IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Assessment of salt water intrusion into the coastal aquifers of KeralaIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers in Kadappuram panchayat, Kerala, India. Water samples were collected from 11 wells during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. Analysis found chloride and Cl/(CO3+HCO3) ratios exceeded permissible limits, indicating varying degrees of contamination. Saltwater intrusion profiles showed higher intrusion rates during pre-monsoon season. Correlation analysis found significant relationships between parameters. Regression analysis determined distance best predicted intrusion levels, with the cubic equation explaining 83% of variation. The study concludes most groundwater in the area is contaminated by saltwater intrusion due to over-pumping, and recommends control
TREATMENT BY ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF REGRESSION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION ...ijsc
The study treated two closer alternative methods of which the principal characteristic: a non-parametric
method (the least absolute deviation (LAD)) and a traditional method of diagnosis OLS.This was applied to
model, separately, the indices of retention of the same whole of 35 pyrazines (27 pyrazines with 8 other
pyrazines in the same unit) eluted to the columns OV-101 and Carbowax-20M, by using theoretical
molecular descriptors calculated using the software DRAGON. The detection of influential observations for
non-parametric method (LAD) is a problem which has been extensively studied and offers alternative
dicapproaches whose main feature is the robustness.here is presented and compared with the standard
least squares regression .The comparison between methods LAD and OLS is based on the equation of the
hyperplane, in order to confirm the robustness thus to detect by the meaningless statements and the points
of lever and validated results in the state approached by the tests statistics: Test of Anderson-Darling,
shapiro-wilk, Agostino, Jarque-Bera, graphic test (histogram of frequency) and the confidence interval
thanks to the concept of robustness to check if the distribution of the errors is really approximate.
Treatment by alternative methods of regression gas chromatographic retention ...ijics
The study treated two closer alternative methods of which the principal characteristic: a non-parametric
method (the least absolute deviation (LAD)) and a traditional method of diagnosis OLS.This was applied to
model, separately, the indices of retention of the same whole of 35 pyrazines (27 pyrazines with 8 other
pyrazines in the same unit) eluted to the columns OV-101 and Carbowax-20M, by using theoretical
molecular descriptors calculated using the software DRAGON. The detection of influential observations for
non-parametric method (LAD) is a problem which has been extensively studied and offers alternative
dicapproaches whose main feature is the robustness .here is presented and compared with the standard
least squares regression .The comparison between methods LAD and OLS is based on the equation of the
hyperplane, in order to confirm the robustness thus to detect by the meaningless statements and the points
of lever and validated results in the state approached by the tests statistics: Test of Anderson-Darling,
shapiro-wilk, Agostino, Jarque-Bera, graphic test (histogram of frequency) and the confidence interval
thanks to the concept of robustness to check if the distribution of the errors is really approximate.
This document discusses dynamic simulation of heterogeneous catalysis at the particle scale using COMSOL Multiphysics. It presents the governing equations for reaction and diffusion and describes how the mathematical model accounts for mass transfer and kinetics within catalyst pores and in the liquid medium. Simulation results show concentration profiles inside and around the catalyst particle over time and demonstrate how particle size affects reaction rate when catalyst loading is held constant. The model is able to determine different rate constants for reactions in the bulk liquid and inside catalyst pores by minimizing error between simulated and experimental conversion values.
This document summarizes a research article about using particle swarm optimization to find different shrinkage parameters (k values) for each explanatory variable in ridge regression, rather than a single k value. Ridge regression is used to address multicollinearity issues in multiple regression analysis. Typically, ridge regression estimates a single k value, but this study uses an algorithm based on particle swarm optimization to estimate different k values for each variable. The study applies this new method to real data and simulations to evaluate its performance compared to other ridge regression methods.
Resistivity fractal dimension for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the pe...Khalid Al-Khidir
- The document analyzes sandstone samples from the Shajara reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation in Saudi Arabia.
- Resistivity and geometric relaxation time fractal dimensions were calculated from porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure data to characterize the reservoirs.
- The reservoirs were divided into three units based on the fractal dimension results: a lower, middle, and upper Shajara resistivity fractal dimension unit.
