This document analyzes the relationship between total ozone content and solar ultraviolet index over different regions in India from 2006-2010. It finds that total ozone content and UV index are inversely related, with higher ozone leading to lower UV levels. UV index is highest in southern India and decreases with increasing latitude. Both ozone and UV levels vary seasonally and annually, with maximum values in May and minimum in December/January. The study aims to better understand how ozone impacts UV exposure in India.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and its ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
DR. BARKHA GUPTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY)
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (PGIVER), JAIPUR RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES (RAJUVAS), BIKANER
YouTube Channel: Barkha’s Vet Sphere
This document provides an introduction to UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses how UV-Visible spectroscopy uses electromagnetic radiation ranging from 100nm to 700nm and involves the absorption of this radiation by molecules. The principle is that molecules containing bonding and nonbonding electrons can absorb energy in this range, becoming excited to higher molecular orbitals. The key components of a UV-Visible spectroscopy instrument are described as the light source, sample holder, monochromator, detector and data output. Applications include qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds as well as detection of impurities and functional groups.
This document provides an overview of UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses the history and development of UV-visible spectrometers. It explains that UV-visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of UV or visible light by a sample. This can provide information about molecular structure through electronic transitions. The document also outlines the Beer-Lambert law and how it relates absorbance to concentration. It describes instrumentation components and electronic transitions involved. Applications like detection of impurities and structure elucidation are also mentioned.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a technique that uses electron beams to produce high-resolution images of samples. SEM has higher magnification and resolution than optical microscopy. The document discusses the history, components, working principles and applications of SEM. It provides details on different SEM types including conventional SEM, environmental SEM and low vacuum SEM and factors to consider when purchasing an SEM instrument. SEM is widely used in various fields to image morphology, examine composition and crystal structure at micro and nano scales.
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
UV spectroscopy involves promoting electrons from the ground state to excited states of molecules using ultraviolet radiation between 200-400 nm. The absorption of this radiation can be quantified using Beer's law and plotted in an absorption spectrum showing the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) and intensity (εmax). Chromophores are functional groups that absorb UV radiation, while auxochromes modify the absorption by inducing bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic, or hypochromic shifts.
The document summarizes the principles and components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. It discusses how Isaac Newton and Joseph von Fraunhofer made early contributions to spectroscopy. The key components of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer include a light source, monochromator, sample holder, detector, and signal processor. The monochromator separates light into wavelengths and the detector measures light intensity. UV-Vis spectroscopy provides information on functional groups and chemical structure by measuring absorption of light across wavelengths.
The document discusses UV-Visible spectroscopy. It begins by introducing the principles of spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopy. It then covers various concepts related to UV-Visible spectroscopy including electronic transitions, absorption and intensity shifts, Beer's law, instrumentation, choice of solvent, and applications. The key components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer are described including the light source, monochromator, sample holder, and detector. Common types of light sources and monochromators such as filters, prisms and gratings are also discussed.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and its ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
DR. BARKHA GUPTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY)
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (PGIVER), JAIPUR RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES (RAJUVAS), BIKANER
YouTube Channel: Barkha’s Vet Sphere
This document provides an introduction to UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses how UV-Visible spectroscopy uses electromagnetic radiation ranging from 100nm to 700nm and involves the absorption of this radiation by molecules. The principle is that molecules containing bonding and nonbonding electrons can absorb energy in this range, becoming excited to higher molecular orbitals. The key components of a UV-Visible spectroscopy instrument are described as the light source, sample holder, monochromator, detector and data output. Applications include qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds as well as detection of impurities and functional groups.
This document provides an overview of UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses the history and development of UV-visible spectrometers. It explains that UV-visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of UV or visible light by a sample. This can provide information about molecular structure through electronic transitions. The document also outlines the Beer-Lambert law and how it relates absorbance to concentration. It describes instrumentation components and electronic transitions involved. Applications like detection of impurities and structure elucidation are also mentioned.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a technique that uses electron beams to produce high-resolution images of samples. SEM has higher magnification and resolution than optical microscopy. The document discusses the history, components, working principles and applications of SEM. It provides details on different SEM types including conventional SEM, environmental SEM and low vacuum SEM and factors to consider when purchasing an SEM instrument. SEM is widely used in various fields to image morphology, examine composition and crystal structure at micro and nano scales.
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
UV spectroscopy involves promoting electrons from the ground state to excited states of molecules using ultraviolet radiation between 200-400 nm. The absorption of this radiation can be quantified using Beer's law and plotted in an absorption spectrum showing the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) and intensity (εmax). Chromophores are functional groups that absorb UV radiation, while auxochromes modify the absorption by inducing bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic, or hypochromic shifts.
The document summarizes the principles and components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. It discusses how Isaac Newton and Joseph von Fraunhofer made early contributions to spectroscopy. The key components of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer include a light source, monochromator, sample holder, detector, and signal processor. The monochromator separates light into wavelengths and the detector measures light intensity. UV-Vis spectroscopy provides information on functional groups and chemical structure by measuring absorption of light across wavelengths.
The document discusses UV-Visible spectroscopy. It begins by introducing the principles of spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopy. It then covers various concepts related to UV-Visible spectroscopy including electronic transitions, absorption and intensity shifts, Beer's law, instrumentation, choice of solvent, and applications. The key components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer are described including the light source, monochromator, sample holder, and detector. Common types of light sources and monochromators such as filters, prisms and gratings are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible Spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles including electromagnetic radiation, interaction of radiation with matter, and electronic transitions. It describes Beer-Lambert's law and how absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Different types of electronic transitions like σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π*, and n→π* are explained. Instrumentation components like radiation sources, monochromators, sample holders and detectors are briefly outlined. Key terms like chromophore, auxochrome, bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift, hyperchromic effect and hypochromic effect are also defined.
