This document provides an overview of key elements to consider when developing a research methodology. It discusses topics such as choosing a research topic, developing research objectives and questions, conducting a literature review, identifying variables, different study designs, sampling techniques, data collection tools, data analysis, and ethical considerations. Key points covered include how to form a research title in response to an issue or gap identified, developing general and specific objectives, searching literature to establish theoretical background and compare findings, distinguishing between independent, dependent, and confounding variables, common study designs like case-control and cohort studies, probability and non-probability sampling, appropriate sample sizes, and obtaining informed consent from research participants.

1. Research Methodology
Sundos Hamza F. Modawey
Enjoy your stylish business and campus life with ZCAM
 MBBS, University of Bahri
 📌Accredited trainer from Dalor training center.
 📌Student research projects manager at sudanese medical research association.
 📌Research unit director in Med Go company.
 📌Research science instructor and advisor.
 📌Published with disability and health- OMIC publishing group- communication studies ,deaf
studies and hearing aids journal-CANADA
 📌Published with American journal of medicine and surgery-USA.
 Research co-ordinator at epidemiologycal laboratory for research and development

2. Contents of the workshop:
 How to choose a Research Topic.
 Research Title.
 problem statement and justification
 Introduction.
 Research objectives
 literature review.
 Research designs.
 Discussion.
 conclusion
 References.
 limitations.
 Ethical considerations
 appendix.

5. What is Research??

6. Investigation undertaken to discover new fact or get new information.
New Data New Knowledge
RESEARCH

8. Enjoy your stylish business and campus life with BIZCAM
Interest
Knowledge
Measurement
of concepts
Level of
expertise
Relevance
Availability of
data
Ethical
issues
1.How to choose a research topic

9. 2.the Research title:
What??
Among whom??
When??
Where??

10. Answering the question "What"
•1. phenomena: what is to be study??
• smoking,depression,lung cancer,roles of home management of
diarrhea,anti-tetanus vaccination.
2. .the situation: what we want to know about the phenomena??
•EX:prevalnce,proportion,incidence,effects,outcome,cause,outcome,
•risk factors,relationship,coverage.

11. Examples:
1.Awareness and usage of sign language among doctors in main
khartoum hospitals(ibrahim malik,bahri,omdurman)teaching hospitals
october 2017
2.knowledge and attitude of pregnant ladies toward antitetanus vaccine
In bahri teaching hospital april 2018.
3. The role of vitamins in prevention of diabetes complications in
diabetic patients attend jabir abu-elizz clinic march 2019

13. - students in om dowan ban khalwa observed to have alot of cases of
diarrhea.
- smoking among medical female are found to be high.
- workers in X factory develop chest problem.
- the marks of students in mid semester exam are far less than in the
final semester exam.
- mother knowledge about home mangement of diarrheal disease
Formulate your research title:

14. 3.The Problem statement:
Rationale of your study.
The gap of knowledge and unanswered questions.
The main question/s you want to answer.

15. •diabetic patients who take a multivitamins supplementation are
found to have much less complications comparing with those pts who
did not,but the exact role of the vitamins is not yet establish , so we
want to Know the exact cause that reduce the complication.

16. - Studies show that diabetic patients who take
the multivitamines have minimum
complication ( rationale of the study ).
- Role of vitamins in reducing the
complication (gap of knowledge)
- what is the exact cause that reduce the
complication? (the question)

17. 4.Research objectives:
Øgeneral objectives:(main objectives)
Østatement of the main associations and relationships that
you seek to discover or establish
To+ action oriented- verb.+ your main objecrive of the study (find it in the title.
Øspecific objectives:(sub-objectives)
Øspecific aspectsof the topic that you want to
investigate within the main framework of your study.
Øsubdivided your main objective into subobjectives .
Also To + action oriented- verb + the sub-objective.
ØExamples of action oriented verbs: to determine’, ‘to find out’, ‘to
ascertain’, ‘to measure’ and ‘to explore

20. Work groups

21. Suppose you want to do a research in the
following ideas what is your specific objectives :
Asthma
Cervical cancer
Diabetes
Neural tube defects

22. 5.Introduction:
It is the background of your research study , Start with a very
broad perspective of the main subjectarea, before
gradually narrowing the focus to the central
problem under investigation.
You must cover the following points in order to write informative and
useful introduction :
- Overview.
-Historical background ( if found ).
- prevlance and a language of numbers.
- main issues related to the study area ( causes, etiology..etc)
- the central problem.
- finding related to the central area (previous studies)

