India is located in South Asia and has New Delhi as its capital city. It has a long history dating back 4000-2500 BC and was home to ancient civilizations along the Indus River Valley. Some of the main aspects of India include its diverse geography from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the peninsular south. India is also culturally and linguistically diverse with over 20 official languages and religions that developed there like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Mahatma Gandhi was a famous leader who advocated for non-violence and helped India gain independence from Britain in the 20th century.

1. India
Professor Ms. Sharon De Los Reyes
Submitted to:
Rodylyn V. Velasquez
Submitted by:
Afro-Asian Literature

2. India
• World 7th largest country located in South Asia
• India and Bharat are same official name
• Derives fron Indus River by Greek
• India Civilization grew up in the Indus Valley 4000 to 2500 BC
• New Dheli capital of India

3. 3 Main Topographic Region
• Himalayan Mountain system to the North
• Northern plain drained by the Indus Ganges
and Brahmaputra rivers in North Central India
• Peninsular India in the South
 The earliest Indians may have migrated from
Australia and the Pacifi Islands

4. Four Major Languages:
Indo - Arab branch of the Indo-European (the major
linguistic family in Europe)
Dravidian language group
Hindi, the forth most widely spoken language in the world
Indo- Aryan

5. Religion
Four Major Religious traditions have
emerged from this area:

6. Hinduism
• adherent to the proscription againts violence toward living
things can scape from the cycle.
• oldest religion in the world
• world's third largest religion, with over 1 billion followers
or 15% of the global population, known as Hindus.
• started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE

7. Jainism (and Islam)
• non-violence is a core religious duty and
followed so strictly that the most orthodox
devotes cover their faces with mask to prevent
accidentally harming insect.
• With 6-7 million followers, Jainism is smaller
than many other major world religions.

8. Buddhism
• non violence is manifest in the Buddha's emphasis
on compassion and is also part of the faith's moral
code (more on love)
• the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 500
million followers or 7% of the global population,
known as Buddhists.

9. Sikhism
• Guru Nanak was the founder of the religion of
Sikhism
• rom Sikh, meaning a "disciple", or a "learner"
• monistic religion and states that there is one supreme
entity holding control of the entire universe.
• one of the youngest of the major world religions.

10. Indian Caste System
• Brahmins - priest and the highest caste
• Kshatriyas -warriors and kings
• Vaishyas - merchant
• Shudras - manual labourers
• Dalits or untouchables - cleaning streets and working
with the human and animal corpses and waste. (lowest
people in the society)

11. Mahatma Gandhi
• born in Pobandan India on Oct. 2 1869
• Died Jan. 30, 1948 assassination by shooting
• his father was a chief minister for the marahaja of Porbandan and the family came from the traditional caste of grocers and money lenders.
• his mother was a devout adherent Jainism, a religiousin which ideas of non-violence and vegetarianism.
• Gandhi stated that he was most influencial by his mother.
• he married by arrangement at 13
• he went to london to study law when he was 18
• he works for an Indian firm in South Africa. he experiences of overt racial discrimination.
• he assumed leadership of protest campaign and gradualy developed his techniques of nonviolent resistance known as Satyagraha.
• gandhi also fought to improved the status of the lowest classes of society, the castles untouchables, whom he called Harijans.
• he believed in manual labor a simple living, non-violence or non-injuru is a percept common to three faiths, HINDUISM, JAINISM and BUDDHISM

12. Literature
• Sanskrit Literature - Oral tradition produced the Vedic holy text
• Mahabharata and Ramayana - two great books, sources of countless literary.
• 400 BC PANINI produced his Sanskrit grammar
• Second Century AD - Prakrits being used in literature
• Middle ages Sanskrit - used in religious context by priesthood
• Ghazal - stylized form of lyrical folk song and notable exponent of the form.

13. Famous Writers:
Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Jayashankar Prasad - (1889-1937) introduced black verse in sonnet into
indian poetry.
 Arunacala Cavi - developed a utilitarian prose syle
 Madhusudan Dutt - wrote the first play modeled on western drama
 Sir Rabindranath Tagore - introduced the short story to vernacular writing in india
 Laksminath Bezbarua and Muhammad
Iqbal - major poet of the period.

