This document discusses how Christianity has been assimilating elements of Hinduism in South India through a process called "Dravidian Christianity". It provides 3 key ways this has been done:
1. Fabricating a myth that St. Thomas visited South India and influenced Tamil classics, claiming this was an early form of Christianity rather than Hinduism. Archaeological evidence debunks this myth.
2. Aligning with the Dravidian movement starting in the 1900s to portray Hinduism as imposed by "evil" northern Aryans, while presenting Christianity and an imagined "Dravidian" spirituality as similar.
3. Christianizing elements of Tamil culture like festivals, art forms, and the popularization
The document discusses how Biblical myths were imposed as historical facts by European colonists to interpret and dominate non-Western cultures like India and Africa. It describes how the Biblical story of Noah's flood, the curse of Ham, and the Tower of Babel were used to map unfamiliar populations into a Biblical framework and justify the mistreatment of black Africans and Indians. It also examines how early Indologists like William Jones fitted Sanskrit literature and Indian history into a Biblical timeline to establish colonial dominance and the notion of Aryan invasion. The legacy of this "Imperial evangelism" still shapes the colonial Indological infrastructure and view of Indian communities through a Biblical lens.
Early vs late orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dr. ABIRAJ K R discusses the evolution of archwires over the last century. Material science advancements have led to new archwire materials with improved properties beyond stainless steel and gold alloys. Key developments include nickel-titanium, beta titanium, and newer thermally-activated alloys that deliver non-linear force through stress-induced structural changes. Proper understanding of an archwire's material properties is important for effective force delivery in orthodontic treatment.
This document discusses the management of deviated midlines. It notes that differential diagnosis is important to determine the cause of the midline deviation and appropriate treatment. Treatment may involve correcting dental asymmetries through orthodontics or expanding a narrow maxillary arch first if caused by a posterior crossbite. Functional appliances can be used to shift the mandible into the proper position if a skeletal deviation is present. Surgical correction may be needed for true skeletal asymmetries. The goal is to adapt the occlusion and correct dental or facial asymmetries causing the deviated midline.
Project Report on Indo Aryan Invasion theory ValidationVijay Raj Yanamala
The document is a seminar report on the Indo-Aryan invasion theory presented by a student. It summarizes archaeological evidence from the Indus Valley civilization that links the Indus Valley culture to the later Vedic culture. It also examines chronological evidence that refutes the notion of an Aryan invasion and instead indicates that Indo-Aryan peoples coexisted with Dravidians in India for thousands of years. Genetic evidence from autosomal DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosome testing of populations is presented that supports intermixing and common ancestry between groups rather than distinct races.
1. In the 18th century, the term "Aryan" was adopted to refer to ancient Indo-European language speakers as a whole, including groups across Europe and India.
2. Models of Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of early Indo-Aryans migrating to northwest India, with linguistic and some genetic evidence supporting migration claims.
3. More recent genetic studies found no evidence that castes in South Asia resulted from an Aryan invasion or subjugation of Dravidian people, suggesting castes developed from traditional tribal organizations during Indian society formation.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Harappan civilization that existed along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. It describes how the Harappan cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations of around 40,000 people each and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and organized drainage systems. The Harappans developed advanced civic architecture including granaries, wells, and public baths, demonstrating sophisticated urban planning and municipal government. However, the civilization's written records remain undeciphered, limiting understanding of its social and political structure.
The document discusses how Biblical myths were imposed as historical facts by European colonists to interpret and dominate non-Western cultures like India and Africa. It describes how the Biblical story of Noah's flood, the curse of Ham, and the Tower of Babel were used to map unfamiliar populations into a Biblical framework and justify the mistreatment of black Africans and Indians. It also examines how early Indologists like William Jones fitted Sanskrit literature and Indian history into a Biblical timeline to establish colonial dominance and the notion of Aryan invasion. The legacy of this "Imperial evangelism" still shapes the colonial Indological infrastructure and view of Indian communities through a Biblical lens.
Early vs late orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dr. ABIRAJ K R discusses the evolution of archwires over the last century. Material science advancements have led to new archwire materials with improved properties beyond stainless steel and gold alloys. Key developments include nickel-titanium, beta titanium, and newer thermally-activated alloys that deliver non-linear force through stress-induced structural changes. Proper understanding of an archwire's material properties is important for effective force delivery in orthodontic treatment.
This document discusses the management of deviated midlines. It notes that differential diagnosis is important to determine the cause of the midline deviation and appropriate treatment. Treatment may involve correcting dental asymmetries through orthodontics or expanding a narrow maxillary arch first if caused by a posterior crossbite. Functional appliances can be used to shift the mandible into the proper position if a skeletal deviation is present. Surgical correction may be needed for true skeletal asymmetries. The goal is to adapt the occlusion and correct dental or facial asymmetries causing the deviated midline.
Project Report on Indo Aryan Invasion theory ValidationVijay Raj Yanamala
The document is a seminar report on the Indo-Aryan invasion theory presented by a student. It summarizes archaeological evidence from the Indus Valley civilization that links the Indus Valley culture to the later Vedic culture. It also examines chronological evidence that refutes the notion of an Aryan invasion and instead indicates that Indo-Aryan peoples coexisted with Dravidians in India for thousands of years. Genetic evidence from autosomal DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosome testing of populations is presented that supports intermixing and common ancestry between groups rather than distinct races.
1. In the 18th century, the term "Aryan" was adopted to refer to ancient Indo-European language speakers as a whole, including groups across Europe and India.
2. Models of Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of early Indo-Aryans migrating to northwest India, with linguistic and some genetic evidence supporting migration claims.
3. More recent genetic studies found no evidence that castes in South Asia resulted from an Aryan invasion or subjugation of Dravidian people, suggesting castes developed from traditional tribal organizations during Indian society formation.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Harappan civilization that existed along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. It describes how the Harappan cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations of around 40,000 people each and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and organized drainage systems. The Harappans developed advanced civic architecture including granaries, wells, and public baths, demonstrating sophisticated urban planning and municipal government. However, the civilization's written records remain undeciphered, limiting understanding of its social and political structure.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
for online course please visit www.idalectures.com
for online interactive live courses/classes please visit
www.gotolectures.com.
Treatment of class ii non compliant /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Used in the right conditions, SFOA is highly successful and has a positive impact on the patients psychosocial status.A combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery approach is accepted as the standard of care for patients who have a severe skeletal jaw discrepancy with facial asymmetry.
But some disadvantages have been recognized.