23. Example:
awareness about Basic life support in final year medical
student at college of medicine-Elneelain university march 2020
Basic life support (BLS) is a level of medical care which is used for victims of life-threatening illnesses
or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital(overview).
The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) was formed in 1992 to
coordinates the efforts of resuscitation worldwide , In 2000, the committee published the first
resuscitation guideline. In 2005, the committee publishes International Consensus on
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) Science
with Treatment Recommendations. Since 2010, the committee provided materials for
regional resuscitation providers such as European Resuscitation Council and American
Heart Association to write their own guidelines(history).
BLS component include the chest compressions, mouth to mouth breathing and AED (issue
related to the study area)

24. Doctors must be well qualified and must know all the BLS principles, medical
students specifically final year medical student are highly recommended to be
included in training programs, as they will soon will facing the practical life (central
problem)
• a study aim to evaluate the awareness of medical student in dundee 2005 they
found that 55% are found to know the mean of the abbreviation, 60% know the
rate number of chest compression , 30 know how to perform mouth to mouth
breathing, and they conclude that final year medical students have good idea
about the BLS(main finding or previous studies)

25. Work in
groups

26. • You want to investigate the following ideas what is the
main points you may want to write in the introduction?
• - Die of asthmatic patients in young ages.
• - awareness of diabetic patients about the importance of get a wound care.
• - effects of screening of cervical cancer on the good prognosis.
• - spina bifida in mother not taking the folic acid.

27. •6.Litreature review:
• Important responsibility of the research is to compare your finding o those of others.
• Functions of the literature review:
focus to your researchproblem.
broaden your knowledge base .
It provides a theoretical background to your study.
It helps you establish the links betweenwhat you are proposing to examine and
what has already been studied.
It enables you to show how your findings have contributed to the existing body knowledge
in your profession.
 It helps you to integrate your research findings into the existing body of knowledge.

28. Where to search ????!
• Books.
• journals.
• internet.

33. Methodology:
Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a
research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically
evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.

34. Elements should be included in the
research methodology part:
study design.
study area/setting
study population.
study variables.
data collection technique.
data collection tool.
sampling technique.
sample size

35. 7.Identify the variables:
• Perception or concept that can be measured and can take different values.
• Examples: gender,level of education...etc.
• Types :1. from view of relationship:
• Independent: suppose responsible for the change.(smoking).
• Dependent : outcome caused by the independent variable(cancer).
• Extraneous : factors that increase or decrease the magnitude between the
independent and dependent variables( number of cigarettes or
the amountof tobacco smokedevery day; the duration of
smoking; the age of the smoke)
• intervening : link the independent and dependent variables (In certain situations
the relationship between an independent and a
dependent variable cannot be established withoutthe
intervention of another variable).

38. • 2.from view of study design : mainly in experimental or controlled studies:
• Active : the variable can be changed or controlled.( teaching models)
• Attribute : can not be changed or controlled.(student age , gender ,...etc)

40. • 3.View of unit of measurement:
• Could be measure in numbers?: quantitative.
• Possibility of fractions(measurement of weight 3.5)>continous quantitative variable
• No possibility of fractions (number of people)discrete quantitative variable
• Could not measure in numbers>qualitative.
• Could be logically arranged? (stage of cancer,level of education?ordinal qualtitative
variable
• Could not logically arranged>(colours) nominal qualitative variable.
• option of variation more than two? Non-numerical nominal qualitative variable (Race)
• Option of variation only two:binary nominal qualitative variable.(gender)

42. Who is going to answer these???!
• Which type of variable is this (in unit measurement sense):
• Diagnosis of a disease , tribe, height, countries in the wourld , a state of employment.
• identify the dependent,independent , extraneous and intervening variables:
• junk food and obesity.
• alcohol consumption , number of cups per day , amount , duration of being alcoholic
consumer ,liver cirrhosis, drinking alcohol.
Identify the active and attribute variables :
In a study the researcher want to know the association between root of drug administration
and the toxicity of the 5-FU Chemotherapy .

43. Study designs
Observational Analytical Experimental
Case-control
study
Cohort study
Randomized
controlled
trials(RCT)
Cross-section
study

44. Cross-section study
(Descriptive)
- obtaining an overall ‘picture’.
-findingout the prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem,
attitude or issue,
- only one contact with the study population,
Ex:
1.The incidence of HIV-positive cases in Australia.
2.The reasons for homelessnessamong young people.