Iaetsd design and implementation of intelligentIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and implementation of intelligent controllers for a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The CSTR is used to control the concentration of ethylene glycol by manipulating the concentration of ethylene oxide. Various controllers like PI, PID, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms are analyzed for controlling the concentration. Modeling is done in MATLAB Simulink. Genetic algorithms are found to provide better concentration control compared to other controllers. The paper discusses CSTR modeling and problem formulation. Controller design methods like PID and modified PID are also covered.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Assessment of salt water intrusion into the coastal aquifers of KeralaIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers in Kadappuram panchayat, Kerala, India. Water samples were collected from 11 wells during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. Analysis found chloride and Cl/(CO3+HCO3) ratios exceeded permissible limits, indicating varying degrees of contamination. Saltwater intrusion profiles showed higher intrusion rates during pre-monsoon season. Correlation analysis found significant relationships between parameters. Regression analysis determined distance best predicted intrusion levels, with the cubic equation explaining 83% of variation. The study concludes most groundwater in the area is contaminated by saltwater intrusion due to over-pumping, and recommends control
TREATMENT BY ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF REGRESSION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION ...ijsc
The study treated two closer alternative methods of which the principal characteristic: a non-parametric
method (the least absolute deviation (LAD)) and a traditional method of diagnosis OLS.This was applied to
model, separately, the indices of retention of the same whole of 35 pyrazines (27 pyrazines with 8 other
pyrazines in the same unit) eluted to the columns OV-101 and Carbowax-20M, by using theoretical
molecular descriptors calculated using the software DRAGON. The detection of influential observations for
non-parametric method (LAD) is a problem which has been extensively studied and offers alternative
dicapproaches whose main feature is the robustness.here is presented and compared with the standard
least squares regression .The comparison between methods LAD and OLS is based on the equation of the
hyperplane, in order to confirm the robustness thus to detect by the meaningless statements and the points
of lever and validated results in the state approached by the tests statistics: Test of Anderson-Darling,
shapiro-wilk, Agostino, Jarque-Bera, graphic test (histogram of frequency) and the confidence interval
thanks to the concept of robustness to check if the distribution of the errors is really approximate.
Treatment by alternative methods of regression gas chromatographic retention ...ijics
The study treated two closer alternative methods of which the principal characteristic: a non-parametric
method (the least absolute deviation (LAD)) and a traditional method of diagnosis OLS.This was applied to
model, separately, the indices of retention of the same whole of 35 pyrazines (27 pyrazines with 8 other
pyrazines in the same unit) eluted to the columns OV-101 and Carbowax-20M, by using theoretical
molecular descriptors calculated using the software DRAGON. The detection of influential observations for
non-parametric method (LAD) is a problem which has been extensively studied and offers alternative
dicapproaches whose main feature is the robustness .here is presented and compared with the standard
least squares regression .The comparison between methods LAD and OLS is based on the equation of the
hyperplane, in order to confirm the robustness thus to detect by the meaningless statements and the points
of lever and validated results in the state approached by the tests statistics: Test of Anderson-Darling,
shapiro-wilk, Agostino, Jarque-Bera, graphic test (histogram of frequency) and the confidence interval
thanks to the concept of robustness to check if the distribution of the errors is really approximate.
This document discusses dynamic simulation of heterogeneous catalysis at the particle scale using COMSOL Multiphysics. It presents the governing equations for reaction and diffusion and describes how the mathematical model accounts for mass transfer and kinetics within catalyst pores and in the liquid medium. Simulation results show concentration profiles inside and around the catalyst particle over time and demonstrate how particle size affects reaction rate when catalyst loading is held constant. The model is able to determine different rate constants for reactions in the bulk liquid and inside catalyst pores by minimizing error between simulated and experimental conversion values.
This document summarizes a research article about using particle swarm optimization to find different shrinkage parameters (k values) for each explanatory variable in ridge regression, rather than a single k value. Ridge regression is used to address multicollinearity issues in multiple regression analysis. Typically, ridge regression estimates a single k value, but this study uses an algorithm based on particle swarm optimization to estimate different k values for each variable. The study applies this new method to real data and simulations to evaluate its performance compared to other ridge regression methods.
Resistivity fractal dimension for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the pe...Khalid Al-Khidir
- The document analyzes sandstone samples from the Shajara reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation in Saudi Arabia.
- Resistivity and geometric relaxation time fractal dimensions were calculated from porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure data to characterize the reservoirs.
- The reservoirs were divided into three units based on the fractal dimension results: a lower, middle, and upper Shajara resistivity fractal dimension unit.
Iaetsd design and implementation of intelligentIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and implementation of intelligent controllers for a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The CSTR is used to control the concentration of ethylene glycol by manipulating the concentration of ethylene oxide. Various controllers like PI, PID, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms are analyzed for controlling the concentration. Modeling is done in MATLAB Simulink. Genetic algorithms are found to provide better concentration control compared to other controllers. The paper discusses CSTR modeling and problem formulation. Controller design methods like PID and modified PID are also covered.