One drawback is the long presurgical treatment time that typically worsens facial appearance and exacerbates the malocclusion. In some countries, these disadvantages have caused patients to seek plastic surgeons who are willing to perform orthognathic surgeries without collaboration with orthodontists or consideration for the final occlusion.
Recently, to address patient demand and satisfaction, the surgery-first approach was introduced to overcome some disadvantages associated with the conventional surgical orthodontic approach.1991-Brachvogel et al. suggested the potential advantages of a surgery-first approach.
In that article the advantages of post-surgical orthodontics are outlined as follows:
1) Orthodontic movement does not interfere with compensatory biological responses.
2) Dental movements can be based on an already corrected skeletal pattern.
3) Some surgical relapse can be managed during treatment.
2009: Nagasaka et al., popularized SFOA54. Nagasaka et al1 were among the first to actually carry out SFOA using miniplates for post-surgical orthodontic treatment
The 2011 symposium presented the surgery‑first approach and created broader interest in the complete elimination of time‑consuming preoperative orthodontic treatment
Tweed merrifield philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
---Activator and its modifications[14.9.16=8.29 pm]Sunil Sk
The document discusses functional appliances, specifically the activator appliance. It provides:
1. A brief history of functional appliances and the development of the activator by Andresen in the 1930s to guide mandibular positioning and muscle forces.
2. Two main theories for the activator's mode of action - the myotatic reflex theory proposed by Andresen and Haupl which suggests muscle stimulation and contraction causes skeletal adaptation, and the viscoelastic theory which proposes soft tissue stretching induces adaptation.
3. Key intended effects of the activator including sagittal and vertical skeletal changes through condylar growth modification as well as dentoalveolar guidance of tooth eruption.
Jainism originated in India and was founded by Jinas, or conquerors, who rediscovered the teachings of non-violence and asceticism. Followers believe in non-violence towards all living beings, and that the soul can achieve liberation from rebirth through ascetic practices and ethical living according to the teachings of the Tirthankaras. There are two major sects, Digambara and Shvetambara, who differ in practices such as ascetic nudity and idol worship. The goal of Jainism is the liberation of the soul from karmic bonds through ethical conduct, asceticism, and spiritual development.
This document provides an overview of how various drugs can affect orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs can inhibit tooth movement by reducing inflammation. It also addresses the effects of corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, and drugs used to treat osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The document aims to inform orthodontists about how commonly prescribed medications may interact with orthodontic treatment.
Refined begg – modifications and their rationale /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The McNamara analysis method relates craniofacial structures including teeth, jaws, and cranial base to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
2. For the patient, the analysis found a retrusive maxilla, decreased mandibular length and anteroposterior differential, reduced vertical proportions, and protrusive incisors.
3. The airway measurements were within normal limits, but other findings indicate the patient has a skeletal Class II malocclusion with a vertical growth pattern.
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Levelling and aligning in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Ancient india geography & climate origins of hinduism & buddhismjauntingjen
The ancient Indus Valley civilization arose around 2500 BC along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, exhibited sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, water and sewage systems. This civilization declined around 1700 BC for unknown reasons. Around 1500 BC, Indo-Aryan groups began migrating into northwestern India, blending with the local people and establishing the caste system that stratified society. Hinduism and Buddhism later emerged as major religions in India, influenced by geography and invasions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Temporo Mandibular joint (TMJ) importance in orthodontic treatment /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This chapter discusses how colonial administrators and evangelists invented racial identities and histories to divide populations in India. It explains how the concept of a distinct "Dravidian race" was fabricated by combining linguistic separatism, missionary interests, and ethnolinguistic scholarship. Key figures like Francis Whyte Ellis, Alexander Campbell, and Bishop Robert Caldwell promoted ideas that Tamil and other South Indian languages were unrelated to Sanskrit and belonged to non-Aryan Dravidians who were oppressed by invading Aryans. This helped establish a Dravidian identity and the notion of Aryan oppression. The chapter examines how Tamil literature and traditions like the Thirukural and Saiva Siddhanta were selectively appropriated and revised to link
Interconnectedness of religion , geography, culture and history.pptxShienajoyomallao
The document discusses the origins and histories of several major world religions. It notes that prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religious belief as far back as 40,000 years ago. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the development of several religions, including the origins of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and others. The document also discusses commonalities between the Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It explores the religious diversity of regions like India, West Asia, China, and how geography influenced the spread of religious and cultural beliefs.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
for online course please visit www.idalectures.com
for online interactive live courses/classes please visit
www.gotolectures.com.
Treatment of class ii non compliant /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Used in the right conditions, SFOA is highly successful and has a positive impact on the patients psychosocial status.A combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery approach is accepted as the standard of care for patients who have a severe skeletal jaw discrepancy with facial asymmetry.
But some disadvantages have been recognized.
One drawback is the long presurgical treatment time that typically worsens facial appearance and exacerbates the malocclusion. In some countries, these disadvantages have caused patients to seek plastic surgeons who are willing to perform orthognathic surgeries without collaboration with orthodontists or consideration for the final occlusion.
Recently, to address patient demand and satisfaction, the surgery-first approach was introduced to overcome some disadvantages associated with the conventional surgical orthodontic approach.1991-Brachvogel et al. suggested the potential advantages of a surgery-first approach.
In that article the advantages of post-surgical orthodontics are outlined as follows:
1) Orthodontic movement does not interfere with compensatory biological responses.
2) Dental movements can be based on an already corrected skeletal pattern.
3) Some surgical relapse can be managed during treatment.
2009: Nagasaka et al., popularized SFOA54. Nagasaka et al1 were among the first to actually carry out SFOA using miniplates for post-surgical orthodontic treatment
The 2011 symposium presented the surgery‑first approach and created broader interest in the complete elimination of time‑consuming preoperative orthodontic treatment
Tweed merrifield philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
---Activator and its modifications[14.9.16=8.29 pm]Sunil Sk
The document discusses functional appliances, specifically the activator appliance. It provides:
1. A brief history of functional appliances and the development of the activator by Andresen in the 1930s to guide mandibular positioning and muscle forces.
2. Two main theories for the activator's mode of action - the myotatic reflex theory proposed by Andresen and Haupl which suggests muscle stimulation and contraction causes skeletal adaptation, and the viscoelastic theory which proposes soft tissue stretching induces adaptation.
3. Key intended effects of the activator including sagittal and vertical skeletal changes through condylar growth modification as well as dentoalveolar guidance of tooth eruption.
