Hemoglobin and myoglobin are two important proteins involved in the transport...tekalignpawulose09
1. Hemoglobin:
• Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs of the body.
• It consists of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group with an iron atom that binds to oxygen.
• Hemoglobin also helps in the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.
• The function of hemoglobin is vital for the body's oxygen transport system and overall metabolism.
2. Myoglobin:
• Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle tissues and serves as an oxygen reservoir for muscle cells.
• It contains a single heme group that binds to oxygen, similar to hemoglobin.
• Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells and releases it when needed, helping in the supply of oxygen during muscle activity.
• This protein helps muscles sustain aerobic metabolism and endurance during physical activities.
6) transport of oxygen and carbon dioxdideAyub Abdi
lecture 6: transportaion of both gases need a hemoglobin and part of them are transported by plasma. if Hb is low the saturation of oxygen also low and leads a hypoxia, fatigue, dyspnea, etc. in other hand acidosis can occur.
Hemoglobin and myoglobin are two important proteins involved in the transport...tekalignpawulose09
1. Hemoglobin:
• Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs of the body.
• It consists of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group with an iron atom that binds to oxygen.
• Hemoglobin also helps in the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.
• The function of hemoglobin is vital for the body's oxygen transport system and overall metabolism.
2. Myoglobin:
• Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle tissues and serves as an oxygen reservoir for muscle cells.
• It contains a single heme group that binds to oxygen, similar to hemoglobin.
• Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells and releases it when needed, helping in the supply of oxygen during muscle activity.
• This protein helps muscles sustain aerobic metabolism and endurance during physical activities.
6) transport of oxygen and carbon dioxdideAyub Abdi
lecture 6: transportaion of both gases need a hemoglobin and part of them are transported by plasma. if Hb is low the saturation of oxygen also low and leads a hypoxia, fatigue, dyspnea, etc. in other hand acidosis can occur.
Once the oxygen diffuses across the alveoli, it enters the bloodstream and is transported to the tissues where it is unloaded, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be expelled from the body. Although gas exchange is a continuous process, the oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by different mechanisms.
What You’ll Learn to Do
Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported from body tissues to the lungs
Hemoglobin is a protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. It is made up of four heme groups, each bound to a globin protein chain. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's oxygen balance and is essential for overall health. Variations in hemoglobin levels can indicate different health conditions, such as anemia or dehydration.
complete information related to hemoglobin , its structure, functions etc.
oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve, items essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin , destruction of hemoglobin into heme & globin portion, abormal derivatives of hemoglobin .
iron its metabolism,absorption,storage etc is also given
applied physiology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Once the oxygen diffuses across the alveoli, it enters the bloodstream and is transported to the tissues where it is unloaded, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be expelled from the body. Although gas exchange is a continuous process, the oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by different mechanisms.
What You’ll Learn to Do
Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported from body tissues to the lungs
Hemoglobin is a protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. It is made up of four heme groups, each bound to a globin protein chain. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's oxygen balance and is essential for overall health. Variations in hemoglobin levels can indicate different health conditions, such as anemia or dehydration.
complete information related to hemoglobin , its structure, functions etc.
oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve, items essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin , destruction of hemoglobin into heme & globin portion, abormal derivatives of hemoglobin .
iron its metabolism,absorption,storage etc is also given
applied physiology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. • Introduction
• Oxygen bind to Hb
• Structural change in Hb
• Oxygen delivery and CO2 pickup
• Bohr effect
• Haldane effect
3. • The Bohr effect was first described in 1904 by Christian Bohr,
a Danish physiologist.
• The bohr effect explains how pH and concentration of carbon
dioxide affect the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin
• The Hb affinity for oxygen is inversely related with the acidity
and concentration of the CO2.
• Haldane effect is property of heamoglobin first described by
Jhon Scott Haldane
• Haldane effect describes the ability of the heamoglobin to
carry increased mounts of carbon dioxide in the deoxygented
state as opposed to the oxygenated state.
4. Once oxygen has entered the
blood from the lungs, it can be
bound by haemoglobin in red
blood cells.
Haemoglobin is a protein
comprised of four subunits: two
alpha subunits and two beta
subunits.
Each subunit has a hem group in
the centre that contain iron and
bind one oxygen molecule.
5. • This means each haemoglobin molecule can bind four
oxygen molecules, forming oxy-haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin molecules with a greater number of
oxygen molecules bound are brighter red.
• This is why oxygenated arterial blood is brighter red
and deoxygenated venous blood is darker red.
6. • Haemoglobin changes shape based on the number of
oxygen bound to it.
• The change in shape also alter its affinity to oxygen.
• As the number of oxygen molecules bound to
haemoglobin increases, the affinity of haemoglobin
for oxygen increases. This is known as cooperativity.
7. When no oxygen is bound, the haemoglobin is said to
be in the Tense state (T-state), with low affinity for
oxygen.
At the point where oxygen first binds, the
haemoglobin alters its shape into the relaxed state
(R-state), which has the high affinity for oxygen.
8. • Oxygen is mostly transported in the blood bound to
hemoglobin
• If PO2 increases Hb binds O2
• If PO2 decreases Hb releases O2
• 4 O2 bind to the each haemoglobin which has 4 heme
group
• 3% oxygen dissolved in plasma and 97% of oxygen
bound to haemoglobin (Oxyheamoglobin)
9.
10.
11. • Carbon dioxide and H+, produced by actively
respiring tissues, enhance oxygen release by
haemoglobin.
• At lower pH, salt bridges (ionic bonds) form that
stabilizes the T-state.
• The N-terminal amino groups of the alpha subunits
and the C-terminal histidine of the beta subunits are
protonated in the T-state.
12. • In tissues the pCO2 is high and pO2 is low.
• In RBC the pO2 is high and pCO2 is low.
• So the CO2 react with the H2O from RBC in the
presence of carbonic anhydrase to form the carbonic
acid which make the blood more acidic and facilitate
the O2 unloading from the Hb.
13.
14. R IGHT SHIFT
• Hb has low affinity for
oxygen
• Oxygen unloading is high
• Release oxygen more
readily
• Bind to oxygen is less
quickly
LEFT SHIFT
• Hb has high affinity for
oxygen
• Oxygen loading is high
• Releases oxygen less readily
• Bind to oxygen more
quickly
15. • 2,3-Biphosphoglycerate is the most abundant organic
phosphate in the erythrocyte.
• The 2,3-BPG produced from 1,3-DBG, an
intermediate of glycolytic pathway.
• The 2,3-BPG, bind to deoxy-Hb (not to oxy-Hb) and
decreases the oxygen affinity to Hb and stabilizes the
T-state
16. • When T-form reverts to the R-state , the 2,3-DBG is
ejected.
• The reduced affinity of O2 to Hb facilitates the
release of O2 at the partial pressure found in the
tissues
• 2,3-DBG shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the
right
• The high affinity of fetal blood (HbF) is due to the
inability of gamma chain to bind with the 2,3-DBG
17. • The reduced Hb has the low affinity to the oxygen at
acidic condition ( low pH) or high concentration of H+
• The reduced Hb has high affinity to the H+ and CO2
• So deoxy haemoglobin pick up the H+ and CO2 and
deliver in lungs and excreted in the environment