This document discusses UV-Visible spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction and overview of spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. It then covers the principles of spectroscopy, including the interaction of radiation with matter and quantitative and qualitative analysis. Laws of spectroscopy like Beer's Law and Lambert's Law are also presented. The document discusses instrumentation components like the source, slits, and detector. It concludes with some applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy like qualitative and quantitative analysis and identification of functional groups.
UV/visible spectroscopy involves using electromagnetic radiation in the UV and visible light range to analyze samples. Key principles are that different functional groups and molecular structures absorb radiation at characteristic wavelengths. Absorption of light causes electronic transitions between molecular orbitals. The Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, with molar absorptivity coefficients describing this relationship. Absorption spectra provide information to identify compounds and determine concentrations.
Energy Absorption in Radiobiology
Ionization vs. Excitation
Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing Radiation
Absorption Mechanisms
Ionization by alpha particle, Xray & neutron
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are optical sensors that can detect minute changes in the refractive index near a metal surface. They have various applications in biomedical sensing, environmental monitoring, and more. SPR sensors can be classified as surface plasmon polariton-based or localized surface plasmon resonance-based. Sensitivity, detection limit, and dynamic range are important characteristics. SPR sensing can be performed through angular modulation, wavelength modulation, intensity modulation, or phase/polarization modulation. Diffraction gratings and prism couplers are common methods used to excite surface plasmons. Localized SPR sensors offer advantages like simpler instrumentation but lower sensitivity compared to SPR sensors.
The document summarizes the four main types of interactions that can occur between laser radiation and biological tissues: photochemical, photothermal, photoablative, and photomechanical. It provides details on the laser parameters and intensities required for each interaction and describes the resulting biological effects, such as chemical changes, heating, ablation of material, and cavitation. Photochemical interactions occur at low intensities and involve chemical reactions. Photothermal interactions produce heating effects. Photoablation removes layers of material at very high intensities. Photomechanical interactions generate shock waves and cavitation bubbles through plasma formation.
This document provides an overview of UV/Visible spectroscopy. It discusses electromagnetic radiation, electronic transitions that can occur when molecules absorb UV-Visible light, and the principles of spectroscopy including Lambert's law and Beer's law. It describes factors that can cause shifts in absorption maximum wavelengths and intensities, such as auxochromes, solvents, conjugation, and pH. Finally, it lists some applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy like qualitative and quantitative analysis, detection of impurities and isomers, and determination of molecular weight.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is an analytical technique that bombards a sample surface with a primary ion beam, causing charged secondary ions to emit. These secondary ions are then analyzed using mass spectrometry to determine their mass-to-charge ratios. SIMS has high sensitivity and can detect elements down to parts-per-million or parts-per-billion levels. It provides both elemental and molecular composition of solid surfaces with good depth resolution and lateral resolution in the 2-5 nm and 20 nm to 1 μm range, respectively. SIMS finds applications in composition analysis, depth profiling, trace detection in semiconductors, and imaging of surfaces.
This presentation include the detailed explanation of various parts of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and two types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers-Single beam and Doube beam. It also include the comparison between single beam and double beam spectrophotometers.
This document provides an introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis. It defines spectroscopy as the study of interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It describes the wave and particle properties of electromagnetic radiation and defines key terms related to waves like wavelength, frequency, speed of light. It discusses the components of optical instruments for spectroscopy including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, radiation transducers, and signal processors. It also explains the differences between atomic and molecular transitions and different types of spectra.
ASSESMENT OF FAULT ACTIVITY a mineralogical perspective_RadwanOmar Radwan
This document outlines a term paper on assessing fault activity from a mineralogical perspective. It discusses electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating of faults. EPR dating measures radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in minerals to determine the accumulated radiation dose over time. This can date fault movements by dating minerals crushed during faulting or precipitated in fault zones. The document presents a case study of the Eupchon Fault in South Korea, where EPR dating of fault rocks indicates reactivation approximately 2000, 1300, 900-1100, 700-800, and 500-600 thousand years ago, showing it is potentially active with seismic hazards.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) works by scanning a probe over a sample surface to build up a topographic map with single-atom level resolution without the need for sample preparation. It was invented in 1986 by Binning and first used a cantilever with a diamond tip. The main components are a microscope stage to move the tip and sample, control electronics, and a computer. A piezoelectric transducer moves the tip while a force transducer senses the force and feedback control maintains a set force. There are different imaging modes including contact, non-contact, and tapping modes that use repulsive or attractive forces between the probe and sample. AFM can image a variety of biological and material science samples with limitations
This document discusses instrumentation used in fluorimetry. It describes various light sources like mercury arc lamps, xenon arc lamps, and tungsten lamps. It also discusses filters, monochromators, sample cells, and detectors like photomultiplier tubes that are used. Different types of fluorimeters are described, including single beam, double beam, and spectrofluorimeters. Finally, some applications of fluorimetry are mentioned such as determination of inorganic substances, use in nuclear research, as fluorescent indicators, and in organic analysis.
Surface Plasmon Resonance,
Surface Plasmons:
Plasmons confined to surface (interface) and interact with light resulting in polarities.
Propagating electron density waves occurring at the interface between metal and dielectric.
Ch.2 Solar radiation and the greenhouse effectUsamaAslam21
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and the geometry of the Earth-Sun relationship. It discusses how solar radiation reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves carrying energy. The spectrum of solar radiation contains ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The maximum intensity occurs in the visible region. Solar radiation that reaches Earth without passing through the atmosphere is known as extraterrestrial radiation. Upon entering the atmosphere, solar radiation is reduced and consists of both direct beam radiation and diffuse sky radiation scattered by atmospheric constituents. The document also describes key geometric relationships between Earth and the Sun including latitude, longitude, declination angle, and hour angle.
