm.
Principles of Microscopy:
1. Resolving power: It is defined as the capacity of the microscope to distinguish images of two pointed objects lying very close together. If two points are at a distance of more than 0.2 µm, they will appear as two points in the microscope.
2. Limit of resolution: It is defined as the minimum distance at which two objects appear as two distinct objects or entities. It can be calculated as:
Limit of Resolution: 0.61λ/NA = 0.61λ/n Sin θ
Where 0.61 is the constant representing the minimum detectable difference in contrast λ = wavelength of illumination
NA = Numerical aperture, light gathering capa
Distinguish between specualr reflection and diffuse reflection.S.pdfarsmobiles
Distinguish between specualr reflection and diffuse reflection.
Solution
Most things that we see (people, cars, houses, animals, trees, etc.) do not themselves emit visible
light but reflect incident natural sunlight and artificial light. For instance, an apple appears a
shiny red color because it has a relatively smooth surface that reflects red light and absorbs other
non-red (such as green, blue, and yellow) wavelengths of light. The reflection of light can be
roughly categorized into two types of reflection:specular reflection is defined as light reflected
from a smooth surface at a definite angle, and diffuse reflection, which is produced by rough
surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions . There are far more occurrences of diffuse
reflection than specular reflection in our everyday environment
o visualize the differences between specular and diffuse reflection, consider two very different
surfaces: a smooth mirror and a rough reddish surface. The mirror reflects all of the components
of white light (such as red, green, and blue wavelengths) almost equally and the reflected
specular light follows the same angle from the normal, as does the incident light. The rough
reddish surface, however, does not reflect all wavelengths because it absorbs most of the blue
and green components, and reflects the red light. Also, the diffuse light that is reflected from the
rough surface is scattered in all directions.
Perhaps the best example of specular reflection, which we encounter on a daily basis, is the
mirror image produced by a household mirror that people might use many times a day to view
their appearance. The mirror\'s smooth reflective glass surface renders avirtual image of the
observer from the light that is reflected directly back into the eyes. This image is referred to as
\"virtual\" because it does not actually exist (does not produce light) and appears to be behind the
plane of the mirror due to an assumption that the brain naturally makes. The way in which this
occurs is easiest to visualize when looking at the reflection of an object to one side of the
observer, so that the light from the object strikes the mirror at an angle and is reflected at an
equal angle to the viewer\'s eyes. As the eyes receive the reflected rays, the brain assumes that
the light rays have reached the eyes in a direct straight path. Tracing the rays backward toward
the mirror, the brain perceives an image that is positioned behind the mirror. An interesting
feature of this reflection artifact is that the image of an object being observed appears to be the
same distance behind the plane of the mirror as the actual object is in front of the mirror..
Electron microscopy (EM) is a technique for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes
this action research is basically done on Class 7th students.. They feel difficulty on spherical mirrors and lenses.So, in this research I'll try to solve thei problems as much as I canr
To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microsco...Om Prakash
To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
ByOm Prakash
June 13, 2022
Write a Comment
on To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
Aim: To study principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
Table of Contents
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Light Microscopy
History:
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
Principles of Microscopy:
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Phase Contrast Microscope
Electron Microscopes
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
Also Read
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Light Microscopy
The light microscope is an instrument designed for the study of cells and tissues. It comprises of lenses that produce a magnified image of the object under study. The light microscope is considered to be a simple important invention that has contributed to the advancement of biological research.
History:
The ancient Greeks and Romans knew the use of Glass and quartz lenses. In the 14th century, spectacles and lenses were used to magnify objects. Galileo had constructed a microscope at the same time (1610). It was employed for the study of the arrangement of the compound eye of insects. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1674), the father of biology was the first to use the microscope for biological studies. His microscope has consisted of a single lens with a higher power of magnification. The compound microscope was constructed by Robert Hooke (1665) and is the forerunner of the present-day compound microscope.
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
The simple microscope distinguishes between two points that are less than 0.1mm apart when placed at a normal viewing distance of 25cm. The two points appear as one and the eye fails to resolve or distinguish them as two distinct points. Another limitation of the human eye is that it cannot resolve any image less than 5µm.
A simple microscope consists of a single convex lens or a combination of lenses that functions as a convex lens. A convex lens magnifies the objects and also helps to produce a magnified image of a near object which appears to be at the distance of distinct vision.
The magnification obtained with a convex lens can be easily calculated by the formula
M = 25/f + 1
Where f= focal length, 25 is the distance of distinct vision in cm.
Principles of Microscopy:
1. Resolving power: It is defined as the capacity of the microscope to distinguish images of two pointed objects lying very close together. If two points are at a distance of more than 0.2 µm, they will appear as two points in the microscope.
2. Limit of resolution: It is defined as the minimum distance at which two objects appear as two distinct objects or entities. It can be calculated as:
Limit of Resolution: 0.61λ/NA = 0.61λ/n Sin θ
Where 0.61 is the constant representing the minimum detectable difference in contrast λ = wavelength of illumination
NA = Numerical aperture, light gathering capa
Distinguish between specualr reflection and diffuse reflection.S.pdfarsmobiles
Distinguish between specualr reflection and diffuse reflection.