14. History of Indian two periods
1. The Vedic period - The Vedic period (or Vedic age) (c. 1500 – c. 500
BCE) was the period in Indian history during which the Vedas, the
oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed.
2. Sanskrit period - They are divided into two main groupings—the
NATURAL epics, i.e., those derived from old stories, and those which
come from artificial epics called kavya. The oldest and most
representative of the natural school is the Mahabharata, while the
oldest and best-known of the artificial epics is the Ramayana.

15. Religous Works
Poetry
 The Rig Veda - a book of sacred hymns
 The Yugar Veda - a book of knowledge and melodies for
the hymn
 The Sama Veda - description of the materials for sacrifice
 The Atarva Veda - contains magic spells and other folk
knowledge
 The Bramanas
 The Upanishads
 Maya
 The Sutras
Special works
 Epics
 The Mahabharata
 Bragabad Gita
 Nala and Dayamanti
 The Ramayana
Dramas
 The Toy clay dart
 Sakuntala or the Fatal ring
 The Jatakas
 The Panchantantra
 Romanorum
 The Hitopdesa
 The Sukaptati

16. Ganesh -also known as Ganapati and Vinayaka, is one of the best-known
and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon
Brahma - is the creator god in the Trimurti of Hinduism. He has four faces.
Brahma is also known as Svayambhu (self-born), Vāgīśa (Lord of Speech)
Shivas - destroyer - Hebrew word "shiva" means "seven", and the official
shiva period is seven days. The day of the funeral is counted as the first day
of shiva, even though the practice does not begin until after the mourner(s)
arrive at the designated location following the funeral.
Vishnu - preserver, the second member of the Trimurti, along with Brahma
the Creator and Shiva the Destroyer.

17. Reincarnation and Karma
Reincarnation
 is the belief that the soul repeatedly goes to a cycle of being born into a body, dying, and being
reborn again in a new body.
Karma
 a force that determines the quality of each life, depending on how well one behaved in a past life.
Hinduism says we create karma. If you live a bad life, you create bad karma.

18. Moksha
Each time a Hindu soul is brn into a better life, it has the opportunity to improve itself further, and get
closer to ultimate liberation. One attains Moksha when one has “overcome ignorance” and no longer
desires anything at all. The ones who reach this state no longery struggle with cycle of life and death.
way to get to Moksha is to not create any karma.
Sacred Writing
• The Vedas collection of Sanskrit (wrtten down 1200-900BCE, but based on the Oral version)
• The Upanishads - which means the inner or the mystic teaching that were passed down from
guru(teacher) to diciple (student)

19. Mahabharata
• Mahabharata, Sanskrit for great story is one of the grest epic poems of ancient
India. It was written between 300 BC and AD 300. The Story is about the
battle of one family ovder a kingdom in northern india.
• The Bhagavad Gita (Song of God) is contain in the Mahabharata. It is dialog
between Krishna and the hero Arjuna on the meaning of life.
• Krishna and Arjuna

20. Ramayana
Ramayana was written in 3rd Century BC, and tells a story of Rama,
and his wife Sita. Rama and Sita are generally seen as ideal examples of
great manly heroism and wifely devotion. Reciting the Ramayan is
considered a religious act, and scenes from the epic are portrayed
throughout India and South East Asia.

21. Hindu Life Goal
• Hinduism is about the sort of life one should lead in order to be born into a better
life next time and ultimately achieve liberation.
There are four legitimate goals in life
 dharma (appropriate living)
 artha (the persuit of material gain by lawful means)
 kama (delight of the senses)
 moksha (release from rebirth)

22. Hindu Duties
Each Hindu has four daily duties
 Revere the deties
 Respect the ancestors
 Respect all being
 Honor all humankind

23. references
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism
• https://images.rambler.ru/search?query=mahatma%20gandhi
• https://images.rambler.ru/search?query=new%20delhi
• https://images.rambler.ru/search?query=himalayan%20mountain
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period