It is spectroscopy technique to determine number of hydrogen atoms present in the molecules and atoms.It is useful method for separation of molecules and compounds from mixtures components highly recommended in pharmaceutical and chemical engineering fields.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter such as atoms, molecules, or ions. It uses electromagnetic radiation of specific wavelengths or wavelength ranges to qualitatively or quantitatively analyze matter. Spectroscopy deals with absorption, emission, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation when it interacts with matter. The interaction depends on the energy of the radiation, with more energetic radiations like UV and x-rays potentially causing electron ejection, and less energetic ones like infrared inducing molecular vibrations or microwave causing molecular rotation. Spectroscopy is widely used to study the internal structure of organic and inorganic compounds and has advantages like being non-destructive, sensitive, and requiring small sample sizes.
The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and ultraviolet spectroscopy, explaining that UV spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of UV or visible light, which provides information about electronic transitions in molecules. It describes the components of a UV spectrometer and the principles of absorption spectroscopy. Various applications of UV spectroscopy in forensic science are also outlined, such as identifying illegal substances or determining the number of inks in questioned documents.
Ultraviolet spetroscopy by Dr. Monika Singh part-1 as per PCI syllabusMonika Singh
UV Visible spectroscopy as per PCI syllabus: Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations.
This document analyzes the sufficient number of diversity antennas needed for 64 QAM modulation over wireless fading channels with different Rician K factors. It calculates the absolute and relative diversity gains in SNR to determine the sufficient number. Simulation results show that for 64 QAM, the sufficient number of antennas is 4 for K=0 dB, 2 for K=6 dB, and 1 for K=12 dB. Higher K values decrease the diversity gain, meaning diversity is less useful at higher Rician factors.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible Spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles including electromagnetic radiation, interaction of radiation with matter, and electronic transitions. It describes Beer-Lambert's law and how absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Different types of electronic transitions like σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π*, and n→π* are explained. Instrumentation components like radiation sources, monochromators, sample holders and detectors are briefly outlined. Key terms like chromophore, auxochrome, bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift, hyperchromic effect and hypochromic effect are also defined.
This document discusses UV-Visible spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction and overview of spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. It then covers the principles of spectroscopy, including the interaction of radiation with matter and quantitative and qualitative analysis. Laws of spectroscopy like Beer's Law and Lambert's Law are also presented. The document discusses instrumentation components like the source, slits, and detector. It concludes with some applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy like qualitative and quantitative analysis and identification of functional groups.
UV/visible spectroscopy involves using electromagnetic radiation in the UV and visible light range to analyze samples. Key principles are that different functional groups and molecular structures absorb radiation at characteristic wavelengths. Absorption of light causes electronic transitions between molecular orbitals. The Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, with molar absorptivity coefficients describing this relationship. Absorption spectra provide information to identify compounds and determine concentrations.
Energy Absorption in Radiobiology
Ionization vs. Excitation
Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing Radiation
Absorption Mechanisms
Ionization by alpha particle, Xray & neutron
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are optical sensors that can detect minute changes in the refractive index near a metal surface. They have various applications in biomedical sensing, environmental monitoring, and more. SPR sensors can be classified as surface plasmon polariton-based or localized surface plasmon resonance-based. Sensitivity, detection limit, and dynamic range are important characteristics. SPR sensing can be performed through angular modulation, wavelength modulation, intensity modulation, or phase/polarization modulation. Diffraction gratings and prism couplers are common methods used to excite surface plasmons. Localized SPR sensors offer advantages like simpler instrumentation but lower sensitivity compared to SPR sensors.
The document summarizes the four main types of interactions that can occur between laser radiation and biological tissues: photochemical, photothermal, photoablative, and photomechanical. It provides details on the laser parameters and intensities required for each interaction and describes the resulting biological effects, such as chemical changes, heating, ablation of material, and cavitation. Photochemical interactions occur at low intensities and involve chemical reactions. Photothermal interactions produce heating effects. Photoablation removes layers of material at very high intensities. Photomechanical interactions generate shock waves and cavitation bubbles through plasma formation.
This document provides an overview of UV/Visible spectroscopy. It discusses electromagnetic radiation, electronic transitions that can occur when molecules absorb UV-Visible light, and the principles of spectroscopy including Lambert's law and Beer's law. It describes factors that can cause shifts in absorption maximum wavelengths and intensities, such as auxochromes, solvents, conjugation, and pH. Finally, it lists some applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy like qualitative and quantitative analysis, detection of impurities and isomers, and determination of molecular weight.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is an analytical technique that bombards a sample surface with a primary ion beam, causing charged secondary ions to emit. These secondary ions are then analyzed using mass spectrometry to determine their mass-to-charge ratios. SIMS has high sensitivity and can detect elements down to parts-per-million or parts-per-billion levels. It provides both elemental and molecular composition of solid surfaces with good depth resolution and lateral resolution in the 2-5 nm and 20 nm to 1 μm range, respectively. SIMS finds applications in composition analysis, depth profiling, trace detection in semiconductors, and imaging of surfaces.
This presentation include the detailed explanation of various parts of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and two types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers-Single beam and Doube beam. It also include the comparison between single beam and double beam spectrophotometers.
This document provides an introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis. It defines spectroscopy as the study of interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It describes the wave and particle properties of electromagnetic radiation and defines key terms related to waves like wavelength, frequency, speed of light. It discusses the components of optical instruments for spectroscopy including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, radiation transducers, and signal processors. It also explains the differences between atomic and molecular transitions and different types of spectra.
