1) The document analyzes surface ozone levels measured over 12 months in Suchindrum, India.
2) Surface ozone levels showed clear diurnal and seasonal variations, with maximum levels in the afternoon and summer.
3) A neural network model was developed to predict peak afternoon ozone levels based on morning meteorological parameters, achieving good correlation between observed and predicted values.
Total Ozone Content over Kathmandu from TOMS ObservationsIJERA Editor
This paper reports the trend of total ozone content (TOC) over Kathmandu for 10 years period from 1979-1988 derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite observations. The trends of daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variations of TOC over Kathmandu have been analyzed. The result exemplifies that during the whole study period, the TOC is found to be maximum on February 11, 1979 with a value of 352 DU and the lowest ozone concentration is on January 18, 1980 with a value of 243 DU. Similarly, the minimum value of monthly average TOC is 260 DU in November, while the maximum values is 293 DU on May. The amplitude of variations of monthly average TOC is 12.7% in terms of the percentage from the mean value. The results also show that TOC is highly seasonal dependent with larger TOC in summer season compared to the equinox and winter seasons. The summer TOC on average is 7.5% higher than in winter season and only by 1.8% higher than in equinox. The TOC in equinox is higher than winter by 5.7% on average. The average annual value of TOC exhibits slightly variable with a maximum in 1979 (281 DU) and minimum in 1984 (274 DU), which differs only by 2.5%. The average value of TOC during the whole study period is 277 DU, which indicates good amount of stratospheric ozone content over Kathmandu.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION, ITS EFFECTS AND REMEDIATION | OKOYE, DAVID IKECHUKWU DAVID OKOYE
Ozone (O3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential environmental factor.
It was found that an underground nuclear explosion at a depth of 172 meters with
a charge power of 0.3 kT, carried out with the aim of creating an underground
reservoir for storing hydrocarbons, for a 53-year after-effect period is associated with
a high content of technogenic radionuclides in the soil profile. With the indicated
charge, power and depth in the thickness of Chegan clay, such nuclear explosions in
the West Siberian and other similar regions are unacceptable. Studies have shown
that nowadays it is unacceptable to use the territory within a radius of 500 m from the
technological well as hayfields and pastures. The increased content of strontium-90
and cesium-137 from a depth of 40 cm is associated with their entry and accumulation
in grass and woody vegetation.
Total Ozone Content over Kathmandu from TOMS ObservationsIJERA Editor
This paper reports the trend of total ozone content (TOC) over Kathmandu for 10 years period from 1979-1988 derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite observations. The trends of daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variations of TOC over Kathmandu have been analyzed. The result exemplifies that during the whole study period, the TOC is found to be maximum on February 11, 1979 with a value of 352 DU and the lowest ozone concentration is on January 18, 1980 with a value of 243 DU. Similarly, the minimum value of monthly average TOC is 260 DU in November, while the maximum values is 293 DU on May. The amplitude of variations of monthly average TOC is 12.7% in terms of the percentage from the mean value. The results also show that TOC is highly seasonal dependent with larger TOC in summer season compared to the equinox and winter seasons. The summer TOC on average is 7.5% higher than in winter season and only by 1.8% higher than in equinox. The TOC in equinox is higher than winter by 5.7% on average. The average annual value of TOC exhibits slightly variable with a maximum in 1979 (281 DU) and minimum in 1984 (274 DU), which differs only by 2.5%. The average value of TOC during the whole study period is 277 DU, which indicates good amount of stratospheric ozone content over Kathmandu.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION, ITS EFFECTS AND REMEDIATION | OKOYE, DAVID IKECHUKWU DAVID OKOYE
Ozone (O3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential environmental factor.