Jainism originated in India and was founded by Jinas, or conquerors, who rediscovered the teachings of non-violence and asceticism. Followers believe in non-violence towards all living beings, and that the soul can achieve liberation from rebirth through ascetic practices and ethical living according to the teachings of the Tirthankaras. There are two major sects, Digambara and Shvetambara, who differ in practices such as ascetic nudity and idol worship. The goal of Jainism is the liberation of the soul from karmic bonds through ethical conduct, asceticism, and spiritual development.
This document provides an overview of how various drugs can affect orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs can inhibit tooth movement by reducing inflammation. It also addresses the effects of corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, and drugs used to treat osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The document aims to inform orthodontists about how commonly prescribed medications may interact with orthodontic treatment.
Refined begg – modifications and their rationale /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The McNamara analysis method relates craniofacial structures including teeth, jaws, and cranial base to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
2. For the patient, the analysis found a retrusive maxilla, decreased mandibular length and anteroposterior differential, reduced vertical proportions, and protrusive incisors.
3. The airway measurements were within normal limits, but other findings indicate the patient has a skeletal Class II malocclusion with a vertical growth pattern.
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Levelling and aligning in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Ancient india geography & climate origins of hinduism & buddhismjauntingjen
The ancient Indus Valley civilization arose around 2500 BC along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, exhibited sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, water and sewage systems. This civilization declined around 1700 BC for unknown reasons. Around 1500 BC, Indo-Aryan groups began migrating into northwestern India, blending with the local people and establishing the caste system that stratified society. Hinduism and Buddhism later emerged as major religions in India, influenced by geography and invasions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Temporo Mandibular joint (TMJ) importance in orthodontic treatment /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This chapter discusses how colonial administrators and evangelists invented racial identities and histories to divide populations in India. It explains how the concept of a distinct "Dravidian race" was fabricated by combining linguistic separatism, missionary interests, and ethnolinguistic scholarship. Key figures like Francis Whyte Ellis, Alexander Campbell, and Bishop Robert Caldwell promoted ideas that Tamil and other South Indian languages were unrelated to Sanskrit and belonged to non-Aryan Dravidians who were oppressed by invading Aryans. This helped establish a Dravidian identity and the notion of Aryan oppression. The chapter examines how Tamil literature and traditions like the Thirukural and Saiva Siddhanta were selectively appropriated and revised to link
Interconnectedness of religion , geography, culture and history.pptxShienajoyomallao
The document discusses the origins and histories of several major world religions. It notes that prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religious belief as far back as 40,000 years ago. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the development of several religions, including the origins of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and others. The document also discusses commonalities between the Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It explores the religious diversity of regions like India, West Asia, China, and how geography influenced the spread of religious and cultural beliefs.
This document provides background on the religious and social conditions in the Middle East prior to the prophethood of Muhammad. It describes how the major world religions had become distorted from their original teachings, with Christianity embracing the Trinity doctrine and idolatry. Judaism had been reduced to rituals without spirituality. Zoroastrianism in Persia and Buddhism had both incorporated idol worship. Arabia was immersed in polytheism, worshipping 360 idols in the Kaaba. Under the Byzantine and Persian Empires, the people suffered from oppressive taxes and persecution. Widespread corruption and lack of moral guidance prevailed.
This document provides background information on the major world religions prior to the rise of Islam, including their doctrinal issues and prevalence of idolatry. It describes how Christianity had become divided over the nature of Christ, Judaism had been reduced to rituals without spirituality, and Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Hinduism had all embraced idolatry. It also discusses the oppressive social and political conditions under the Byzantine and Persian empires, with excessive taxes and persecution of religious minorities. This set the stage for the emergence of a new message of monotheism from the Prophet Muhammad.
Hinduism and Buddhism originated in India and share some key beliefs. Hinduism developed over centuries without a single founder or set of ideas. It believes in reincarnation, where one's soul is reborn into new lives and karma determines the next life. The goal is to achieve moksha, or perfect understanding. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, who became the Buddha after gaining enlightenment. Buddhism rejects Hinduism's caste system and gods, and teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to achieve nirvana and break the cycle of reincarnation. Both religions spread from India to other parts of Asia.
Tricked by the light religion- the illuminati created solar myth & reinc...Deepak Somaji-Sawant
This document discusses the origins and teachings of Hinduism and Islam. It describes how Hinduism was influenced by Aryan invaders who established the caste system around 1500 BC. The caste system was designed to create spiritual bondage and control society through distorted religious beliefs like karma and reincarnation. It also summarizes how Islam originated with the prophet Muhammad, who received revelations from the angel Gabriel in the 7th century AD and traces some royal family lineages back to Muhammad.
India is located in South Asia and has New Delhi as its capital city. It has a long history dating back 4000-2500 BC and was home to ancient civilizations along the Indus River Valley. Some of the main aspects of India include its diverse geography from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the peninsular south. India is also culturally and linguistically diverse with over 20 official languages and religions that developed there like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Mahatma Gandhi was a famous leader who advocated for non-violence and helped India gain independence from Britain in the 20th century.
Buddhism Christianity Islam - ReligionsHear O World
Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam developed as institutionalized religions between the 1st and 7th centuries CE. As they spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe, each religion encountered new cultures and societies, adapting while also transforming local cultures. Buddhism spread from India to East and Southeast Asia, developing sects like Pure Land Buddhism in China. Christianity emerged from Judaism and expanded beyond Jews with the leadership of Paul. Islam was founded in the 7th century CE by the prophet Muhammad in West Asia. Both Christianity and Islam shaped the governments that promoted them, with Christianity influencing European empires and Islam providing the laws for Islamic empires.
02 Hinduism AINTRODUCTION THE MAIN PERIODS OF HINDUISMB.docxoswald1horne84988
02 Hinduism A
INTRODUCTION: THE MAIN PERIODS OF HINDUISM
Before we commence our study of the five religions in depth, we need to remind ourselves that the order in which the religions are being studied in this course in no way implies any relative inferiority or superiority. There is a logic behind the order; partially geographical and partially chronological. Essentially, we will first look at the two reincarnational religions of the Far East before studying the three Abrahamic religions of the Middle East. In each of these two families, we will introduce the members in historical order. Also, in each case, we will spend some time outlining some basic facts and features of the religion before focussing specifically on those issues that pertain to women. This will help to establish a foundation on which to build and in which to locate the gender-related material.