ASSESMENT OF FAULT ACTIVITY a mineralogical perspective_RadwanOmar Radwan
This document outlines a term paper on assessing fault activity from a mineralogical perspective. It discusses electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating of faults. EPR dating measures radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in minerals to determine the accumulated radiation dose over time. This can date fault movements by dating minerals crushed during faulting or precipitated in fault zones. The document presents a case study of the Eupchon Fault in South Korea, where EPR dating of fault rocks indicates reactivation approximately 2000, 1300, 900-1100, 700-800, and 500-600 thousand years ago, showing it is potentially active with seismic hazards.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) works by scanning a probe over a sample surface to build up a topographic map with single-atom level resolution without the need for sample preparation. It was invented in 1986 by Binning and first used a cantilever with a diamond tip. The main components are a microscope stage to move the tip and sample, control electronics, and a computer. A piezoelectric transducer moves the tip while a force transducer senses the force and feedback control maintains a set force. There are different imaging modes including contact, non-contact, and tapping modes that use repulsive or attractive forces between the probe and sample. AFM can image a variety of biological and material science samples with limitations
This document discusses instrumentation used in fluorimetry. It describes various light sources like mercury arc lamps, xenon arc lamps, and tungsten lamps. It also discusses filters, monochromators, sample cells, and detectors like photomultiplier tubes that are used. Different types of fluorimeters are described, including single beam, double beam, and spectrofluorimeters. Finally, some applications of fluorimetry are mentioned such as determination of inorganic substances, use in nuclear research, as fluorescent indicators, and in organic analysis.
Surface Plasmon Resonance,
Surface Plasmons:
Plasmons confined to surface (interface) and interact with light resulting in polarities.
Propagating electron density waves occurring at the interface between metal and dielectric.
Ch.2 Solar radiation and the greenhouse effectUsamaAslam21
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and the geometry of the Earth-Sun relationship. It discusses how solar radiation reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves carrying energy. The spectrum of solar radiation contains ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The maximum intensity occurs in the visible region. Solar radiation that reaches Earth without passing through the atmosphere is known as extraterrestrial radiation. Upon entering the atmosphere, solar radiation is reduced and consists of both direct beam radiation and diffuse sky radiation scattered by atmospheric constituents. The document also describes key geometric relationships between Earth and the Sun including latitude, longitude, declination angle, and hour angle.
It is spectroscopy technique to determine number of hydrogen atoms present in the molecules and atoms.It is useful method for separation of molecules and compounds from mixtures components highly recommended in pharmaceutical and chemical engineering fields.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter such as atoms, molecules, or ions. It uses electromagnetic radiation of specific wavelengths or wavelength ranges to qualitatively or quantitatively analyze matter. Spectroscopy deals with absorption, emission, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation when it interacts with matter. The interaction depends on the energy of the radiation, with more energetic radiations like UV and x-rays potentially causing electron ejection, and less energetic ones like infrared inducing molecular vibrations or microwave causing molecular rotation. Spectroscopy is widely used to study the internal structure of organic and inorganic compounds and has advantages like being non-destructive, sensitive, and requiring small sample sizes.
The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and ultraviolet spectroscopy, explaining that UV spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of UV or visible light, which provides information about electronic transitions in molecules. It describes the components of a UV spectrometer and the principles of absorption spectroscopy. Various applications of UV spectroscopy in forensic science are also outlined, such as identifying illegal substances or determining the number of inks in questioned documents.
Ultraviolet spetroscopy by Dr. Monika Singh part-1 as per PCI syllabusMonika Singh
UV Visible spectroscopy as per PCI syllabus: Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations.
This document analyzes the sufficient number of diversity antennas needed for 64 QAM modulation over wireless fading channels with different Rician K factors. It calculates the absolute and relative diversity gains in SNR to determine the sufficient number. Simulation results show that for 64 QAM, the sufficient number of antennas is 4 for K=0 dB, 2 for K=6 dB, and 1 for K=12 dB. Higher K values decrease the diversity gain, meaning diversity is less useful at higher Rician factors.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes a proposed eco-friendly electricity generator that uses piezoelectric materials. Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when mechanically strained. The document discusses using arrays of piezoelectric crystals embedded in structures like sidewalks, roads, and floors that are subjected to human or vehicle traffic. The vibrations and pressures from people walking or driving would strain the crystals and produce electric charges that could be harvested and stored in batteries. The document proposes several specific applications of this concept, such as embedding crystals in roads, sidewalks, dance floors, keyboards, and floor tiles. It suggests this could provide a pollution-free source of electricity for powering lights, buildings or other devices by capturing energy that is normally
Não sou Programador, como posso ajudar o Debian?debian-rs
O documento explica que não é necessário ser programador para ajudar o Debian. Ele lista várias maneiras que não-programadores podem contribuir, como tradução, documentação, testes, divulgação e organização de eventos. O documento também fornece detalhes sobre como entrar em contato com a comunidade Debian para começar a contribuir.
Este documento discute el concepto de libertad y sus límites naturales. Define la libertad como algo constitutivo de la persona que permite el crecimiento hacia el bien común. Aunque somos libres, tenemos tres límites naturales: el tiempo, el dolor y la muerte. Estos límites no son obstáculos sino oportunidades para valorar más nuestro tiempo, desarrollar compasión, y entender la vida como un viaje que continúa más allá de la muerte.