It was found that an underground nuclear explosion at a depth of 172 meters with
a charge power of 0.3 kT, carried out with the aim of creating an underground
reservoir for storing hydrocarbons, for a 53-year after-effect period is associated with
a high content of technogenic radionuclides in the soil profile. With the indicated
charge, power and depth in the thickness of Chegan clay, such nuclear explosions in
the West Siberian and other similar regions are unacceptable. Studies have shown
that nowadays it is unacceptable to use the territory within a radius of 500 m from the
technological well as hayfields and pastures. The increased content of strontium-90
and cesium-137 from a depth of 40 cm is associated with their entry and accumulation
in grass and woody vegetation.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Nnewi under Ground WaterIJERD Editor
The Assessment of heavy metals distribution and their likely adverse effects in underground
resources of Nnewi town of Anambra State within the sedimentary basin of south eastern Nigeria due to
industries has been studied. The instrument used for data collection includes topographic map, geologic map
aerial photograph, satellite image and fracture maps of Anambra drainage Basin. Ten (10) under ground water
samples from borehole, springs and hand dug wells were collected, this was followed by laboratory studies of
the water samples for the identification of heavy metals present. The result of the analysis of ten(10) water
samples shows that chromium, copper, cadmium and zinc were observed to be high while orgon, mercury,
molybdenum, nickel, lead, zirconium were not detected. The findings also show that cadmium (cd) was not in
some places such as Nnewichi, Otollo and Umudim. Villages in Nnewi town shows an abnormal distribution of
high chromium (cr) copper (cu) and zinc (zn). Above permissible limit, Cadmium causes cancer of the lungs,
and high blood pressure, while chromium causes kidney damage, liver damage, circulatory and nerve tissue
damage. Copper causes anemia, intestinal irritation, while zinc causes growth retardation, delayed sexual
maturation, infection susceptibility and diarrhea. It was suggested that chemical analysis of water should be
carried out periodically in the area since groundwater is subject to seasonal changes.
Abstract: There are many situations where human activitieshave significant effects on the environment. Ozone layerdamage is one of them. The objective of this paper is to reviewthe origin, causes, mechanisms and bio effects of ozone layerdepletion as well as the protective measures of this vanishing layer. The chlorofluorocarbon and the halons are potent ozone depletors. One of the main reasons for the widespread concernabout depletion of the ozone layer is the anticipated increase inthe amounts of ultraviolet radiation received at the surface ofthe earth and the effect of this on human health and on the environment. The prospects of ozone recovery remain uncertain. In the absence of other changes, stratospheric ozoneabundances should rise in the future as the halogen loading fallsin response to regulation. However, the future behaviour ofozone will also be affected by the changing atmospheric abundances of methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour, sulphateaerosol, and changing climate.
The effect of dust storms on some meteorological elements over Baghdad , Iraq...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Stratospheric Tropospheric Intrusion as a Function of Potential V...Kalaivanan Murthy
This work is done as a part of a graduate course on Global Air Pollutants in April 2016. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at the University of Florida during the making of this project.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Nnewi under Ground WaterIJERD Editor
The Assessment of heavy metals distribution and their likely adverse effects in underground
resources of Nnewi town of Anambra State within the sedimentary basin of south eastern Nigeria due to
industries has been studied. The instrument used for data collection includes topographic map, geologic map
aerial photograph, satellite image and fracture maps of Anambra drainage Basin. Ten (10) under ground water
samples from borehole, springs and hand dug wells were collected, this was followed by laboratory studies of
the water samples for the identification of heavy metals present. The result of the analysis of ten(10) water
samples shows that chromium, copper, cadmium and zinc were observed to be high while orgon, mercury,
molybdenum, nickel, lead, zirconium were not detected. The findings also show that cadmium (cd) was not in
some places such as Nnewichi, Otollo and Umudim. Villages in Nnewi town shows an abnormal distribution of
high chromium (cr) copper (cu) and zinc (zn). Above permissible limit, Cadmium causes cancer of the lungs,
and high blood pressure, while chromium causes kidney damage, liver damage, circulatory and nerve tissue
damage. Copper causes anemia, intestinal irritation, while zinc causes growth retardation, delayed sexual
maturation, infection susceptibility and diarrhea. It was suggested that chemical analysis of water should be
carried out periodically in the area since groundwater is subject to seasonal changes.
Abstract: There are many situations where human activitieshave significant effects on the environment. Ozone layerdamage is one of them. The objective of this paper is to reviewthe origin, causes, mechanisms and bio effects of ozone layerdepletion as well as the protective measures of this vanishing layer. The chlorofluorocarbon and the halons are potent ozone depletors. One of the main reasons for the widespread concernabout depletion of the ozone layer is the anticipated increase inthe amounts of ultraviolet radiation received at the surface ofthe earth and the effect of this on human health and on the environment. The prospects of ozone recovery remain uncertain. In the absence of other changes, stratospheric ozoneabundances should rise in the future as the halogen loading fallsin response to regulation. However, the future behaviour ofozone will also be affected by the changing atmospheric abundances of methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour, sulphateaerosol, and changing climate.