So, we begin our adventure with Hinduism. Most current census statistics claim that there are approximately 1.1 billion Hindus in the world today. This makes Hinduism the third largest religion in terms of numbers of followers, behind Christianity (2.3 billion) and Islam (1.8 billion). However, what is noteworthy about Hinduism is that most of its followers either live on the Indian subcontinent or are people of Indian background who have migrated to other parts of the world. Unlike faiths such as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism, the Hindu religion has never been particularly missionary. It does not see its role as persuading others to join its ranks or converting the world to its cause. Consequently, Hinduism is still very much linked to Indian ethnic groups wherever they may be found. Outsiders have converted to Hinduism over the centuries, especially Westerners who are attracted to the Hindu worldview, but these have never been in significantly large numbers.
The other noteworthy feature of Hinduism, which sets it apart from other major world religions, is that it does not have a historical founder. At the start of the Hindu story, there is no single person whose teachings and actions established Hinduism as a new religious movement. There is no equivalent to such figures as Moses, Buddha Gautama, Jesus of Nazareth or Muhammad in their respective traditions. This makes dating the beginning of Hinduism very tricky but most books on Hinduism locate its historical beginning during the 16th Century BCE[footnoteRef:1], when nomadic Aryan peoples from central Asia gradually subjugated the Dravidian civilisation of the Indus Valley (present-day Pakistan). According to this theory, the resultant mix of the Aryan and Dravidian cultures led to a social caste system and the composition of a new set of religious writings – the first Hindu scriptures. [1: We will be using the more neutral time reference system BCE and CE – before the Common Era and Common Era – instead of the Christian system BC and AD (before Christ and Anno Domini or “Year of the Lord”). However, the year numbers.
This document provides an overview of the religious and social conditions in the 6th century Middle East prior to the prophethood of Muhammad. It describes how the major world religions had become distorted from their original teachings, with Christianity embracing idolatry, Judaism reduced to rituals, Zoroastrianism following dualistic beliefs, and Buddhism and Hinduism immersed in idol worship. Socially, the Byzantine and Persian Empires oppressed their populations through excessive taxes and unjust treatment. Religious conflict was also widespread.
South Asian art and culture developed over millennia in the diverse region now comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan. The ancient Indus Valley civilization flourished as early as the 3rd millennium BC, building cities and crafting steatite seals. Later, Aryan peoples entering the subcontinent between 1800-1200 BC brought Hinduism, rooted in the Vedic hymns. Hinduism evolved as a diverse, polytheistic faith with regional variations. Major religious architecture like temples featured ornate carvings depicting gods and auspicious motifs. Alongside Hindu arts, Buddhism and Jainism arose in 6th century BC India and spread across Asia, while other faiths like Islam also
This book was written by the author in the context of impending partition of British India and its Dominions into India and Pakistan on the basis of religions. The author has discussed many aspects of such a division encompassing Nation State, Nationalities, Status of Minorities, Cultures, Religions, Economic, Financial, Political, Military and Defence, etc. On pages 30 to 40, he discusses the aspect of Religion, which is of particular interest in the now raging debate in India over Cow/Beef and Temple Desecration.
The document discusses the origins and history of Jainism in India. It begins by summarizing some key characteristics of Jainism, including its emphasis on asceticism and non-violence. It then examines early theories about the origins of Jainism, rejecting the idea that it originated from Buddhism or Vedic Brahmanism. Instead, it argues that Jainism's ascetic ideals can be traced to the pre-Vedic traditions of munis and sramanas in ancient India, as evidenced by Harappan archaeological sites. The document also discusses how Vedic culture was influenced by these non-Aryan ascetic traditions over time.
11.0005www.iiste.org call for paper.j punniyavathi mallika 51-60Alexander Decker
The document summarizes the early history of missionary work in Tamil Nadu by the Royal Danish Missionaries, German missionaries, and Swedish missionaries from the 18th to 20th centuries. It discusses how the Danish missionaries arrived in 1706 and established the Tranquebar mission, with Christian Frederick Schwartz being a prominent early missionary. It also notes that the Swedish missionary John Zacharias Kiernandar arrived in 1740 and was the first Swedish missionary in India. Finally, it provides details on some prominent Swedish missionaries in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, such as Carl Jacob Sandegren.
Indian Christian theology developed considering both spiritual inwardness and national development. In contextualizing the gospel in India, Indian Christians were influenced by these concerns. For the ancient St. Thomas Christians in India, Christianity was a way of life lived in their context rather than a set of doctrines. They expressed their profound theology through hymns, poetry, and prayers rather than creating an abstract theological system. Their relationship with other faiths and rejection of Western Christianity as the only true form were condemned by the Synod of Diamper in 1599.
The Council of Nicea in 325AD was the first ecumenical council of Christian bishops called by Constantine I to address disputes and promote unity within the church. The council established important doctrines such as the nature of God as three persons in one substance (homoousian), and issued canons governing church organization and administration. The Nicene Creed was formed and adopted, establishing foundational Christian doctrines and distinguishing Christianity from other religions and beliefs of the time such as gnosticism. The council helped to define orthodox Christian doctrine and ensured unity of the church across the Roman Empire under the emperor's authority.
The document discusses the integration and evolution of different religious traditions in India. It mentions that integration occurred through the spread of Brahmanical ideas and the reworking of beliefs of lower castes. It discusses differences between Tantric, Puranic, Vedic, and other traditions. It also discusses various figures like the Alvars, Nayanars, Lingayats who protested against caste system and patriarchal norms. It provides information on concepts like saguna and nirguna worship in bhakti movement as well as information on religious figures like Kabir, Tulsi Das, Chaitanya, Guru Nanak, Guru Gobind Singh, and Mirabai.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
3. Introduction
A series of processes in South India has started to assimilate
Hinduism into Christian(ity) history and dogma.
It uses a version of Dravidian history according to which St
Thomas came to India and that the Tamil classics were
composed under his Christian influence.
Tamil Classics are not Hindu – but a form of Christianity.
The Tamil Classics = Dravidian Christianity
4. Introduction
It is the Christian side that is co-opting the Dravidian side,
because of the former’s superior funding-capacity, its globally
positioned nexuses, and its long-term experience in strategic
thinking – all of which the former lacks.
The discourse further claims that Tamil spirituality got
infiltrated by ulterior Aryan influences, which contaminated
the purer Dravidian spirituality, and that this earlier
Dravidian spirituality was similar to Christianity.
5.
6. The Myth of St Thomas
St Thomas in India in 53 CE is a lingering medieval myth.
The peaceful apostle ministered to the dark skinned Indians, who turned on him and killed him.
‘Thomas Christianity’ for - everything positive in the south Indian culture.