This presentation intends to overcome these issues using statistical techniques. The regression analysis for different fault scenarios is carried out wherein linear relationship of different fault gases is explored. Firstly the regression equations for fault gas contents in both known and unknown fault cases are obtained. Then the corresponding correlation coefficients for fault gases of each fault type are compared, which can provide an insight for separating and identifying faults in unresolved diagnostic cases. This not only ensures reliability of power supply at customer level but also can improve the economic dividends of power system.
Prediction of Fault in Distribution Transformer using Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy I...ijsrd.com
In this paper, we present a new method for simultaneous diagnosis of fault in distribution transformer. It uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), based on Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). The ANFIS is first “trained†in accordance with IEC 599, so that it acquires some fault determination ability. The CO2/CO ratios are then considered additional input data, enabling simultaneous diagnosis of the type and location of the fault. Diagnosis techniques based on the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) have been developed to detect incipient faults in distribution transformers. The quantity of the dissolved gas depends fundamentally on the types of faults occurring within distribution transformers. By considering these characteristics, Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) methods make it possible to detect the abnormality of the transformers. This can be done by comparing the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) of the transformer under surveillance with the standard one. This idea provides the use of adaptive neural fuzzy technique in order to better predict oil conditions of a transformer. The proposed method can forecast the possible faults which can be occurred in the transformer. This idea can be used for maintenance purpose in the technology where distributed transformer plays a significant role such as when the energy is to be distributed in a large region.
Fault detection in power transformers using random neural networksIJECEIAES
This paper discuss the application of artificial neural network-based algorithms to identify different types of faults in a power transformer, particularly using DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) test. The analysis of Random Neural Network (RNN) using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) algorithms has been done using the data of dissolved gases of power transformers collected from Punjab State Transmission Corporation Ltd.(PSTCL), Ludhiana, India. Sorting of the preprocessed data have been done using dimensionality reduction technique, i.e., principal component analysis. The sorted data is used as inputs to the Random Neural Networks (RNN) classifier. It has been seen from the results obtained that BFGS has better performance for the diagnosis of fault in transformer as compared to LM.
Dissolve gas anylysis measurement and interpretation techniqueArun Ramaiah
DGA measurement & interpretation technique: it is a testing of insulating oil of transformer, which give the data about the internal damage, gases produce in the oil occurs due to overheating, acring etc. interpretation technique- gives the idea about he fault that causes by gases.
IRJET- Combined Dissolved Gas Analysis: A Prescient Methodology for Recog...IRJET Journal
This document discusses combined dissolved gas analysis (DGA) for fault detection in transformers. It presents five classical DGA interpretation methods: key gas method, IEC ratio method, Rogers ratio method, Dornenburg ratio method, and Duval triangle method. A MATLAB GUI is developed to combine these five methods, improving accuracy to 100% compared to a maximum of 90% for individual methods. Gases like hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and acetylene are formed from decomposition of transformer oil and insulation. DGA analyzes concentrations of these gases to identify faults like overheating, partial discharge, and arcing based on concentration thresholds and gas ratios defined in the different interpretation methods.
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods and ann for dg...Mellah Hacene
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods (Roger and IEC) and artificial neural network for dissolved gas analysis applied on the functional transformer in the Algerian north-eastern: a comparative study
Bouchaoui Lahcene, Kamel Eddine Hemsas, Hacene Mellah, saad eddine benlahneche
Nowadays, power transformer aging and failures are viewed with great attention in power transmission industry. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is classified among the biggest widely used methods used within the context of asset management policy to detect the incipient faults in their earlier stage in power transformers. Up to now, several procedures have been employed for the lecture of DGA results. Among these useful means, we find Key Gases, Rogers Ratios, IEC Ratios, the historical technique less used today Doernenburg Ratios, the two types of Duval Pentagons methods, several versions of the Duval Triangles method and Logarithmic Nomograph. Problem. DGA data extracted from different units in service served to verify the ability and reliability of these methods in assessing the state of health of the power transformer. Aim. An improving the quality of diagnostics of electrical power transformer by artificial neural network tools based on two conventional methods in the case of a functional power transformer at Sétif province in East North of Algeria. Methodology. Design an inelegant tool for power transformer diagnosis using neural networks based on traditional methods IEC and Rogers, which allows to early detection faults, to increase the reliability, of the entire electrical energy system from transport to consumers and improve a continuity and quality of service. Results. The solution of the problem was carried out by using feed-forward back-propagation neural networks implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment. Four real power transformers working under different environment and climate conditions such as: desert, humid, cold were taken into account. The practical results of the diagnosis of these power transformers by the DGA are presented. Practical value.....