Carruthers bibliotecarios II trabajo final " Formando para formar"Patricia Carruthers
La propuesta pedagógica presentada busca formar a estudiantes de tercer año de la carrera de Bibliotecología para que se desempeñen como formadores de usuarios de la información para estudiantes de primer año. El proyecto implementado enseñó a los estudiantes de primer año a usar eficientemente el campus virtual de la institución mediante tutoriales desarrollados y presentados por los estudiantes formadores. Las encuestas realizadas luego de la capacitación mostraron que el tutorial fue bien valorado y aportó nuevos conocimientos
Este documento contiene 69 fotos de febrero de 2011 de Giovanna a la edad de 2 años con su familia y amigos. Las fotos muestran a Giovanna sonriendo, jugando y expresando gratitud a Dios por las bendiciones en su vida.
Este documento apresenta indicadores da produção industrial de diversas regiões do Brasil em dezembro de 2012. Algumas regiões tiveram leves quedas na produção como Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul e Espírito Santo, enquanto outras tiveram altas como Goiás, Pernambuco e Bahia. Quando comparado com dezembro do ano anterior, a produção industrial nacional recuou 3,6%, com nove das quatorze regiões pesquisadas apresentando redução.
O documento descreve o projeto "Transforme Poesia em Alimento - 2012" que arrecadou alimentos através da recitação de poesias para a Casa da Criança Cristina Cavanis. O projeto envolveu alunos, funcionários e amigos da escola e da casa, arrecadando 133,5 kg de alimentos para 150 crianças e adolescentes atendidos. Através de 47 voluntários visitando 300 famílias, foram arrecadados 172 itens de alimentos como arroz, feijão e leite.
Argentina posee una gran variedad de paisajes, que incluyen densas selvas, desiertos, llanuras, glaciares, montañas, volcanes y lagos, así como grandes centros urbanos. Los ecosistemas varían desde las selvas tropicales del norte hasta los paisajes patagónicos del sur, con una rica biodiversidad.
Este documento propone crear una empresa de servicios técnicos especializados en la instalación de redes de alcantarillado, acueducto y energía en Ibagué llamada "VAYESER" para satisfacer la demanda insatisfecha. El proyecto busca prestar estos servicios a la comunidad y empresas de manera confiable y de calidad a través de un análisis del mercado, recursos, y procesos requeridos.
El documento resume la sepsis neonatal, clasificándola en infecciones adquiridas in útero, durante el parto o luego del nacimiento. Explica que los recién nacidos tienen una inmunidad deficiente, lo que los hace más susceptibles a las infecciones. Describe los signos clínicos, métodos de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sepsis neonatal temprana y tardía, así como el síndrome febril sin foco en recién nacidos.
Tarea 1 ing. andree carreo e ing yvonne barillasyvonneteresa
Este documento describe el proceso de investigación para desarrollar un curso en línea sobre el lenguaje HTML. Explica que se utilizará el software MindManager para crear un mapa conceptual que muestre la estructura y contenido del curso. El mapa incluirá categorías como presentación, objetivos, contenido y apoyo teórico, entre otras. Además, proporciona el tema central de investigación y las palabras clave relevantes.
Este parecer analisa os efeitos da interação entre o Regime de Origem e o Regime de Drawback no Mercosul nos mercados de resina PET e pré-forma PET. Conclui que esta interação gera uma distorção no mercado, prejudicando a indústria nacional e reduzindo o bem-estar do consumidor no longo prazo. A participação de produtores brasileiros vem declinando, enquanto são eliminados postos de trabalho e reduzida a arrecadação tributária.
Este documento presenta información sobre el diagnóstico por imágenes del aparato digestivo mediante tránsito de intestino delgado. Describe técnicas como el tránsito convencional y el doble contraste, e indica sus usos para detectar patologías como tumores, enfermedad de Crohn, colopatías inflamatorias y más. También describe hallazgos característicos de diferentes afecciones como tumor carcinoide, linfoma y divertículos.
El documento describe las neoplasias intraepiteliales del cuello uterino. Explica la maduración y diferenciación celular normal del epitelio cervical, así como los factores que intervienen en la carcinogénesis cervical como la infección por HPV y la interacción entre este virus y el huésped. Finalmente, define conceptos clave relacionados con las lesiones precursoras del cáncer cervical como la metaplasia, displasia, carcinoma in situ y su clasificación.
Tarea 1 ing. andree carreo e ing yvonne barillasyvonneteresa
El documento describe el proceso de investigación para desarrollar un curso en línea sobre el lenguaje HTML. Explica que el tema de investigación es crear un curso en línea de HTML para estudiantes de ingeniería de sistemas. También describe la herramienta de mapas conceptuales utilizada (MindManager) y las categorías y subcategorías clave consideradas en el mapa conceptual del proceso de investigación, incluida la presentación, justificación, objetivos, contenido, desarrollo e implementación del curso.
El documento trata sobre el comercio electrónico (e-commerce) y la evolución de Internet hacia una sociedad de la información. Explica las clases de e-commerce como B2B, B2C y C2C, y cómo el e-commerce permite comercializar productos sin límites geográficos a través de Internet de forma segura. También describe la transición de la Web 1.0 a la Web 2.0 y la llegada de la Web 3.0, así como los cambios tecnológicos, económicos y organizativos que definen la sociedad
O Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Pernambuco emitiu parecer prévio recomendando à Assembleia Legislativa a aprovação das contas do governador de Pernambuco referentes a 2012, com algumas recomendações, como realizar estudos sobre necessidade de pessoal, intensificar concursos públicos, e estruturar a Secretaria de Controle do Estado.
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Electromagnetic radiation_Environmental Health Hussain Raufi
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
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2) Surface ozone levels showed clear diurnal and seasonal variations, with maximum levels in the afternoon and summer.
3) A neural network model was developed to predict peak afternoon ozone levels based on morning meteorological parameters, achieving good correlation between observed and predicted values.