Rejection by Indian Christian scholars
Father Henry Heras (1888–1955), the famed Jesuit Indologist, who hotly contested the claim
that Thomas’s grave had been found in Madras.
Revival of the St Thomas Myth
M. Deivanayagam – International Institute of Tamil Studies and the specially created Christian
Studies Chair at Madras University.
Fabricating St Thomas Dravidian Christianity
Fabrication of Archeological evidence
8. The birth of
Dravidian Movement
Robert Caldwell - Brahmins were Aryan invaders who subjugated the Dravidians
under a sacred pretext.
The crystallization of anti-Brahmin discourse into a political ideology.
The Justice Party - Tamil natives - 1916 - for promoting this ideology.
It allied with Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s separatist demands - By 1944, demanding the
establishment of Dravidasthan.
India’s Independence Day, 15 August 1947, as a ‘black day’
It led to formation of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, or DMK
9. 3.1.2. From
Dravidian Movement
to Dravidian Christianity
Until the late 1960s, the Dravidian movement was multi-religious and
unified across various religions, its identity being defined entirely by
language and ethnicity.
10. Evangelical Pseudo-scholarship - M. Deivanayagam
Was Thiruvalluvar a Christian? (1969)
St Thomas had converted Thiruvalluvar
Thirukural a Christian text written to oppose Brahmins
and Aryans.
Christianized interpretation
the glory of rain - Holy Ghost.
those who renounced the world - Jesus
Hindu Trinity - Christian trinity of the Father, Son and Holy
Ghost.
Political Support – DMK /Christian Institutions
12. Fabricating the
History of St Thomas
St Thomas visited India around 52
CE
Vedas were written after Jesus
Saivism, Vaishnavism and all
sculptural, iconographic, and
devotional developments in Hinduism
are traceable to the influence of
Thomas Christianity.
Brahmins, Sanskrit, and Vedanta are
evil forces that need to be eradicated
in order to re-purify Tamil society.
15. Jesuit archeologist
Fr H. Heras writes :
‘Some early Portuguese writers have kept the details of the
original account, and these details are quite enough for
disclosing the untruthfulness of the discovery’.
Another Christian scholar,
T.K. Joseph, states :
‘I am fully convinced that it has never been in Mylapore. I
have stated that many times’.
16. Archeological studies by the
Government of India confirm that the
Portuguese built the church on the
ruins of a Hindu temple.
17. One Study states :
“….Hence, in conclusion, one can state that the old
Kapaleeswara temple was destroyed by Portuguese in the
fifteenth century and was built in its present place by Nattu
Nayiniappa Muthaliar and son in the sixteenth century…”
Source : Rajasekharan, S. ‘Mylapore pilgrimage center – a historical and literary study’.
1989.
18. Nevertheless, these independent
reports are downplayed and
suppressed.
For example, in the sixth-standard social science textbook taught across Tamil Nadu,
it is blatantly stated as a matter of fact that St Thomas ‘stayed at St Thomas Mount
and preached Christianity. He was murdered due to religious strife. His body was
buried at Santome Church’.
19. St. Thomas myth
is not an isolated case
There are many instances where Christianity, in India, has deployed this strategy of
fabricating myth and distorting origin of sacred stories.
21. Fabricating the
‘Fifth Veda’
Robert de Nobili - masqueraded as a Brahmin -
claiming to have discovered “fifth Veda”
To show the entire Indian tradition to be a
corrupted subset of Christianity.
Max Muller expressed admiration for de Nobili’s
attempt:
. . . the very idea that he came, as he said, to
preach a new or a fifth Veda, which had been lost,
shows how well he knew the strong and weak
points of the theological system he came to
conquer.
22. Pierre Sonnerat (1748 – 814) :
Exposing it as a fraud
He studied with Brahmins to
understand the real Vedas, so as
to be able to authenticate this
fifth Veda.
He concluded that this document
was a fake and a fraudulent
mapping of Vedic spiritual
elements on to Christian
theology.
23. The impact of this propaganda….
The term Vetham (Vedic religion) is used by even common Hindus to refer to
Christianity. - The three southern districts of Tamil Nadu (Thirunelveli, Tuticorin and
Kanyakumari).
The term Vetha-koil (Vedic temple) refers to a church, and Vethaputhakam (Vedic text)
refers to the Bible.
Many Vedic terms are becoming Christianized :
Dharma Deepika - a missionary research journal
Jesus is the real Prajapati.
A dance-drama titled ‘Prajapathi
Vedas – the prophecy of Jesus arrival
24. 3.1.5. Decoupling
Tamil culture from Hinduism
Hindu traditions were positioned as separate, alien and fragmented,
while Christianity and Buddhism were presented as coherent religions.
25.
26. Siva and Nataraja Declared ‘Dravidian
Czech Dravidianist named Kamil V.
Zvelebil :
Although there exist a few pre-Chalukya,
pre-Vakataka and pre-Pallava
representations of Siva as a dancing
deity found in the North of India, there
can hardly be considered anything but
early precursors of the Siva Nataraja
theme.
27. Ignoring and suppressing counter
evidence such as :
The artifacts of Siva found in the Indus Valley civilization
Siva’s abode of Mount Kailash lies in Tibet
The Himalayas are regarded as his sacred geographySiva’s Ganga
flows in the North
The famous cave in Amarnath attracts pilgrims specifically because
of its Sivalinga
Archeological findings of Saivite sites in central Asia
28. Wicked Aryans = Brahmins
Equates Brahmins with Aryans, and describes
Hinduism as their mechanism to annihilate
Buddhism and Jainism.
Accusing Brahmins-Aryans of appropriating
Dravidian spirituality into Sanskrit models.
Wicked Aryans brought the social evils :
including the ‘overpowering growth of epic, puranic,
Aryan mythology;
Sanskritization of language; rigidization of ritual purity;
pollution paradigm; rigid casteism; the god-king idea
used in feudal structures; rigid and elaborate ritualism’.
29. Digesting Hinduism into Dravidian
Christianity in three simple steps :
Step 1 : Before Brahmins cheated and enslaved Tamil spiritually, it
was a primitive, pre-feudal culture that was ready for proper
Christianity.
Step 2 : The intervention by Brahmins caused harm, whereas the
‘upgrade’ by Christianity is what the Tamil people really needed in
order to have a valid religion.
Step 3 : Caldwell had proposed that once the deceit of Brahmins
was removed, the simple-minded Dravidians would be ready for
the evangelical harvest.
30. 3.1.6. Hinduism Declared
as Aryan-British Conspiracy
These St Thomas fabrications merged with earlier ideas about conquering
Aryans and caricatures of ‘evil’ Brahmins.