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF ANFIS APPLIED TO FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF POWER TRANSFORMER ecij
Continuous monitoring of Power transformer is very much essential during its operation. Incipient faults inside the tank and winding insulation needs careful attention. Traditional ratio methods and Duval triangle can be employed to diagnose the incipient faults. Many times correct diagnosis due to the
borderline problems and the existence of multiple faults may not be possible. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques could be the best solution to handle the non linearity and complexity in the input data. In the proposed work, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), is utilized to deal with 9 incipient fault conditions including healthy condition of power transformer with sufficient DGA transformer oil samples. Comparison of the diagnosis performance of both the methods of ANFIS and the feasibility pertaining to the problem is presented. Diagnosis error in classifying the oil samples and the network structure are the main considerations of the present study.
IRJET- Parametric Optimization of Co2 Welding on Fe410 using Taguchi Tech...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi's method of optimization to determine the optimal CO2 welding parameters for joining martensitic stainless steel FE410. The parameters investigated were current, voltage, and gas flow rate. Specimens were welded and tested for tensile strength and hardness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found that current had the greatest influence on tensile strength, while gas flow rate most influenced hardness. Optimal parameters were determined to be a current of 140A, voltage of 25V, and gas flow rate of 17L/min for maximum tensile strength, and a current of 125A, voltage of 20V, and gas flow rate of 14L/min for maximum hardness.
Nickel nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode for ni ions determinatio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Novel potentiometric electrodes were assembled with the carbon paste by nickel nanoparticles. Nickel nanoparticles were produced in acidic reducing solutions. Resulted product characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The properties of the modified electrodes at different concentrations were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiometry. Our results showed that Nickel nanoparticles increase the electrode/solution interface capacitance, constant phase element (CPE) and also increase the interface resistance. These electrodes that showed good sensitivity, reproducibility and stability can potentiometricaly determine Nickel ions. We studied thermodynamic parameters of fabricated electrodes. Keywords: Nickel nanoparticle, Carbon paste electrode, EIS, XRD, Electrode thermodynamics.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Failure analysis of a power transformer using dissolved gas analysis – a case...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of interference methods on transformers based on the results of dis...IJECEIAES
In the operation of the power transformer, several maintenance efforts must be made to ensure the condition of the transformer is in good condition. The problems that usually arise are a thermal failure and electrical failure. The use of insulating media such as transformer oil and transformer insulation paper can be disrupted by this failure. Dissolved gas analysis, which identifies the types and concentrations of dissolved gas in transformer oil, can reveal details on fault indicators in power transformers (DGA). In this study, we used the interpretation of the IEEE std 2008-C57.104 (total dissolved combustible gas (TDCG), key gas, Rogers ratio method), the interpretation of IEC 2015-60599 (Duval triangle and basic gas ratio method), and the IEEE Std 2019-C57.104 interpretation (Duval pentagon method). The outcome of the DGA test is used to determine the conditions and indications of disturbances in the transformer for power. Using various gas analysis techniques also impacts the outcome of the fault indication. This variation has affected the types of gas used in the computation and the gas concentration limit value estimation. After the gas analysis, it was found that the oil purification process was also proven to reduce the concentration of combustible gases.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document presents a Grey Theory approach combined with artificial neural networks (ANN) for assessing the state of power transformers using dissolved gas analysis (DGA). Grey Theory is applied to analyze DGA samples based on partial information to standardize interpretation. Key gases from DGA samples are used as input for the Grey model. The Grey model calculates a "target heart degree" to determine transformer state. An ANN model is developed and validated against the Grey model outputs. The ANN shows some success in validating the benchmarks of the proposed Grey model for assessing transformer condition from DGA results.
This document discusses using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array UV detection (DAD-HPLC) to analyze impurity profiles of steroid drugs. It demonstrates DAD-HPLC's ability to identify UV-active impurities and degradation products through recording UV spectra, allowing structural identification. The document presents case studies analyzing impurity profiles of ethynyloestradiol, norgestrel, and norethisterone. In ethynyloestradiol, a minor impurity is identified as 9(11)-dehydroethynyloestradiol based on its UV spectrum. This technique provides a rapid screening method for impurity identification to complement results from other spectroscopic techniques like mass spectrometry
Transformers are the vital parts of an electrical grid system. A faulty transformer can destabilize the electrical
supply along with the other devices of the transmission system. Due to its significant role in the
system, a transformer has to be free from faults and irregularities. Dissolved Gas-in-oil Analysis (DGA)
is a method that helps in diagnosing the faults present in an electrical transformer. This paper proposes
a hybrid system based on Genetic Neural Computing (GNC) for analyzing and interpreting the data
derived from the concentration of the dissolved gases. It is further analyzed and clustered into four subsets
according to the standard C57.104 defined by IEEE using genetic algorithm (GA). The clustered data is
fed to the neural network that is used to predict the different types of faults present in the transformers.