The effect of dust storms on some meteorological elements over Baghdad , Iraq...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Stratospheric Tropospheric Intrusion as a Function of Potential V...Kalaivanan Murthy
This work is done as a part of a graduate course on Global Air Pollutants in April 2016. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at the University of Florida during the making of this project.
Mais do que apenas marcar presença online, sua empresa precisa saber como seu público vem percebendo esta presença e também como recebe o conteúdo gerado pelos seus canais. Você está pronto para esta demanda?
MODELING THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY, NITROGEN OXIDE AND CARBON MONOX...IAEME Publication
Modeling the effect of atmospheric stability, Nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide on ozone formation is presented. The observation of NO2, CO, Ozone and meteorological parameters were carried out in 5 predefined locations in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government area in Nigeria. A model which was dependent CO, NO and solar radiation was developed and it attained a correlation coefficient of 0.6. Sensitivity analysis was carried out of the independent variables of the developed model and NO2 showed no significance to the formation of Ozone and a 0.5% coefficient of correlation in the direct relationship to Ozone formation.
The Ozone Layer: Formation and DepletionKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the Earth's atmosphere and its composition and variation of temperature and pressure in different layers of the atmosphere. It contains atmospheric circulation in troposphere and stratosphere. It explains the process of ozone formation and how its stability affects by the other chemical components which lead to the ozone depletion and ozone hole. It also contains the cosmic ray theory of ozone hole.
Towards an accurate Ground-Level Ozone PredictionIJECEIAES
This paper motivation is to find the most accurate technique to predict the ground level ozone at Al Jahra station, Kuwait. The data on the meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, direction and speed of wind) and concentration of seven pollutants of environment (SO2, NO2, NO, CO2, CO, NMHC, and CH4) were applied to forecast the ozone concentration in atmosphere. In this report, three methods (PLS regression, support vector machine (SVM), and multiple least-square regression) were used to predict ground-level ozone. We used Fifteen parameters to evaluate the performance of methods. Multiple least-square regression, partial least square regression (PLS regression), and SVM using linear and radial kernels were the best performers with MAE (mean absolute error) of 9.17x 10-03, 9.72 x 10-03, 9.64 x 10-03, and 9.12 x 10-03, respectively. SVM with polynomial kernel had MAE of 5.46 x 10-02. These results show that these methods could be used to predict ground-level ozone concentrations at Al Jahra station in Kuwait.
Ambient Air Quality and Noise Assessment in Eleme Communities, Rivers State, ...GIFT KIISI NKIN
NKIN GIFT KIISI
Problems caused by ambient air pollution on human and the environment can be averted by steadily and strictly monitoring of the concentrations of outdoor pollutants. Human activities have triggered changes in the earths atmosphere. In this research, 7(Seven) selected Eleme communities, 4(four) zones in each community and 28(Twenty eight) sampling points in all locations were assessed for the concentrations of CO, SO2 , NO2 , NO, CO2 , SPM, O2 , noise level and as well Meteorological parameters using methods recommended by ASTM for air pollutants measurement and meteorological parameters. Findings of this research showed that, measured level of CO (1.00 - 43.00 ppm) at Akpajo, Aleto and Onne zone "B" exceeded the stipulated limit by NAAQS. Measured level of SO2 (0.00 - 1.30 ppm) at zone "B" and "D" in all locations were above permissible limit except in Alode and Ogale in which the concentrations of SO2 were 0.00 ppm through out the zones. NO2 (0.00 - 3.10 ppm) and NO (0.00 - 1.05 ppm) concentrations in zone "B" in all the
sampling locations exceeded the permissible limit by NAAQS except in Alode and Ogale. Aleto and Ogale zone "D" were also above limits. SPM(0.01 - 4.83 ppm) Levels in all locations and zones exceeded the limit given by W.H.O except in Ogale residential area. Noise Level (40.20 - 102 dBA) at Alesa, Aleto, Akpajo and Ebubu zone "B" were as well above
limits. In order to address the risk connected with the identified pollutants in the study area, more endeavour should be conveyed to the use of renewable energy and as well, cleaner air initiatives should be embarked upon.