31. Deivanayagam’s
India in Third Millennium (2000)
‘….Aryans do not have a religion of their own. In reality, Aryans are a
people without any religion. They do not have any knowledge on the
concepts of monotheism, heaven, hell, rebirth and so forth. They used
to bake the meat of cattle and sheep in fire and eat it with drinks called
soma and sura. They were a gay people enjoying nature – worship,
dancing and singing folk songs. In course of time, these folk songs
were known as the ‘Vedic Hymns’ . . . The term ‘Aryan’ is a common
collective name given to the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Sakas,
Kushanas and Huns, all of whom were foreigners who entered India
without any religion of their own….’
33. I. Christianizing Hindu Festivals
Vijayadasami festival - Jehovah enlightened Jesus
Saraswati and Lakshmi have been replaced by the Christian saints
Paul and Sebastian.
Maha Sivaratri - the Messiah Night
34. II. Christianizing Hindu Art
Hindu art-forms and other aspects of the Vedic traditions are being
targeted by missionary-scholars for Christian infiltration and appropriation.
Foremost among them is Bharata Natyam.
Seeing it as heathen practice
U-Turn and Digestion :
Studying under Hindu Gurus
Excelling in it
Soon have conflict between Hindu art and Christian aesthetic & dogma
35. Example 1:
Father Francis Barboza
Dr Barboza has Christianized the Bharata
Natyam by inventing the following Christian
mudras:
God the Father; Son of God; The Holy Spirit;
The Risen Christ; Mother Mary; The Cross;
Madonna; The Church; and The Word of God;
as well as two postures: Crucifixion, and The
Risen Christ.
This strategy is strikingly similar to the
development of Christian Yoga - who take what
they want from yoga but reject or replace any
symbols or concepts that are too explicitly
Hindu.
36. Example 2:
Kalai Kaveri College of Fine Arts
Founded by a Catholic priest in 1977.
Its website’s home page shows Dr
Barboza’s ‘Christian mudras’ using the
Christian ‘Father Deity’ as the Bharata
Natyam mudra replacing thousands of
years of Hindu mudras
Twenty-fifth anniversary handbook,
resurgence, which reveals the time-tested
Christian technique of first praising Indian
spirituality and then mapping it to Christian
equivalents
37. Example 3:
Kalakshetra Academy of Dance and Music
She made it an acceptable norm for girls (and even
boys) from middle-class households to learn Bharata
Natyam.
Though operated like a modern institution, it functioned
as a traditional gurukula, focusing on prayers to the
deity Ganapati, vegetarianism, and a guru-shishya
relationship.
Throughout Tamil Nadu, the guru-shishya form of
decentralized, one on one learning spread in various
ways as part of this revival.
Stressing the Hindu Spiritual roots of Bharata Natyam
Rukmini Devi
Arundale (1904–86)
38. Example 3:
Kalakshetra Academy of Dance and Music
It was captured by Christian evangelists led by
Leela Samson.
In 2005, Samson was appointed as the new
director of Kalakshetra.
In 2006, she provoked a media storm by justifying
the elimination of the spiritual roots of Bharata
Natyam. Ex: Removing Ganapati images.
Sri Sri Ravi Shankar’s Health and Bliss course
labeled as Hindu religious course. So Kalakshetra
students need not participate in it
Ms. Leela Samson
39. Example 3:
Kalakshetra Academy of Dance and Music
The certificate that was designed by
Rukmini Arundale with Narthana
Vinayakar, had the emblem of Siva on it.
The present certificate has been changed
and is without any Hindu symbols.
Comparing Hindu deities with Walt
Disney’s characters, Batman and ‘the
strange characters in Star Wars.
Ms. Leela Samson
41. Propagation of
Dravidian Christianity
Since 2000, the St Thomas Dravidian Christianity hoax has
been taken to the public square of Tamil Nadu and has
received support from international forces that are tangibly
hostile to India.
This part traces this development through a series of
conferences that served to forge close collaborations between
India based and foreign-based interests.
42. Propagation of
Dravidian Christianity
Caste problems = Brahmin-Aryan conspiracy.
Dravidian Christianity was offered as the solution.
Caste = Race. India was the mother of international racism.
India as a Dravidian Christian nation.
Dravidian identity and Christianity for evangelizing the Tamil
diaspora.
Dravidian mysticism, literature, sculpture, and dance were really
manifestations of Christianity - rooted in the work of St Thomas.
43.
44. 2000: Seminar on ‘Dravidian Religion to
Eradicate Casteism’
Dravidians - free themselves from the ongoing Aryan oppression.
When Dravidians are called upon to declare their religion, they
should opt to declare it as ‘Dravidian Religion’ or by some other
acceptable term, which has a historic basis.
They should shun Hinduism, which has been harmful for the great
Dravidian identity.
45. 2001: India Declared the Mother of
International Racism
Deivanayagam and his daughter Devakala distributed their book,
International Racism is the Child of India’s Casteism.
Conspiracy by Hinduism, Brahmins, and Aryans was responsible for
virtually every social problem worldwide.
Shankar Mutts : historical source of all racism ‘throughout the world’
To eradicate racism from the world, casteism should be removed from
India.
46. 2005: New York Conference on Re-imagining
Hinduism as St Thomas Dravidian Christianity
India’s classical traditions had been shaped out of Christianity. The
official statement mentions :
“Christianity in Tamil Nadu . . . was a very potential force and its ethics
and other theological codes find powerful expression even in
secular Tamil Classics like Thirukural and Naladiyar……Christianity
was deeply rooted in the Indian milieu, thanks to the works of
proselytism by men of eminence, starting from St Thomas……Its
presence is felt in all religions of India in various forms. Its impact on
the emergence of Mahayana Buddhism, especially in the
conception of the Bodhisatva as well as the second coming of the
Maitreya Buddha, is indeed marvelous”.
47. 2005: New York Conference on Re-imagining
Hinduism as St Thomas Dravidian Christianity
“..I am confident that the breadth of
resources presented during the
conference will shed light on the
impact of Christianity on medieval
and classical Indian and its effect on
the cultural and political climate of
India and throughout the world…”
Hillary Clinton
48. 2006: Dravidian Christianity Becomes
an International Movement
Immediately after the New York conference, Deivanayagam’s
supporters in the US formed a World Tamil Spiritual Awareness
Movement.
Deivanayagam has evolved from a small-time, discredited crackpot
to a powerful catalyst who is bringing together Christian evangelists
and Dravidian separatists.