The hybrid system generates the necessary decision rules to assist the system’s operator in identifying
the exact fault in the transformer and its fault status. This analysis would then be helpful in performing
the required maintenance check and plan for repairs.
Shortcut Design Method for Multistage Binary Distillation via MS-ExceIJERA Editor
Multistage distillation is most widely used industrial method for separating chemical mixtures with high energy consumptions especially when relative volatility of key components is lower than 1.5. The McCabe Thiele is considered to be the simplest and perhaps most instructive method for the conceptual design of binary distillation column which is still widely used, mainly for quick preliminary calculations. In this present work, we provide a numerical solution to a McCabe-Thiele method to find out theoretical number of stages for ideal and non-ideal binary system, reflux ratio, condenser duty, reboiler duty, each plate composition inside the column. Each and every point related to McCabe-Thiele in MS-Excel to give quick column dimensions are discussed in details
Optimization of performance and emission characteristics of dual flow diesel ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depleting sources of fossil fuels coupled with after effects of exhaust gases on environment i.e. global warming and climate change has necessitated the need for development and use of alternate biodegradable fuels. In this present study optimization of performance and emission characteristics has been carried out using dual flow of CNG and Diesel with varying EGR under varying load by Taguchi method. Optimum values of output response parameters have been calculated with the help of regression equation and influence of various factors on output response has carried out with the help of analysis of variance.
Keywords: Taguchi method, CNG, EGR, biodegradable fuels
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The software was able to automatically evaluate 13 out of 19 samples (69%) in the initial test set. 6 samples were flagged for manual analysis, with 4 false negatives due to issues now fixed in the software. The blind test on 10 additional samples found the software could automatically evaluate 7 out of 10 (70%) when filtering problematic samples, or as high as 90% with improved filtering. The document evaluates the ability of automated NMR processing and structure verification software to analyze samples without human intervention.
The sequential inversion technique (SIT) and differential coefficients method (DCM) are two methods discussed to reconstruct true transient emission signals from measurements taken by analyzers, which introduce delays and dispersion. The SIT reconstructs the input second by second based on the measured response and dispersion characteristics. Testing with real data showed it can accurately reconstruct signals without noise. However, reconstruction fails if the dispersion characteristics change or there is signal noise. The DCM defines the real input as a linear combination of the output and its derivatives. It was more accurate than SIT when noise was present. Both methods aim to compensate for measurement delays and dispersion to obtain instantaneous emissions from analyzer readings.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
This presentation intends to overcome these issues using statistical techniques. The regression analysis for different fault scenarios is carried out wherein linear relationship of different fault gases is explored. Firstly the regression equations for fault gas contents in both known and unknown fault cases are obtained. Then the corresponding correlation coefficients for fault gases of each fault type are compared, which can provide an insight for separating and identifying faults in unresolved diagnostic cases. This not only ensures reliability of power supply at customer level but also can improve the economic dividends of power system.
Prediction of Fault in Distribution Transformer using Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy I...ijsrd.com
In this paper, we present a new method for simultaneous diagnosis of fault in distribution transformer. It uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), based on Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). The ANFIS is first “trained†in accordance with IEC 599, so that it acquires some fault determination ability. The CO2/CO ratios are then considered additional input data, enabling simultaneous diagnosis of the type and location of the fault. Diagnosis techniques based on the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) have been developed to detect incipient faults in distribution transformers. The quantity of the dissolved gas depends fundamentally on the types of faults occurring within distribution transformers. By considering these characteristics, Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) methods make it possible to detect the abnormality of the transformers. This can be done by comparing the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) of the transformer under surveillance with the standard one. This idea provides the use of adaptive neural fuzzy technique in order to better predict oil conditions of a transformer. The proposed method can forecast the possible faults which can be occurred in the transformer. This idea can be used for maintenance purpose in the technology where distributed transformer plays a significant role such as when the energy is to be distributed in a large region.
Fault detection in power transformers using random neural networksIJECEIAES
This paper discuss the application of artificial neural network-based algorithms to identify different types of faults in a power transformer, particularly using DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) test. The analysis of Random Neural Network (RNN) using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) algorithms has been done using the data of dissolved gases of power transformers collected from Punjab State Transmission Corporation Ltd.(PSTCL), Ludhiana, India. Sorting of the preprocessed data have been done using dimensionality reduction technique, i.e., principal component analysis. The sorted data is used as inputs to the Random Neural Networks (RNN) classifier. It has been seen from the results obtained that BFGS has better performance for the diagnosis of fault in transformer as compared to LM.
Dissolve gas anylysis measurement and interpretation techniqueArun Ramaiah
DGA measurement & interpretation technique: it is a testing of insulating oil of transformer, which give the data about the internal damage, gases produce in the oil occurs due to overheating, acring etc. interpretation technique- gives the idea about he fault that causes by gases.