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Ozone depletion and UV radiations leading to increased ionizing radiations an...Rachana Bagudam
The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into several layers. The lowest region, the troposphere, extends from the Earth’s surface up to about 10 kilometres (km) in altitude. Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain on the planet, is only about 9 km high. The next layer, the stratosphere, continues from 10 km to about 50 km. Most commercial airline traffic occurs in the lower part of the stratosphere. For nearly a billion years, ozone molecules in the atmosphere have protected life on Earth from the effects of ultraviolet rays. It is a form of oxygen (O2). We all know that, oxygen we need to live and breathe. Normal oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms. Ozone, however, consists of three oxygen atoms and has the chemical formula O3.
Spectroscopy involves analyzing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are used to study different types of molecular motion and structure. UV-visible spectroscopy analyzes electronic transitions that occur when molecules absorb ultraviolet or visible light. The wavelength and intensity of absorbed light provides information about functional groups and molecular structure. Key concepts in UV-visible spectroscopy include chromophores, which are functional groups that absorb light in characteristic regions, and Beer's law, which states that absorbance is proportional to concentration.
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This paper reviews in brief about solar radiation and pyranometer to measure the same.In order
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other locations.[8] The common, commercial pyranometer design uses a thermopile, setting up a voltage
proportional to the radiation based on temperature readings. This necessitates temperature
compensation.Using photovoltaic silicon cells, instead of thermocouples, the global irradiance as well as its
direct and diffuse components to great accuracy can be measured. Pyranometer is basically just comprised of
two solar cells and a voltage amplifier.
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1) Accurate radiation data is needed for technology research, quality control, optimizing locations, selecting system types, informing investment decisions, and maximizing operating efficiency.
2) On-site measurements using high quality instruments are important to evaluate potential project sites and understand real-time variations.
3) Reference quality radiation data allows performance monitoring, output forecasting, and scheduling maintenance to improve system efficiency and bankability.
1. K.Elampari, M.Vignesh, S.Rahi, S.Saranya, M.Rajalakshmi / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.373-378
Relation between Total Ozone Content and Solar Ultra Violet
Index Over India
K.Elampari*, M.Vignesh# S.Rahi#, S.Saranya#, and M.Rajalakshmi#
*
Associate Professor of Physics, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil-629002
#
PG Students, Department of Physics, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil 629092.
ABSTRACT spectrum of radiation, the UV radiation constitutes
The ultraviolet (UV) region of a small part of it. The spectral distribution of solar
electromagnetic radiation from sun occupies a UV radiation reaching the earth‟s surface depends
section of wavelengths ranging from 400 to 10 on several factors: the radiation emitted by the sun,
nm. It is highly ionizing and activates many the earth-sun separation, the optical properties of
chemical processes on different types of the atmosphere, the solar elevation and the
materials and living beings. As a function of its reflection properties of the surface. Regarding the
effects on the biosphere, the UV radiation biological effects of UV radiation, it can be divided
regions are arbitrarily called UV-A, UV-B and in to three main ranges UV-A from 400 nm to 315
UV-C. A global scale called Solar Ultra Violet nm, UV-B from 315 nm to 280 nm and UV-C from
Index (UVI) is used to describe the level of UV 280 nm to 100 nm [2].
radiation on the biosphere. The amount of UV The absorption properties of the ozone
radiation at different places on the earth molecule are strongly wavelength dependent. Even
depends on the position of the sun during the a strongly depleted ozone layer will completely
day and the season of the year. A decline in the absorb UV-C radiation. The absorption in the UV-
amount of total ozone content (TOC) at a B region is weaker. Approximately 90% of the
particular time also leads to an increase in UV UV-B is absorbed mainly by ozone and oxygen,
radiation at that time. The present study has only a fraction of this radiation reaches the earth‟s
analyzed the variation of TOC and UVI over surface. UV-A radiation is almost unaffected by
different Indian region using total ozone data ozone variations. Therefore, the ultraviolet
from OMI and erythemal UV irradiance radiation reaching the Earth‟s surface is composed
(converted to UV index) from TEMIS for the of mainly UV-A with a small UV-B component.
2006-2010 period. Radiative transfer calculations show that for a
cloud-free atmosphere with a sun vertically above
Keywords: Atmospheric Ozone, OMI, Total and a 350 DU total ozone column amount and bare
Ozone, TEMIS, UV Radiation, UV-Index, ground, the fraction of diffuse radiation amounts to
43% at 310 nm and 21 % at 380 nm. For a 35°
I. INTRODUCTION solar elevation the corresponding percentages are
Characterisation and parameterization of 67% at 310 nm and 36% at 380 nm [3]. Therefore,
the profiles of atmospheric trace gases are the intensity of solar UV-B radiation on the surface
important for weather forecasting, climate depends on the ozone layer concentration and more
modelling and environmental monitoring. Ozone Ozone should give less UV-B radiation at ground
plays particularly a significant role in the chemistry level and a decrease in the concentration of ozone
of the Earth‟s atmosphere, though in terms of in the atmosphere results in increased UV-B
abundance it is a „trace species‟[1]. Stratospheric radiation at the surface of the earth. DNA and other
ozone is naturally formed by chemical reactions biological macromolecules absorb UV-B and can
involving ultraviolet sunlight and oxygen be damaged in this process. The UV-B radiation
molecules. These reactions occur continually has been reported to cause skin cancer and several
wherever ultraviolet sunlight is present. The other effects on human health as well as
production of stratospheric ozone is balanced by its detrimental effects on animal and plants [4]. Many
destruction in chemical reactions. Ozone reacts measurements have demonstrated the inverse
continually with a variety of natural and relationship between total column ozone amount
anthropogenic chemicals in the stratosphere. In the and UV radiation, and in a few cases long-term
lower atmosphere, ozone is produced by the increases due to ozone decreases have been
chemical reactions between mainly nitrogen oxides identified. At several sites, changes in UV differ
and organic chemical pollutants produced by from those expected from ozone changes alone,
anthropogenic emissions. Several factors contribute possibly as a result of long-term changes in
to ozone‟s importance but perhaps the most aerosols, snow cover or clouds. This indicates a
important feature is the relationship between the possible interaction between climate change and
absorption spectrum of ozone and the intensity of UV radiation. The present study is aimed to
solar UV radiation. Although the Sun emits a large analyze the variation of Total Columnar Ozone
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2. K.Elampari, M.Vignesh, S.Rahi, S.Saranya, M.Rajalakshmi / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.373-378
(hereafter Total Ozone Content, TOC) and UV erythemally weighted UV is not strictly defined in
irradiance (converted to UV index) received by terms of an SI unit. Furthermore, when UV
earth over India during 2006-2010 period. In order information was first provided to the public,
to cover the entire region of India seven locations another normalization (a multiplication by 40 m 2
are chosen. W-1) was applied to provide a number, called the
UV Index [6]. With this normalization, the
II. UV INDEX maximum UV Index is about 10 for normal ozone
The UV index (UVI) is public oriented conditions [7] .