Hinduism as: ‘heresy of the Thomas Christianity in India’.
49. President Bush’s Advisor Propagates
Dravidian Christianity
How did Jesus Change Hinduism?
Prior to the arrival of Christianity, the
Indian religions were either based on
animal sacrifices or were atheistic (by
which he means Buddhism and
Jainism). It was St Thomas who gave
Indians the religion of salvation by faith,
without any need for animal sacrifices.
Marvin Olasky
World Magazine
50. Vyasa was a
Thomas-Christian
Dr J. David Baskara Doss
“The contribution of Vyasa school of thought in the Indian cultural
background needs a thorough investigation, for it is harmonious
with the doctrine of Christianity”
Hindu-Christian Similarities : A Christian ploy to dupe Hindu gurus.
51. 2007: Second International Conference on
the History of Early Christianity in India
The success of the New York Conference of 2005 led to the second
conference on ‘early’ Indian Christianity, in 2007 in Chennai.
The influence of Christianity in Siddha literature. Excerpt :
The aim of this paper is to bring out the influence and impact of
Christianity and teachings of Christ on these [Siddhas’] strange
voices of the religious world. . . . The paper tries to prove that the
reasons behind the boldness of Tamil Siddhas could be
understood only when we indentify the influence of Christian
teachings in them
52. Three steps to convert
Shakti into the Holy Ghost
1) The first goal is to decouple Tantra and related feminine
empowerment away from Hinduism and identify it with Dravidian
‘tribalism’.
2) This break up of Hinduism then makes it vulnerable to further
manipulation.
3) The next project is to transform and assimilate components of
Hinduism, like Tantra and Shakti, into Christianity.
53. Distorting Devi Kali’s iconography
Kali’s iconography is meant to signify her
fight against light-skinned Aryans.
To export divisiveness within India by
appealing to Tamil people as victims of
Aryan hegemony.
All the heads, all the corpses are male
and have either a white or swarthy
complexion: no women, no dark skinned
people.
54. 2008: First International Conference on
the Religion of Tamils
Dravidian spirituality should find its fulfillment in Jesus
Humanity originated in Lemuria or Kumari Kandam
Tamil had been the fount of civilization.
Migration myths narrated in the Bible were linked with Tamil places
and Indus Valley Civilization
55. Baptizing
Indian Art History
Devakala - almost all
major Hindu-Buddhist
sculptures were claimed
to represent either
Christian or Christian-
influenced doctrines.
56. 3.3. Dravidian Academic-
Activist Network Outside India
After the Second World War, the academic center of gravity for
ethno-linguistic research shifted from England to the United States,
especially Harvard, Yale, and the University of California at Berkeley.
61. Oxford-Yale Origins of the
Dravidian Linguistic Canon
A landmark in the development of
separatist Dravidian ideology.
Emeneau - India as ‘a Linguistic
Area’.
Linguistic fragmentation of
communities in India.
Construction of sub-national
identities based on claiming
linguistic disconnectedness among
various groups of Indians. Emeneau (1904–2005) &
Thomas Burrow (1909–86)
of Oxford University.
62. Thomas Burrow : Loanwords in
Dravidian Language
Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford from 1944 to 1976.
‘loanwords’ in Dravidian languages from Indo-Aryan.
Dravidian languages were older than Sanskrit and that
Sanskrit appropriated the Dravidian vocabulary.
63. Emeneau - Belated Doubts
In 1980, he stated that the words loaned from Dravidian into Indo-
Aryan are ‘in fact all merely suggestions’; ‘all etymologies are in the
last analysis unprovable’; and that such theories are ‘acts of faith’.
But such belated backtracking was too mild and too late, because
by then the academic speculation about a Dravidian substratum
had already become entrenched and assumed a life of its own.
64. From linguistics
into the grassroots politics
The Emeneau–Burrow thesis had very quickly travelled far from
linguistics into the grassroots politics of separatism, and the
retraction by Emeneau was simply ignored.
Scholars who didn’t accept the Aryan/Dravidian colonial framework
were sidelined in the academy as well as in popular Tamil circles.
Dravidian discourse was now very political, and had become
hardened in the hands of separatist ideologues.
65. Dictionary = Dravidian Separatism
Etymological Dictionary was cited with increasing frequency
throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the period that also witnessed
frenzied ascendancy of Dravidian politics in Tamil Nadu.
Were academic Dravidianists encouraging politics of separatism on
the ground? Or was the ground politics in India demanding academic
credibility from abroad?
67. C.N. Annadurai (1909–69)
Yale University continued to play a role by
nurturing the career of a prominent
Dravidianist politician, C.N. Annadurai (1909–
69), who was the chief minister of Tamil Nadu
from 1967 to 1969.
In 1949, he helped found the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a political party
with separatist views. This party continues to
dominate politics in Tamil Nadu today.
68. Annadurai
on fragmentation of India :
‘…India is a continent; it should be divided into a number of
countries. . . . Aryan influence increases within a single country
called India. Welfare of the other races is crushed under Aryan
rule. Uniting different races under a single country leads to
rebellions and troubles. In order to prevent such troubles and
bloodshed in India, we should divide India according to racial
lines now. . . . The reason one race has not choked another race
to death in India so far is the British guns. When the British
leave, India will become a killing field….’
71. The South Asia Residual
Vocabulary Assemblage (SARVA)
Michael Witzel, Wales Professor of Sanskrit at Harvard University.
Franklin C. Southworth, University of Pennsylvania, who as we noted
earlier, was opposed to interpreting the Tamil-Sanskrit relationship as a
one-way asymmetric one, until he got involved with SARVA.
Steve Farmer, who worked for the American National Security
Administration (NSA) in the 1960s, and claims to be ‘independent’ of any
particular institution.
72. SARVA: Goals
Establish the separate identities among various Indian tribes, by
showing their linguistic separation from Sanskrit.
Reinterpret their oral narratives in a manner that maximizes the
difference from or opposition to Sanskrit culture.
Develop a history that shows these tribes’ ancestors to be the
inhabitants of the Indus-Sarasvati civilization, prior to ‘foreign
Aryans’ colonizing them, overrunning them, pushing them into the
South, and oppressing them.
73. Balkanization of India
In this manner Dravidians, and subsequently smaller tribal and/or
social groups, have been handed politicized identities that position
them as hypothetical historical victims in their relationships to the
population of the rest of India.
This systematic balkanization of India will continue until India is
ultimately represented at the level of tiny, independent, unconnected
communities as the social unit.