IRJET- Combined Dissolved Gas Analysis: A Prescient Methodology for Recog...IRJET Journal
This document discusses combined dissolved gas analysis (DGA) for fault detection in transformers. It presents five classical DGA interpretation methods: key gas method, IEC ratio method, Rogers ratio method, Dornenburg ratio method, and Duval triangle method. A MATLAB GUI is developed to combine these five methods, improving accuracy to 100% compared to a maximum of 90% for individual methods. Gases like hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and acetylene are formed from decomposition of transformer oil and insulation. DGA analyzes concentrations of these gases to identify faults like overheating, partial discharge, and arcing based on concentration thresholds and gas ratios defined in the different interpretation methods.
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods and ann for dg...Mellah Hacene
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods (Roger and IEC) and artificial neural network for dissolved gas analysis applied on the functional transformer in the Algerian north-eastern: a comparative study
Bouchaoui Lahcene, Kamel Eddine Hemsas, Hacene Mellah, saad eddine benlahneche
Nowadays, power transformer aging and failures are viewed with great attention in power transmission industry. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is classified among the biggest widely used methods used within the context of asset management policy to detect the incipient faults in their earlier stage in power transformers. Up to now, several procedures have been employed for the lecture of DGA results. Among these useful means, we find Key Gases, Rogers Ratios, IEC Ratios, the historical technique less used today Doernenburg Ratios, the two types of Duval Pentagons methods, several versions of the Duval Triangles method and Logarithmic Nomograph. Problem. DGA data extracted from different units in service served to verify the ability and reliability of these methods in assessing the state of health of the power transformer. Aim. An improving the quality of diagnostics of electrical power transformer by artificial neural network tools based on two conventional methods in the case of a functional power transformer at Sétif province in East North of Algeria. Methodology. Design an inelegant tool for power transformer diagnosis using neural networks based on traditional methods IEC and Rogers, which allows to early detection faults, to increase the reliability, of the entire electrical energy system from transport to consumers and improve a continuity and quality of service. Results. The solution of the problem was carried out by using feed-forward back-propagation neural networks implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment. Four real power transformers working under different environment and climate conditions such as: desert, humid, cold were taken into account. The practical results of the diagnosis of these power transformers by the DGA are presented. Practical value.....
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF ANFIS APPLIED TO FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF POWER TRANSFORMER ecij
Continuous monitoring of Power transformer is very much essential during its operation. Incipient faults inside the tank and winding insulation needs careful attention. Traditional ratio methods and Duval triangle can be employed to diagnose the incipient faults. Many times correct diagnosis due to the
borderline problems and the existence of multiple faults may not be possible. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques could be the best solution to handle the non linearity and complexity in the input data. In the proposed work, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), is utilized to deal with 9 incipient fault conditions including healthy condition of power transformer with sufficient DGA transformer oil samples. Comparison of the diagnosis performance of both the methods of ANFIS and the feasibility pertaining to the problem is presented. Diagnosis error in classifying the oil samples and the network structure are the main considerations of the present study.
IRJET- Parametric Optimization of Co2 Welding on Fe410 using Taguchi Tech...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi's method of optimization to determine the optimal CO2 welding parameters for joining martensitic stainless steel FE410. The parameters investigated were current, voltage, and gas flow rate. Specimens were welded and tested for tensile strength and hardness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found that current had the greatest influence on tensile strength, while gas flow rate most influenced hardness. Optimal parameters were determined to be a current of 140A, voltage of 25V, and gas flow rate of 17L/min for maximum tensile strength, and a current of 125A, voltage of 20V, and gas flow rate of 14L/min for maximum hardness.
Nickel nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode for ni ions determinatio...eSAT Journals
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supply along with the other devices of the transmission system. Due to its significant role in the
system, a transformer has to be free from faults and irregularities. Dissolved Gas-in-oil Analysis (DGA)
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Cw33592595
1. S. Saranya, Uma Mageswari, Natalya Roy, R. Sudha / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.592-595
592 | P a g e
Comparative Study Of Various Dissolved Gas Analysis Methods
To Diagnose Transformer Faults
S. Saranya1
, Uma Mageswari2
, Natalya Roy3
, R. Sudha4
4
VIT University, Vellore
ABSTRACT:
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is a
reliable technique for detecting the presence of
incipient fault conditions in oil immersed
transformers. In this method the presence of
certain key gases is monitored. The various
analysis methods are : Rogers ratio, IEC ratio,
Doernenburg, Duval triangle, key gas, artificial
neural network (ANN) method. In this paper the
various DGA methods are evaluated and
compared. The comparative study is carried
out from DGA data obtained from published
papers. The key gases considered are hydrogen,
methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene.