45. Case-control study
 we are searching for the risk factor.
 retrospective.
Outcome
Risk factor

47. Cohort-study
 we are searching for the outcome.
 prospective.
Risk factor Outcome

49. Randomized controlled trials
 There is an intervention.
 usually for new drugs.
Intervention Effect

51. 9.Sampling:
• important terminologies:
• Target population:
• The whole population targeted by the study.
• Study population:
• Part of the target population either more affected by the phenomena or better reflecting its characteristics.
Ex:assessment of nutritional anemia in pregnant ladies.
• Sample :
• Part of the target population and study population , the information is collecting from them.

53. • Sampling methods (techniques):
• 1.probability sampling method:
• When we have the total number of individuals comprising the target
population.
• Types:
• 1.simple random sampling.
• 2.systemic random sampling.
• 3.cluster sampling.

54. 1.simple random sampling method:
we select the samples (study units) from the target population randomly.
2.systemic random sampling :
We select the first sample from the target population randomly and select the
others by specific system.
3.cluster sampling method :
We select aggregates of study unit from a list of aggregates presented as
geographical area rather than individuals.

56. 2.Non-probability sampling methods:
When we can not estimate the total number of the total population.
1.convenience sampling.
2.snow-ball sampling.
1.convenience sampling:
The target population is expected to come into certain place.(clinic).
2.snow-ball sampling method:
The target population are not expected to come to certain place but the
researcher look for the first sample and through this sample can find the
rest of the samples.(addicts).

58. Sample size:
• how many sample i need in order to make the samples more
representable to the target population.
• Sample size in qualitative research:
• in qualitative research, as the main focus is to
explore or describe a situation, issue, process
or phenomenon, the question of sample
size is less important. You usually collect data
till you think you have reached saturation point in
terms of discovering new information.

59. Sample size in qualitative research:
Sample size = n )
÷ 1+n×e2)
N=total number
E= 0.05

61. Calculate the sample size for the following:
• how many doctors we need from 500 doctor to represent the doctors
in an intrnational conference.
• how many students we need from 120 student to gather their
opnions about the teaching staff??
• how many lady we need to know the number of mothers vaccinated
againest tetanus during the pregnancy in an outpatient clinic.
• how can we calculate the sample size for 40 women to determine
their information about the risk factors of breast cancer??

62. Data collection tools:
The instruments used to collect data.
Questionnaire:
Sets of questions used to measure the variables.
Interview:
The interviewer read the questions to the respondent then record their
answers.

63. Elements should be included in the
research methodology part:
study design.
study area.
study population.
study variables.
data collection technique.
data collection tool.
sampling technique.
sample size.

64. 10.Analysis of Data:
review and check data for problems concerning the source of data,coverage of the
variables , and consistency of the registered data.
Use can analyze your data manually or using a computer program (SPPS).

66. 11.Discussion
•after you get your results try to copare it with the other same
studies
findings.
Always remember:
Discussion is not to translate your results into word !!

67. 12. Conclusion:
At the end of your research you must tell us the answer of your
question/s or the solve of your problem.

69. Ethical issues to consider relating to the researcher:
•Avoiding bias.
•provision or deprivation of a treatment.
•using inappropriate research methodology.
•incorrect reporting.
•inappropriate use of the information you gathered.

70. Ethical issues regarding the sponsoring organisation:
• restrictions made by the sponser in order to direct the study toward
their interest.

71. 14.References:
books,journals,internet.
Manually.
Mendeley

72. Important points in listing the references:
l Keep it accurate
l Provide all the relevant details
l Keep it short (no prizes for quantity)
l Use a consistent format for the references
l Avoid cross-referencing from
other articles without
having read the original pape

73. Reference from a book:
l Names of authors, editors, (six et al, if more than six authors)
l Title of publication
l Edition if other than first
l Place of publication
l Publisher
l Year of publication
l Page numbers
l Series title and volume (if any

74. Siafakas NM, Anthonisen NR, Georgopoulos D,
editors. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker
Inc; 2004.221

75. Refernce from internet:
Auther name,title of the web page,last update of the journal ,name of
sponsor,date viewed,URL
Bryant, C 2008, Deliberately lit vegetation fires in
Australia, Australian Institute of Criminology, viewed
2 May 2008, <http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi2/tandi350.html>.

76. 13.Ethical considrations:
• we must follow the ethical principles at three levels:
• 1. the research participants or subjects.
• 2. the researcher.
• 3. the funding body

77. Ethical issues to consider concerning
research participants:
• Informed consent.
• providing incentives.
• sensitive information.
• posibility to cause harm to the participants.
• confidentiality.

78. 16.Appendix
Gallery.
Questionnaire.
Consents.
Any reports.

79. 15
. limitations:
Time.
Finanttial.
Polices.