meteorological information that pretends to UV Index = 40 I(λ) w(λ) dλ,
indicate, in quantitative simple way, the damaging Where
ultraviolet radiation levels at the ground [5]. The λ is the wavelength in nm,
UV index scale was proposed by World Health I(λ) is the irradiance in W m-2 nm-1, and w(λ) is
Organisation (WHO) and it is defined in terms of the erythemal weighting function which is defined
the erythemally weighted UV irradiance (i.e. “skin- as:
reddening”, or “sun burning” irradiance). The w(λ) = 1.0 for 250 <λ≤ 298 nm
erythemal weighting function, which is applied to w(λ) = 100.094(298 – λ) for 298 < λ ≤ 328 nm
the spectrum, involves an arbitrary normalization to w(λ) = 100.015 (139– λ) for 328 < λ ≤ 400 nm
unity at wavelengths shorter than 298 nm, so w(λ) = 0.0 for λ > 400 nm.
Table 1.Solar Ultraviolet Index [6]
UVI Exposure Remarks
Level
1-2 Low Low danger from the sun's UV rays for the average person
3-5 Moderate Moderate risk of harm from unprotected sun exposure. Need precautions.
High risk of harm from unprotected sun exposure. Hat and sun glasses are necessary
6-7 High
to protect eyes and rotection against sunburn is needed.
Very high risk of harm from unprotected sun exposure. Protective clothing and
8 -10
Very High sunglasses to protect the eyes are necessary. Unprotected skin will be damaged and
can burn quickly.
Extreme risk of harm from unprotected sun exposure. Unprotected skin can burn in
11+ Extreme minutes. White sand and other bright surfaces reflect UV and will increase UV
exposure.
III. DATA
UVI data used in the study are obtained from Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service
(TEMIS) [8] and the TOC data are obtained from NASA‟s Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) site [9] . From
the daily values monthly averages and annual averages are derived for different selected regions of India. The
UV and Total ozone data are also available through international data archives such as the World Ozone and UV
Data Centre (WOUDC). The descriptive statistics of the collected data is given in Table 2.
IV. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of Total Ozone and UV index Data
TOC (DU) UVI
Longitude
Location
Latitude
Range
Range
Mean
Mean
Max
Max
Min
Min
Std
Std
Chennai 13.08 80.27 234 280 260.57 46 12.72 8.6 13.2 10.47 4.6 1.12
CHE
Hyderabad 17.37 78.47 232 281 261.38 49 12.66 7.48 14.14 11.35 6.66 1.93
HYD
Mumbai 19.08 72.87 237 283 264.37 46 12.30 6.85 13.65 10.82 6.80 2.12
MUM
Kolkata 22.34 88.22 238 288 265.6 50 12.22 5.8 13.02 10.02 7.22 2.39
KOL
Ahmadabad 23.09 72.56 242 286 267.62 44 12.58 5.67 13.35 9.85 7.68 2.50
AHA
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3. K.Elampari, M.Vignesh, S.Rahi, S.Saranya, M.Rajalakshmi / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.373-378
Delhi 29.01 77.38 249 300 275.87 51 11.68 3.9 12.52 8.40 8.62 2.93
DEL
Srinagar 34.08 74.79 258 341 285.06 83 16.47 2.8 13.45 7.98 10.65 3.63
SRI
From Table 2 it is evident that the yearly average similar monthly averages throughout the year
UV radiation decreases towards northern regions of despite their difference in latitude. The variations
India (high latitudes). This is due to the increase in of the TOC and UVI for different regions of India
both total ozone amount and solar zenith angle. The for the period from 2006 to 2010 are graphically
variation in total ozone and UVI for northern represented by the box plots in Figure 1(a) and
region are larger than southern region. The 1(b).
variation in total ozone and UVI for Srinagar is 83 Figure 2 clearly explains the relationship
DU and 10.65 respectively which is approximately between total ozone content and UVI. Whenever
twice as that of Chennai (46 DU, 4.6). However, the ozone content reaches its maximum value the
over the entire region UV Index changes are UVI reaches its minimum value. For the Indian
consistent with changes in the total ozone amounts. region the total ozone varies from 234 DU to 341
For most of the locations, maximum values are DU and the corresponding UVI varies from 13.2 to
reach in May and the lowest values in December or 2.8. The frequency distribution of TOC and UVI
January, with the larger values in the southern are expressed by the histograms which are shown
parts, decreasing in general, towards high northern in Figures 3(a) & 3(b) and the UVI values are
regions or high latitudes. All the stations show very summarized in Table 3.