INTRODUCTION:
Mineral oils is mixture of saturated hydro
carbon paraffin whose general molecular formula is
CnH2n+2 with ‘n ‘ in the range of 20-40. This oil
acts as di electric medium and this heat transfer
agent when used in transformers. During the
occurrence of fault in the transformer, these gases
are released within the unit. The rate of gas
generation and its distribution indicates the severity
of fault.
Fault may occur due to overheating,
arcing, partial discharge, over heating in cellulose,
etc. The fault gases are methane(CH4),ethane
(C2H6), ethylene (C2H4),acetylene(C2H2),
hydrogen(H2),carbon monoxide(CO),carbon di
oxide(CO2).non fault gasses are
nitrogen(N2),Oxygen(O2). Depending up on the
fault gas there are several technique to analyse the
type if transformer fault.
METHODOLOGY:
The insulating oils breakdown to release
small quantity of gases up on occurrence of fault. It
is possible to distinguish fault such as partial
discharge (corona), overheating, arcing, by means
of DGA
1. Roger ratio method:
In this method four ratio CH4/H2, C2H6/CH4,
C2H4/C2H6 and C2H2/C2H4 are utilised. The code
number that is generated can be related to a
diagnostic interpretation as shown in Table 1,2 & 3.
Table(1):
2. IEC method:
This method similar to Roger’s ratio
method except that the ratios C2H6/CH4 is excluded
as it indicates only a limited range of
decomposition. A detailed description of IEC
method shown in table(4).
Table(4):
Range
Of
Ratio
Code
C2H2
/
C2H4
CH4/
H2
C2H4/
C2H6
R2 R1 R5
<0.1 0 1 0
0.1to1.0 1 0 0
1.0 to 3.0 1 2 1
>3.0 2 2 2
Different fault types can be identified by typical
phenomena. Partial discharge of low energy density
2. S. Saranya, Uma Mageswari, Natalya Roy, R. Sudha / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.592-595
593 | P a g e
is observed by discharged in gas filled cavities
from incomplete impregnation. Partial discharge of
high energy density leads to perforation of solid
insulation. Thermal faults are observed by
overheating of insulation conductors.
3. Doernenburg Ratio Method:
In this method the gas concentration from
ratio of CH4/H2, C2H2/CH4, C2H4/C2H6 and
C2H2/C2H4 are utilised. The value of gases must
exceed the concentration L1 when there is fault at
the unit. Table (5) shows the key gases and their
concentration L1.
Table (5):
To diagnose the fault the step by step procedure in
this method is:
Gas concentrations are obtained by
extracting the gases and separating them
by chromatograph
If at least one of the gas concentrations (in
ppm) for H2, CH4, C2H2, and C2H4
exceeds twice the values for limit L1 (see
table 7) and one of the other three gases
exceeds the values for limit L1, the unit is
considered faulty; proceed to Step 3.
Determining validity of ratio procedure: If
at least one of the gases in each ratio
CH
4
/H
2
, C
2
H
2
/CH
4
, C
2
H
2
/CH
4
and
C
2
H
6
/C
2
H
2
exceeds limit L1, the ratio
procedure is valid. Otherwise, the ratios
are not significant, and the unit should be
resample and investigated by alternative
procedures.
Assuming that the ratio analysis is valid,
each successive ratio is compared to the
values obtained from table 8 in the order
of ratio CH
4
/H
2
, C
2
H
2
/CH
4
, C
2
H
2
/CH
4
and
C
2
H
6
/C
2
H
2
If all succeeding ratios for a specific fault type fall
within the values (column) given in table(6), the
suggested diagnosis is valid.
Table(6):
Suggested
Fault
diagnosis
1.thermal
decomposi
tion
2.corona(
low
Intensity
PD)
3.arcing
(high
intensity
PD)
CH4/H2 >1.0
>0.1
<0.75
<1.0
<0.3
<0.1
C2H2/C2H4 <0.1
<0.01
Not
significia
nt
<0.3
<0.1
C2H2/CH4 <0.1
>0.01
<1.0
<0.1
>0.75
>1.0
>0.3
>0.1
4. Duval Triangle method:
This method was developed in 1960 by
M.Duval. To determine whether the problem exists
at least the one of the hydro carbon gases or
hydrogen must be at L1 level or above , and the gas
generation rate must be at least G2[]. The L1 level
and gas generation rates are shown in table (7).