Solution
Most things that we see (people, cars, houses, animals, trees, etc.) do not themselves emit visible
light but reflect incident natural sunlight and artificial light. For instance, an apple appears a
shiny red color because it has a relatively smooth surface that reflects red light and absorbs other
non-red (such as green, blue, and yellow) wavelengths of light. The reflection of light can be
roughly categorized into two types of reflection:specular reflection is defined as light reflected
from a smooth surface at a definite angle, and diffuse reflection, which is produced by rough
surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions . There are far more occurrences of diffuse
reflection than specular reflection in our everyday environment
o visualize the differences between specular and diffuse reflection, consider two very different
surfaces: a smooth mirror and a rough reddish surface. The mirror reflects all of the components
of white light (such as red, green, and blue wavelengths) almost equally and the reflected
specular light follows the same angle from the normal, as does the incident light. The rough
reddish surface, however, does not reflect all wavelengths because it absorbs most of the blue
and green components, and reflects the red light. Also, the diffuse light that is reflected from the
rough surface is scattered in all directions.
Perhaps the best example of specular reflection, which we encounter on a daily basis, is the
mirror image produced by a household mirror that people might use many times a day to view
their appearance. The mirror\'s smooth reflective glass surface renders avirtual image of the
observer from the light that is reflected directly back into the eyes. This image is referred to as
\"virtual\" because it does not actually exist (does not produce light) and appears to be behind the
plane of the mirror due to an assumption that the brain naturally makes. The way in which this
occurs is easiest to visualize when looking at the reflection of an object to one side of the
observer, so that the light from the object strikes the mirror at an angle and is reflected at an
equal angle to the viewer\'s eyes. As the eyes receive the reflected rays, the brain assumes that
the light rays have reached the eyes in a direct straight path. Tracing the rays backward toward
the mirror, the brain perceives an image that is positioned behind the mirror. An interesting
feature of this reflection artifact is that the image of an object being observed appears to be the
same distance behind the plane of the mirror as the actual object is in front of the mirror..
Electron microscopy (EM) is a technique for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes
this action research is basically done on Class 7th students.. They feel difficulty on spherical mirrors and lenses.So, in this research I'll try to solve thei problems as much as I canr
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. My name is Francesco and I am a teacher of
Mathematics and Physics at the Scientific
High School "Giuseppe Battaglini" in Taranto
TARANTO
ITALYLogo «G. Battaglini»
3. The Scientific High School is a
school in which the sciences have
considerable importance
4. The disciplines I teach are the
subject of the second written test in
the final exams of the final year
5. Normally Mathematics and Physics
are not loved very much by Italian
students and by Italian people in
general
Vade
Retro
6. but many objects of every day life (hairdryer,
smartphones, televisions, etc.) without
science and mathematics, that is the basis of
all sciences, would not exist.
7. Today I'm going to show you a
typical simple physics lesson
that I teach in my school.
I tried to make it nice
(I HOPE!)
8. Let's start with a couple of questions
Someone will think
"Let's get off to a good start!!!"
9. Mirror, servant of my
cravings who is the most
beautiful in the realm?
Are the two images identically the same?
10.
11. Reflection is the phenomenon by
which a wave, which propagates
along the interface between
different means, changes direction
due to an impact with a reflective
material.
12. Examples of wave reflection
Light reflected from a mirror
A sound wave
reflected from a
mountain creating
the echo
13. The ray of incidence, the
perpendicular straight line to surface
at the point of incidence and the
reflected ray are coplanar
The first law of reflection says
14. Ƹ𝑖 Ƹ𝑟
Ƹ𝑖= Ƹ𝑟
The second law of reflection says
The angle of incidence ( Ƹ𝑖) is equal to
the angle of reflection ( Ƹ𝑟)
15. 𝜃
𝜃
90° − 𝜃 90° − 𝜃
The laws of reflection are also
used in the game of snooker
16.
17. In a mirror the images are formed
through the phenomenon of
reflection of the rays emitted by a
source on the mirror itself
18. A flat mirror creates a VIRTUAL image
because it is obtained by the apparent
intersection of light rays.
The object can be seen as if it were
placed behind the mirror.
The image is straight,
it has the
same symmetric size (lateral inversion)
at the right instead of the left
19. By placing a bright object in front of
a flat mirror and looking into the
mirror, the eye sees the image in a
position inside the mirror.
Light source
Mirror floor
20. The eye sees the image that is
obtained through the extensions of
the rays reflection.
For this reason, it is called Virtual
Light source
Mirror floor
Virtual image
21. How to draw with
ruler and compass
the image of a simple
object reflected in a
flat mirror
22. Step 1: Draw the perpendicular ray to
the mirror from the object head
23. The ray is reflected on itself ( Ƹ𝒊 = ො𝒓 = 𝟎°)
and, therefore,
I consider the extension within the mirror
24. Step 2: I conduct a second ray from the head of
the object and through the laws of reflection I
draw the extension of the reflected ray.
The two extensions meet at a point (P) that is
the head of the image
25. Step 3: I repeat the procedure (steps 1
and 2) for a point of the base
26. Step 4: Symmetrically I reproduce the
source in the virtual zone
(lateral inversion)
27. Let's go back to our evil queen
When you see it in the mirror ....
29. The evil queen sees her image that
is not real but virtual and
symmetrical (lateral inversion).
Maybe that's why Snow White is prettier?
I don't think so!