Figure 1 (a). Total Ozone Figure 1 (b). UVI
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4. K.Elampari, M.Vignesh, S.Rahi, S.Saranya, M.Rajalakshmi / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.373-378
Figure 2 .Variation of Total ozone and UVI over India during the 2006-2010 period.
CHENNAI HYDERABAD MUMBAI KOLKATA
8 10 12 14
8 10 12 14
15
15
10
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
10
6
6
5
4
4
5
2
2
0
0
0
0
230 260 230 260 240 270 230 260 290
cheoz hydoz mumoz koloz
AHMADABAD DELHI SRINAGAR
10 12
20
15
15
8
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
10
10
6
4
5
5
2
0
0
0
240 270 240 270 300 260 320
aheoz deloz srioz
Figure 3 (a). Frequency Distribution of Total Ozone
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5. K.Elampari, M.Vignesh, S.Rahi, S.Saranya, M.Rajalakshmi / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.373-378
CHENNAI HYDERABAD MUMBAI KOLKATA
20
20
15
15
15
15
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
8 10 13 8 12 6 8 12 6 8 12
cheuv hyduv mumuv koluv
AHMEDABAD DELHI SRINAGAR
15
15
10
8
10
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
10
6
4
5
5
2
0
0
0
6 8 12 4 8 12 2 6 10 14
aheuv deluv sriuv
Figure 3 (b). Frequency distribution of UVI
Table 3. Frequency Distribution of UVI
No. of Months
Region
1-2 3-5 6-7 8-10 11+
Chennai 0 0 0 13 47
Hyderabad 0 0 3 13 44
Mumbai 0 0 2 19 39
Kolkata 0 2 12 12 34
Ahmadabad 0 5 9 12 24
Delhi 0 12 14 11 23
Srinagar 6 16 9 11 18
From Table 3 it is evident that Chennai and
Hyderabad (low latitude regions of India) receives V. CORRELATION BETWEEN TOC
very high and Extreme UV radiation for most of AND UVI
the days because of the low ozone content over In order to establish and understand the
these regions. Chennai has only Very High and relationship between total ozone content and UVI,
Extreme Index values during the entire period. On correlation study is made. The correlogram is
the other hand, because of high total ozone content shown in Figure 4 and the results of the Pearson‟s
over the northern regions of India, Ahmadabad, correlation study are tabulated in Table 4.
Delhi and Srinagar regions have received Moderate
and Lower UV radiations.
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6. K.Elampari, M.Vignesh, S.Rahi, S.Saranya, M.Rajalakshmi / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.373-378
Figure 4. Correlogram of TOC Vs UVI
Table 4. Pearson's product-moment correlation between TOC and UVI
r t 95 % confidence Interval df P
-0.9412 -16.0029 -0.9701536 -0.8857724 33 < 2.2e-16
The Pearson‟s correlation analysis shows that the measurements over West Africa, Annali
overall correlation between TOC and UVI over the Di Geofisica , 43(3), 2000.
Indian region is r = -0.9412 with t value = 16.0029 2 S. Madronich, R.L.McKenzie, L.O.
and it is statistically significant at one per cent level Bjorn, and M.M. Caldewell, Changes in
of probability. The value of correlation coefficient biologically active ultraviolet radiation
indicates that there exist a very good inverse reaching the Earth‟s Surface, Journal of
relationship between total ozone and UVI. Also Photochemical Biology 46, 1998, 5-19.
the coefficient of determination r2 =0.88 indicates 3 A. Dahlback, E. Bjertness, editor. Oslo:
that 88 percent of changes in total ozone alone is The Norwegian Academy of Science and
responsible for the changes in surface UV radiation Letters, 2008.
variation. The rest of the variation in UVI may be 4 S. Roy, G. Beig and S.Ghude, Exposure-
explained by Clouds, Particulate matter, Aerosols plant response of ambient ozone over the
and Air pollutants which absorb and scatter some tropical Indian region, Atmos. Chem.
of the ultraviolet radiation and thereby diminish the Phys. Discuss., 9, 2009, 4141–4157.
amount reaching the earth's surface. 5 K.Vaniceck, T. Frei,T, Z.Litynska,Z and
A. Schmalwieser , UV-Index for the
VI. CONCLUSION Public, COST Action, Brussels 1999
The relationship between UV-B radiation 6 World Heal Organization (WHO). Global
and Total ozone content over different regions of Solar UV Index, A practical guide.
India has been analysed in the study. The results WHO/SDE/OEH/02.2, Geneva,
indicate that the variation in total ozone and UVI Switzerland, 2002.
for northern region is larger than southern regions. 7 A.F. McKinlay, and B. L. Diffey ,
The variation in total ozone and UVI for Srinagar is Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation:
83 DU and 10.65 respectively which is Risks and Regulations, ed. .F. Passchier
approximately twice as that of Chennai (46 DU, and B. F. M. Bosnajakovic, Elsevier,
4.6). It is found that the UVI very often rises above Amsterdam, 83–87, 1987.
10 in summer from March to May. The magnitude 8 TEMIS. Tropospheric Emission
of correlation coefficient and the coefficient of MonitoringInternet Service.
determination clearly explain that at any particular http://www.temis.nl/
location on the surface of the earth there is a direct 9 OMI. Ozone Monitoring Instrument.
inverse relationship between UV-B irradiation and http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/omi.
the amount of ozone in the atmosphere. html
References
1 T.C. Chineke, V.Rizi, and F.Masci, 1979
-1999 Satellite total Ozone Column
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