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Framing a research question for prospective cohort studies requires careful consideration of the specific research topic and population of interest. Here are some steps to follow to frame a research question and sub-questions for prospective cohort studies: 1. Identify the main research question. 2. Define the population of interest 3. Specify the exposure or intervention of interest Read more @ https://pubrica.com/academy/data-collection/how-to-frame-a-research-question-and-sub-research-question-for-prospective-cohort-studies/ Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/case-report-writing/

Science

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Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Pubrica
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Email: sales@pubrica.com

• Framing a research question for prospective cohort studies requires careful consideration of the
specific research topic and population of interest.
• Here are some steps to follow to frame a research question and sub-questions for prospective
cohort studies:
1.Identify the main research question: The main research question should be a focused, hypothesis-driven
question that clearly defines the research objective.
2.Define the population of interest: The research question should clearly define the population of interest
3.Specify the exposure or intervention of interest: The exposure or intervention of interest should be
specified in the research question..
4.Consider the outcome of interest: The research question should clearly define the outcome of interest.
5.Develop sub-questions: Sub-questions can be used to provide more detail and clarity to the main
research question.
Introduction

Example research question: Does regular physical activity reduce the risk of cardiovascular
disease among middle-aged adults over a 10-year period, compared to sedentary ones?
contd...
Sub-questions:
• What is the incidence rate of cardiovascular disease among the study population over the 10
years?
• What is the level of physical activity among the study population, and how does it vary over time?
• What are the demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the study population, and how do they
influence the risk of cardiovascular disease?
• How does the risk of cardiovascular disease vary according to different levels of physical activity
after controlling for other demographic and lifestyle factors?
• What is the dose-response relationship between physical activity and the risk of cardiovascular
disease among middle-aged adults over a 10-year period?

Some possible research objectives based on the research
question:
• To investigate the incidence rate of cardiovascular disease
among middle-aged adults over a 10-year period.
• Assess the level of physical activity among the study population
and how it varies over time.
• To examine the demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the
study population and how they influence the risk of
cardiovascular disease.
• After controlling for other demographic and lifestyle factors,
determine the relationship between physical activity and
cardiovascular disease risk among middle-aged adults.
• To explore the dose-response relationship between physical
activity and the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-
aged adults over a 10-year period.

About Pubrica
• The team of researchers and writers at Pubrica creates scientific and medical study papers
that can serve as invaluable resources for practitioners and authors.
• Using the reader to inform them of the gaps in the chosen study area, Pubrica medical
writers assist you in writing and editing the introduction.
• Our specialists are conscious of the order in which the general topic, the issue, and the
background are followed by the narrow subject where the hypothesis is stated.

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The main research question should be a focused, hypothesis-driven question that clearly defines the research objective. This question should be broad enough to allow for a comprehensive investigation of the topic but specific enough to guide the research process. Read more @ https://pubrica.com/academy/data-collection/how-to-frame-a-research-question-and-sub-research-question-for-prospective-cohort-studies/ Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/case-report-writing/

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1 6 Nutrition Name Institutional affiliation Professor Course Date Introduction An individual’s nutritional status mainly results from various factors interacting at different levels (Shirakabe et al., 2018). Nevertheless, an individual’s eating pattern is an essential factor that dictates disease occurrence, particularly some chronic conditions like hypertension, cancer, stroke, heart disease, and diabetes. Again, adverse outcomes, including malnutrition, poor life quality, low birth weight, mortality, and disability, are relative to poor eating patterns. Therefore, recognizing diet’s role at the onset of disease and evaluating the nutritional status of a community, family, and individual are essential public health. In this case, nutritional assessment help to obtain information concerning the geographical distribution and prevalence of nutritional disorders in a community or a specific population group. The assessment also aids in planning corrective measures and examining the effectiveness of applied strategies simultaneously. Article Search Identifying recently published articles that support present nutritional status evaluation is necessary to locate essential evidence for the topic. Hence, it was imperative to determine scholarly academic sources whose publications range within the past five years to facilitate up-to-date information that applies to the paper’s focus. In this case, I used search terms “Malnutrition,” “Mini Nutritional Assessment,” and “Diets” in the NCBI and PubMed search databases. Here, I located the articles “Assessing and Evaluating Nutritional Status, Diets, and Physical Activity” and “Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients Presenting to the Family Health Center” using this technique to find information that supports nutritional status assessment. Article Findings The findings in the articles emphasize the significance of implementing nutritional status assessments to maintain individuals’ health status. Cross-sectional research took place at a domestic health center in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 102 patients in FHC without severe dementia, communication problems, or psychiatric conditions (Nazan & Buket, 2018). Participants completed an MNA questionnaire regarding daily meal numbers, feeding mode, fluid and protein consumption, anthropometric measurements, and patients’ self-view concerning health and nutritional status. In the study, 31% of the participants had malnutrition risk, while 13% were malnourished. The findings showed that malnutrition prevalence was higher in males, and malnutrition risk increases with age in any geriatric population. Again, patients with malnutrition portrayed severe appetite loss. Generally, the study shows that the malnutrition rate increase rapidly in parallel with the global elderly growth. Hence, the article addresses the topic because the application of nutritional screening examinations for the elderly people would facilitate health me ...