Ambient Air Quality and Noise Assessment in Eleme Communities, Rivers State, ...GIFT KIISI NKIN
Problems caused by ambient air pollution on human and the environment can be averted by steadily and strictly monitoring of the concentrations of outdoor pollutants. Human activities have triggered changes in the earths atmosphere. In this research, 7(Seven) selected Eleme communities, 4(four) zones in each community and 28(Twenty eight) sampling points in all locations were assessed for the concentrations of CO, SO2 , NO2 , NO, CO2 , SPM, O2 , noise level and as well Meteorological parameters using methods recommended by ASTM for air pollutants measurement and meteorological parameters. Findings of this research showed that, measured level of CO (1.00 - 43.00 ppm) at Akpajo, Aleto and Onne zone "B" exceeded the stipulated limit by NAAQS. Measured level of SO2 (0.00 - 1.30 ppm) at zone "B" and "D" in all locations were above permissible limit except in Alode and Ogale in which the concentrations of SO2 were 0.00 ppm through out the zones. NO2 (0.00 - 3.10 ppm) and NO (0.00 - 1.05 ppm) concentrations in zone "B" in all the sampling locations exceeded the permissible limit by NAAQS except in Alode and Ogale. Aleto and Ogale zone "D" were also above limits. SPM(0.01 - 4.83 ppm) Levels in all locations and zones exceeded the limit given by W.H.O except in Ogale residential area. Noise Level (40.20 - 102 dBA) at Alesa, Aleto, Akpajo and Ebubu zone "B" were as well above limits. In order to address the risk connected with the identified pollutants in the study area, more endeavour should be conveyed to the use of renewable energy and as well, cleaner air initiatives should be embarked upon.
Keywords: Ambient Air; Pollution; Assessment; Eleme communities; Rivers Sate; Nigeria
Introduction
Activities and processes which include urbanization, population explosion industrialization and as well as intensive agricultural activities and bush burning have caused colossal damage to our environment [1,2,3]. Increase in population of human beings is closely associated with increase in industrialization and urbanization thereby resulting to the
destruction of natural habitat and pollution of the biosphere more and more. Air pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on Man and his environment [2]. These substances include gases which are Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbons and as well, particulate matter which are Smoke, Dust, Fumes, Aerosols among others. Moreover, radioactive materials and many others are also considered as air pollutants. Most of these substances are naturally present in low concentrations in the atmosphere and are usually considered to be harmless[3]. considering the sources of these pollutants, quite a number of them enters the atmosphere as a result of anthropogenic activities( human activities). On the basis of physical states, there are two major groups of air pollutants.
Ozone is the one and only layer to protect our earth from harmful UV radiation. There are a lot of initiatives taken by many countries to save the ozone layer. Ozone depletion is nowadays one of the hot topics in conferences and seminars. In this presentation, I have briefed on the cause and side effects of ozone depletion. The students from school to master's may take advantage of this presentation
1. R.Krishna Sharma, Chithambarathanu, K.Elampari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1527-1531
Assessment Of Surface Ozone Levels in A Semi-Urban Site and
Its Predictions Using Neural Network.
R.Krishna Sharma, T.Chithambarathanu and K.Elampari
Research Department of Physics, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil TamilNadu, India, 629002.
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the important trace Considered as an indicator of the overall burden of
gases because of its role as both an oxidant and a the atmospheric pollutants [3]. Elevated levels of
greenhouse gas. Around 90% of the ozone lies in surface ozone can cause potential damage to human
the stratosphere and the remaining lies in the respiratory system and can affect the cilia membrane
Earth’s surface (troposphere).Elevated levels of of the lungs. Also it can cause damages to
surface ozone can be phytotoxic and cytotoxic as vegetation and materials as well.