Table(7):
Gas L1 limits G1 limits
(ppm per
month)
G2 limits
(ppm per
month)
H2 100 10 50
CH4 75 8 38
C2H2 3 3 3
C2H4 75 8 38
C2H6 75 8 38
CO 700 70 350
CO2 7000 700 3500
Once a problem has been detected, calculate the
total accumulated Amount of the three Duval
triangle gases (CH4, C2H2, C2H4) and divide each
gas by the total.
3. S. Saranya, Uma Mageswari, Natalya Roy, R. Sudha / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.592-595
594 | P a g e
This will give the percentage of each gas of the
total. Plot the obtained percentage of the total on
the triangle to obtain the diagnosis.
5. Key Gas method:
The principle of the key gas method is based on the
quantity of individual fault gases released from the
insulating oil during the occurrence of a fault. In
this method, individual gas is considered rather
than the gas ratio for fault detection is calculated.
Table(8): Over Heated Oil Characteristic
Table(9): Overheated Cellulose Characteristic
Table (10): Corona in Oil Characteristic
Table (11): Arcing in oil Characteristic
6. Artificial Intelligence:
The relationship between released gas and
incipient fault condition is interpreted by ANN and
is used to develop the gas- in- oil data. An ANN
design includes selection of input, output, network
topology and weighted connection of nodes. The
network topology is chosen experimentally through
a repeated process of optimization of the number of
hidden layers. Figure () illustrates over all ANN
design process with step by step adjustment to
achieve desired structure. The back propagation
learning algorithm used involves repeatedly
passing the training sets through the neural network
until it weights minimise the output error over the
entire set. Once a process has done, the weights
will be retained and ready for future use. New
samples can be fed to this trained ANN to obtain
the output readily.
Results and Conclusions:
The percentage of successful prediction
and consistency are calculated using the following
formulas:
4. S. Saranya, Uma Mageswari, Natalya Roy, R. Sudha / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.592-595
595 | P a g e
TABLE(13):
From the results summarised in the table the
following observations are made
For f1 faults key gas and duval methods ds
gave 100% successful predictions.
For F2 faults key gas method gave 100%
successful prediction.
For f3 faults the IEC method gave the
highest percentage of successful prediction
at 82%
F4 faults had the lowest percentage of
successful prediction among all fault types.
F5 faults Duval Gas method gave 100% successful
prediction. It can be observed that the most
consistent method is the duval gas method followed
by key gas method.
References:
1. Artificial neural networks applied to DGA
for fault diagnosis in oil-filled power
transformers: Mohammad Golkhah, Sahar
Saffar Shamshirgar and Mohaammad Ali
Vahidi.
2. An Artificial Neural Network approach to
Transformer Fault Diagnosis. Y. Zhang,
X. Ding, Y. Liu, P. J. GriffinThe Bradley
Department of Electrical
EngineeringVirginia Tech, Blacksburg,
VA 24061-0111,USA
3. DiGiorgio, J.B. (2005) Dissolved Gas
Analysis of Mineral Oil Insulating Fluids.
DGA Expert System: A Leader in Quality,
Value and Experience 1, 1-17
4. Chu, D. and A. Lux, On-line monitoring
of power transformers and components: a
review of key parameters. Electrical
Insulation Conference and Electrical
Manufacturing & Coil Winding
Conference, 1999. Proceedings, 1999: p.
669-675.
5. Siva Sarma, D.V.S.S. and G.N.S. Kalyani,
ANN Approach for Condition Monitoring
of Power Transformers using DGA. 2004
IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON
2004., 2004. C: p. 444-447.
6. Yang, F. and Z. Liang, Comprehensive
method detecting the status of the
transformer based on the artificial
intelligence. 2004 International
Conference on Power System Technology,
2004. PowerCon 2004. , 2004. 2: p. 1638-
1643.
7. Hongzhong, M., et al., Diagnosis of power
transformer faults on fuzzy three-ratio
method. The 7th International Power
Engineering Conference, 2005. IPEC
2005., 2005.
8. Wang, M., A.J. Vandermaar, and K.D.
Srivastava, Review of Condition
Assessment of Power Transformers In
Service, in IEEE Electrical Insulation
Magazine. 2002. p. 12-25.
9. C57.104.1991, I., IEEE Guide for
Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-
Immersed Transformer, I. The Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers,
Editor. 1992, The Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers, Inc p. 27.
10. FIST3-31, Facilities Instructions,
Standards and Techniques Volume 3-31
Transformer Diagnostics. 2003, Bureau of
Reclamation Hydroelectric Research and
Technical Services Group Denver. p. 5-13.
11. Q.Su, et al., A Fuzzy Dissolved Gas
Analysis Method for The Diagnosis of
Multiple Incipient Faults in a Transformer.
IEEE Transaction On Power System,
2000. 15(2): p. 593-59