Maoist separatist violence – providing intellectual fodder for NGO’s
claims of separatist histories and identities.
74. Tribal identity politics
Tribals are not Hindu.
Tribal groups are identified and alienated from their shared Indian
heritage.
NGO programs - ‘leadership training’ and ‘youth empowerment’ -
divisive history of separatism into young people.
The same tribal groups have been subjected to new conversion
efforts by evangelical Christians.
75. Crossing the boundary
of pure academics
It gathers data from the fringes of India, processes it with ideological
motives, and supplies it to the US policymakers dealing with India.
78. The Berkeley Tamil Chair (BTC)
George L Hart
Dravidianist propaganda - the ‘cunning Brahmin
responsible for all social evils.
Tamil literature - ethnically different from the Vedic
traditions and the remainder of Indian literature.
Organizing forums - to reinforce Dravidian
separatist.
An India that does not speak Hindi and looks back
to nearly two-thousand years of tradition outside of
Sanskrit.
79. The Berkeley Tamil Chair (BTC)
Ramayana as ‘a strange work’ -
contradictions between ‘Brahminical
thought’ and ‘martial valor’.
Ramayana - ‘subtle’ way to oppress the
Dravidians.
This nuanced anti-Brahminism is
camouflaged in academic language.
In this manner, India’s classics are
deconstructed as a method to tease out
the oppression inherent in Indian
civilization.
80. The First Visiting Professor : BTC
Previously visited the United States in 1987 to
attend a linguistic conference.
The Mormon Bible reminded him ‘of a
prominent religious literature in Tamil,
Tiruvachagam. I love America.
On India :
Discriminating against Tamil citizens.
A torture camp for religious minorities.
Sexual assault on Christian nuns’
Professor Ilakkuvanar Maraimalai
82. Bryan Pfaffenberger
University of California at Berkeley
Tamil Eelam- Tamil separatists to the
state they hoped to create in Sri Lanka.
Promoted and legitimized by American
academics.
Encyclopedia of World Cultures -
promotes the separate nation of the
people of Tamil Eelam.
Compared the Sri Lankan Tamil conflict
to the Kashmir conflict.
84. FeTNA
While it calls itself ‘a literary, educational, cultural, charitable,
secular, and nonpartisan organization’, FeTNA has been accused
of supporting LTTE.
FeTNA uses its US academic links to spread demonic images of
Indian society, with the help of Tamil Nadu-based Dalit activists.
California controversy - Social Studies school textbooks - ‘the early
Tamil texts clearly distinguish between Tamils and Aryans’
85. Conclusion:
It is obvious that the colonial constructs of previous centuries
have transformed themselves subtly, yet persistently, today. They
have become more radical, and hence, more dangerous than
before.
The institutional mechanisms and networks that keep these
constructs alive do so for various political, economic, and
theological vested interests.
In general, such academicians have become tools in
facilitating strategic Western interventions.
Editor's Notes
Pg. 89
Pg. 89
Pg. 89
Pg. 91
Pg. 92
Pg. 92 -93
Pg. 96
Pg. 96-97
Pg. 96-97
Pg. 93
Pg. 100
Pg. 101
Pg. 101
Pg. 101
Pg. 108
Pg. 108 ----- He wanted to eat no meat, and wear wooden clogs and a saffron robe instead of the traditional Jesuit black cassock.
Pg. 108 - 109 ---- In 1774, a French naturalist and explorer named Pierre Sonnerat visited India with a copy of this Ezour Vedam.
109 -110
Pg. 103
Pg. 104
Pg. 104 -105
Pg. 105-106
Pg. 107
Pg. 102
Pg. 102 --- By 2004, evangelical missionaries were attending his formal courses that are up to six months of duration (as of 2010)
Pg. 111
Pg. 111 ---- Navratri is a festival worshipping the divine Mother Goddess for nine continuous nights. The tenth day marks an important south Indian Hindu tradition known as Vijayadasami (called Dussehra in North India). This is an auspicious day for Hindus in South India to initiate their children into literacy.
Pg. 112 /115
Pg. 116
Pg. 116
Pg. 114/120
Pg. 120 - 122
Pg. 120 - 122
Pg. 125
Pg. 125
Pg. 125
Pg. 126
Pg. 127
Pg. 127 -128
Pg. 130
Pg. 131
Pg. 135 - 136
Pg. 136
Pg. 137 -138 ---- Many Hindus, including gurus, are duped into thinking that this kind of thesis showing Hindu-Christian similarities is a genuine way
to promote harmony or to show the equal validity of both faiths. In fact, many Hindu leaders actively promote this kind of cross-mapping
of Hinduism on to Christian reference-points and frameworks. They are unaware that they play into the hands of a carefully formulated
strategy for not only conversions, but also for the manufacture of a distinct non-Hindu and non-Indian ethnic identity for Tamils, run by
a well-managed machinery.
Pg. 139 -- The proponents of Thomas Dravidian Christianity basically re-quoted each other’s old papers as authoritative references to substantiate their preposterous claims. Indian audiences and readers were fed this as scholarship that had been accepted in the USA, and this boosted its credibility.
Pg. 140
Pg. 140 -141
Pg. 143 -144
Pg. 146
Pg. 154 ---- What started out as a linguistic speculation among Western academicians about classical India has been turned into a mechanism for intervention and domination through a divide-and-rule methodology.
Pg. 157
Pg. 156
Pg. 157
Pg. 156
Pg. 157 ---
This implied that India was a geography co-inhabited by unconnected language groups reflecting a long history of conflicts and conquest without any
history of kinship, an idea which became a powerful tool for further anthropological and linguistic fragmentation of communities in India.
Pg. 157 -158
Pg. 158
Pg. 159 – 160 --- Once the Dravidian identity was successfully separated and put in tension with other Indians, it became co-opted by numerous geopolitical forces, such as African nationalism, fostering a racial bond with Dravidians, Christians penetrating the Dravidian identity politics to Christianize the populace, Dalit caste mobilization seeking
to assimilate Dravidians within the Dalit identity, and various permutations and combinations of these.
Pg. 159
Pg. 160
Pg. 160
Pg. 161
There were forces in the United States which covertly supported Annadurai’s separatist ideology during the Cold War, as a ploy to counteract Nehru, who was tilting towards the Soviets, and thereby undermine what US policymakers regarded as the Nehruvian threat from the Third World. The 1962 Chinese invasion of India created
a strong wave of Indian nationalism and led to a constitutional amendment that made separatism illegal. That is when DMK dropped the secessionist part of its official ideology