well. This steady intends to access the amount of It is now clearly established that ozone, at
surface ozone concentration at a site in the ambient concentrations can cause a range of ill
Suchindrum (8° 9′ 18″ N, 77° 27′ 54″ E) of effects including visible leaf injury, growth and
southern Tamilnadu during March 2011- yield reductions, and altered sensitivity to biotic and
Febraury 2012 for a period of 12 months. The abiotic stresses [4]. It is evident that the amount of
surface ozone variation marked a clear diurnal stratospheric ozone is decreasing while the amount
cycle with maximum values around 1430 hrs and of tropospheric ozone is increasing. Atmospheric
minimum around 0530 hrs. The maximum value CO2 concentrations are currently rising at
of surface ozone recorded was 56 ppb during approximately 0.5% per year and surface ozone
April 2011 and minimum of 13 ppb during (ground-level O3) values are increasing at a rate of
November 2011.Seasonal pattern of surface 0.32% per year [5]. So increasing levels of surface
ozone showed maximum values during summer ozone is really a potential threat to the planet earth.
and minimum during NE Monsoon. Also a In order to provide adequate early warnings, it is
simple Neural Network model was proposed to important to have accurate and reliable forecasts of
predict the peak surface ozone concentration future high ozone levels [6]. There are many
(1430 hrs) depending upon the various input different numerical methods for forecasting and
parameters like temperature, relative humidity, analysing ozone levels and the widely used
Nitrogen dioxide and build-up ozone technique is using neural networks. Neural networks
concentration and all corresponding to the have been found to outperform other statistical
morning hours. The network yields good techniques [7]. In this study, a simple neural
predictions and it showed a correlation of r = network model has been proposed to predict the
0.80 between observed and predicted surface peak time surface ozone concentration with some of
ozone levels. the important input parameters at Suchindrum
during the period of March 2011-Febraury 2012.
Key-words: Surface ozone, cytotoxic, diurnal
cycle, seasonal pattern, greenhouse gas, neural Photo Chemistry of Surface Ozone
network Surface ozone is not emitted directly into
the atmosphere. It is produced as the result of
Introduction photochemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen
The World Health Organisation (WHO) (NOx) and Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in
reports that 25% of all preventable diseases are due the presence of sunlight. During daylight hours
to a poor physical environment. Industrialization, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is photolytically converted
population growth and rapid developments in to nitric oxide (NO) leading to the formation of
technology have all resulted in enormous human ozone.
impact on the environment [1]. Surface ozone (O3) NO2 + h ( <= 430nm) NO + O (1)
is an important well known secondary pollutant and
also a greenhouse gas contributing to the climate O + O2 O3 (2)
change. Even though it is a trace constituent, ozone
plays an important role in the atmospheric Therefore, surface ozone control is
environment through radiative and chemical process generally achieved by reducing the anthropogenic
[2]. O3, being a greenhouse gas, the increase in its emissions of both NOx and VOCs into the
tropospheric concentration contribute significantly atmosphere [8].
to local and global warming effects. Ozone is the
primary constituent of photo-oxidative smog and is
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1527-1531
Methods
Surface ozone measurements were carried
out by using a portable sensitive gaseous monitor
Aeroqual S300 coupled with ozone sensor. Its ultra
low concentration ozone sensor head measures the
ozone concentration from 0.000 to 0.150 ppm with
an accuracy of ± 0.001 ppm (from 0 to 0.100 ppm).
The measurement unit being either ppm or µg/m 3.
The operating temperature range is from - 5°C to
50°C, relative humidity limits are 5% and 95%. The
ozone sensor was calibrated against a certified UV
photometer. Eight readings were taken per day
starting from 0530 h to 0230 h.
Fig.2. Study Area, Suchindrum
Results and Discussion
1. Variation of Surface ozone
Surface ozone variations showed a clear
global diurnal pattern for both the sites. The ozone
concentration gradually increased after sunrise
because the photochemical reactions are dominant
only in the presence of sunlight. The maximum
value of surface ozone was recorded around 1430 h
and this is due to the high intensity of solar flux
during afternoon hours. This indicates that the
Fig.1. Aeroqual S300 monitor with various sensors photochemical production of surface ozone is
strongly related to the surface temperature. During
Study Area the late evening hours, a decreasing trend was
Surface ozone measurements were carried observed in the surface ozone levels. Also this low
out in Suchindrum (8° 918″ N, 77° 27′54″ E) in concentration of ozone during night and early
Kanyakumari district for a period of one year from morning time could be a result of its deposition and
March 2011- February 2012.Suchindrum is one of surface chemical reactions [9]. The morning (0530h)
the tourist spots and traffic prones of the district. lowest values are the result of night time ozone
destruction process including loss due to
atmospheric chemistry and dry deposition on the
earth.