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CJBS 250 RESEARCH PROPOSAL Article #1: Alcohol drinking pattern and risk of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study. ● What is APA citation for the article? Askgaard, G., Grønbæk, M., Kjær, M. S., Tjønneland, A., & Tolstrup, J. S. (2015, May). Alcohol drinking pattern and risk of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: A prospective cohort study. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634330 ● What is the purpose of the study? What questions were asked? The purpose of this study was to give questionnaires to collect data for a study of the effects of alcohol and its risks on liver cirrhosis. This study shows individuals how consuming too much alcohol can lead to liver cirrhosis as well as much other health diseases in the future. In this study, they asked questions about the use of alcohol intake as well as drinking patterns of individuals. ● What is the sample size? The sample size consists of 354-204 patients who are aged 16 and older. ● What is the research design? (Explanation, Exploration, Evaluation, Description) The research design consists of a prospective cohort study. ● What type of data collection method was used? (i.e., survey, experiment, observation) The type of data collection method that was used has consisted of observations and questionnaires. ● What were the major findings, conclusions, recommendations of study? In conclusion of this study, this article concludes that an individual who drinks beer, liquor or wine are at less risk of alcoholic cirrhosis. While people who drink liquor every day have an increased risk of alcohol cirrhosis especially in men. Article #2: Alcohol consumption and household expenditure on alcohol in a rural district in Vietnam. ● What is APA citation for the article? Giang, K. B., Van, H., & Allebeck, P. (2013, January 28). Alcohol consumption and household expenditure on alcohol in a rural district in Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364099 ● What is the purpose of the study? What questions were asked? The purpose of this study is to explain how research on alcohol use in low and middle-income countries such as vitamin recommends that economic development is associated with increased alcohol consumption which could lead to many negative consequences in public health. The questions that were asked consisted of information on alcohol abuse as well as spending on alcohol for four weeks straight and how it affects an individual money financially. ● What is the sample size? The sample size is 799 females and 765 males aged 18-60 years old. ● What is the research design? (Explanation, Exploration, Evaluation, Description) The research design consists of a cross-sectional study. ● What type of data collection method was used? (i.e., survey, experiment, observation) The type of data collection method that was used was a survey. ● What were the majo.

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According to the study, higher levels of physical activity are linked to a decreased risk of various health consequences, and the risk reduction increases as physical activity level increases. Based on these findings, the authors recommend that public health policies and interventions focus on promoting physical activity to reduce the risk of these diseases. Read more @ https://pubrica.com/academy/meta-analysis/critical-review-of-meta-analysis-conducted-in-this-paper/ Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/

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For this assignment you willwrite a paper using TOPIC 1: QUANTITATIVERESEARCH &TOPIC 2:QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. Do not worry about the word count as this is not part of the grading criteria for this assignment. Below is a template of how the paper should be setup. This paper will be in APA format. In the template below I am providing a sample of the headers that should be used in APA format to organize your paper. I would highly recommend using them in your paper. The introduction should introduce the paper. The intro would also include your thesis statement. The thesis tells the reader what will be discussed in the rest of the paper. This section should be in first paragraphs. PICOT Statement Revise the PICOT statement you wrote - PICOT Statements: (1). Changes in leisure time physical activity preference and development of hypertension were significantly correlated, especially among urban Chinese. Hypertension prevention programs may identify the groups at elevated risk by examining levels and changes of LTPA preferences. (2). Hypertension is a major health concern that leads to many complications besides the heart attack, heart failure and other related issues. Therefore, this study will help in studying the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) so as to arrive at the solutions. The study will aim at answering the question, how to treat to lower systolic blood pressure. (3). There are several reasons that contributed to non-adherence to treatment in hypertensive patients. Diversity of these reasons is an indication that design and implementation of different kinds of interventions are required in order to increase the patients' awareness, empower them and encourage self-efficacy.” Based on these provide justification of the problem and supporting evidence from multiple resources to justify why this is a problem. This section should be 1-2 paragraphs. Research Critiques Use the research critiques to complete this assignment that has both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative Studies Background of the study. Answer the following questions in narrative form regarding the qualitative studies in this section. · Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem. · How did the author establish the significance of the study? In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem. · Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims. · List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers. .

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Overview As a social science student, it is vitally important that you become an educated consumer of social science research, even if you never get to conduct an actual research study. You need to have a basic understanding of the steps in the scientific process, a familiarity with commonly used social science research designs and methods, and a knowledge of procedures for collecting and analyzing social science data. This module provides very basic information about these topics. It addresses the following subjects: · the scientific method · qualitative and quantitative research · data analysis and presentation · discipline-specific research designs and methods The Scientific Method The scientific method is a form of inquiry that was originally developed to answer questions in the natural sciences. The scientific method uses systematic observation and measurement to confirm or disconfirm hypotheses that most often are derived from underlying theories. When a hypothesis is confirmed, it lends support to the underlying theory. When it is not confirmed, researchers must reformulate the theory and come up with other explanations. Scientists share their findings by presenting at conferences or publishing in peer-reviewed journals. Sharing results with the research world is an important part of the scientific method because science is an iterative activity. As social scientists, we have a great challenge. Because we cannot exert complete control over human behavior, it is not possible to conduct true experiments. Real life cannot be captured in a lab, and human behavior cannot be explained by one or even two causes. This makes it difficult to determine "cause and effect." For example, if we are interested in knowing why poor people have compromised health outcomes, we would need to account for an impossibly large number of factors or variables such as race, ethnicity, genetic markers, income, education level, access to health care services, and living conditions. Steps for Conducting a Research Study Figure 4.1 Steps for Conducting a Research Study Source: UMUC PSYC 100. The use of the scientific method allows researchers to develop explanations of social science phenomena. The steps of the research process are explained from a psychological perspective in this tutorial (Bradley, 2000). Step 1: Make an Observation The starting place for any research study is an observation (idea) regarding a topic of interest to you, the researcher. It may come from a conversation with a friend, a book or television program, or the conclusion of a related research project. All that is needed at this point is your interest in pursuing the topic further. Let's take an example that we will use for all of the steps in the process. You observe that you are able to memorize items such as telephone numbers better when you eat candy. Because of this, you wonder if there is a connection between the primary component of candy (sugar) and memory. Step 2: Propose a Hypoth ...

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