The high values of surface ozone were
recorded during the months of summer (March –
May).During the summer, high insulation, high
temperature; high stability and low mid-day
humidity produce photochemical smog [10]. The
lower values were recorded during north east
monsoon (October to December). Table 1. gives the
seasonal average values of surface ozone
concentration and Fig.3 shows its seasonal variation.
Table 1. Seasonal Average of Surface Ozone
Season/Time 5:30 8:30 11:30 14:30 17:30 20:30 23:30 2:30
SUMMER 19.04 26.29 42.43 50.83 44.96 37.87 31.94 24.40
SWM 16.99 22.26 35.98 45.68 40.59 34.21 27.52 21.85
NEM 15.26 19.18 31.29 40.63 34.90 27.62 22.54 18.21
WINTER 19.03 23.39 36.95 46.08 41.53 33.60 27.03 22.35
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1527-1531
Fig.3. Seasonal variation of Surface ozone during Mar 2011-Feb 2012.
The overall diurnal average values of surface ozone parameters for the entire study period are shown in
concentration with various meteorological table 2 and figure 4 presents it graphically.
Table 2. Diurnal Average of Surface Ozone
Parameters/time 5:30 8:30 11:30 14:30 17:30 20:30 23:30 2:30
Temperature 25.36 27.21 29.69 30.12 29.02 27.79 27.18 26.21
Ozone 17.41 22.69 36.58 45.77 40.41 33.37 27.30 21.66
RH 85.20 76.77 66.49 64.98 70.28 77.01 81.07 82.75
NO2 4.88 5.31 4.02 1.69 3.85 5.19 6.44 5.12
Fig.4. Diurnal variation of Surface ozone with met. Parameters during Mar 2011-Feb 2012.
2. Network model
Surface ozone concentration reaches a peak readings recorded at 0830 hrs and totally the data
value around 1430 hrs due to the availability contain 109 sample points.
dominant solar flux during afternoon hours. The The data set is randomly divided into three
peak value determines whether the particular day is sets namely training, validation, testing. Training set
ozone high day or not. So it is very important to is the largest set (70%) and the remaining sets are
forecast the peak hour ozone concentration. In this assigned to contain 15 % of the samples. The
model, the maximum ozone or peak ozone is training set is a set of samples used to adjust or train
forecasted by using the input parameters like the weights in the neural network to produce desired
temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), NO2 and outcome. The validation set is used to find the best
surface ozone (O3) itself. These inputs are the data network configuration and testing set is to evaluate
corresponding to the morning hours. They are the the fully trained networks. Eventhough there are
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4. R.Krishna Sharma, Chithambarathanu, K.Elampari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1527-1531
many computational functions, the most used using three neurons in the hidden layer. The model
function in air quality modelling is the sigmoid is carried out in matlab using Levenberg Marquadrt
function [10]. The Log Sigmoid function is given as algorithm. The model is presented in the Figure 5.
f(x) = 1/(1+e-x). The model is developed using feed-
forward back propogation multilayer perceptron
Fig.5. Neural Network Model
Model Results
The neural network model is trained using all the
input parameters.The model gives an R2 of 0.85727
for all the data points with MSE of 6.476. Figure 6
shows the scatter plot between the observed and
predicted parameters.
Fig.7 Observed vs predicted surface ozone levels
Fig 6.Scatter plot between observed and predicted
ozone levels. Conclusion
The correlation between the predicted and the Surface ozone measurements were made
observed surface ozone concentration lies around for a period of one year and the data was analysed
0.8 and the Figure 7 depicts the observed and with various meteorological parameters. It showed a
predicted levels. well diurnal pattern. The seasonal variation of
surface ozone showed maximum in summer and
minimum in NE Monsoon. The data points varied
between 13 ppb and 56 ppb. A simple neural
network model was designed to predict the peak
hour ozone concentration and it yielded good
correlation between observed and predicted ozone
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5. R.Krishna Sharma, Chithambarathanu, K.Elampari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1527-1531
levels. Even though the ozone levels are within the
permissible air quality standards of 60 ppb,
continuous monitoring is essential.
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