Benign tumours,cysts
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This document discusses benign tumors, cysts, and malformations of the genital tract. It covers various types of cysts that can occur in the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. For the ovaries, it classifies and describes common benign cysts and tumors including functional cysts, serous and mucinous cystadenomas, endometriomas, teratomas, and fibromas. It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and management of these various benign conditions of the female genital tract.
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Lec 24 24 female reproductive system pathology
This document provides information on pathology of the female reproductive system. It discusses various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that can occur in the vulva, vagina, cervix and ovaries. Some of the key points mentioned include vulvar leukoplakia and lichen sclerosus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian serous and mucinous tumors, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrioid carcinoma of the uterus. Risk factors, histological features and clinical implications of these conditions are summarized.
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This document discusses several benign diseases of the vulva, vagina, and cervix. It describes conditions such as Bartholin's cyst, atrophic lichen (lichen sclerosus et atrophicus), and squamous cell hyperplasia. For each condition, it provides details on presentation, etiology, pathology findings, and treatment options. The document aims to comprehensively cover inflammatory diseases, blistering diseases, pigmentary changes, benign tumors, hamartomas and cysts, and congenital malformations that can affect the vulva, vagina, and cervix.
Myoma
Fibroids (leiomyomas) are benign smooth muscle cell tumors of the uterus that are commonly found in women. They vary in location within the uterus and can cause symptoms like bleeding, infertility, pain, and abdominal enlargement. Fibroids are typically diagnosed through ultrasound, hysteroscopy, or other imaging tests. Treatment options depend on a woman's age, parity, number of fibroids, and symptoms, and may include medication, myomectomy, hysterectomy, or uterine artery embolization. Fibroids can complicate pregnancy by increasing risks of abortion, preterm labor, pain, and cesarean section.
carcinoma vulva
The document discusses different types of malignant tumors that can occur on the vulva, with the most common being squamous cell carcinoma. It describes the histological classification and grading of vulvar carcinomas. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is often preceded by vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and can be divided into HPV-associated and HPV-unassociated types based on etiology and presentation. Prognosis depends on tumor size, depth of invasion and lymph node involvement.
Approach to disodred of sexual development
1. Disorders of sex development (DSD) are conditions where the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex is atypical.
2. Evaluation of a newborn with suspected DSD involves assessing the genitalia, family history, karyotype, hormone levels, and imaging to determine the underlying condition and guide gender assignment and long-term management.
3. The most common DSD is congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, presenting in 46,XX newborns with virilization. Initial treatment focuses on hormone replacement and monitoring for salt-wasting crises, while long-term management involves gender assignment, surgical interventions, and
Rh isoimmunisation
Rh isoimmunization occurs when a Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive fetal red blood cells. This can cause hemolytic disease in future Rh-positive pregnancies. Prophylaxis with Rh immunoglobulin is highly effective at preventing sensitization. For sensitized pregnancies, maternal anti-D titers and fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler are used to monitor for anemia. Severe anemia may require cordocentesis or intrauterine transfusions. After delivery, affected newborns may need exchange transfusions or other supportive care to manage hyperbilirubinemia and anemia. Prompt and specialized treatment can help prevent complications in isoimmunized pregnancies.
Ovarian Tumors
Morphology and diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors
• Clinical Features of Ovarian Tumors
Early-stage ovarian cancer rarely causes any symptoms. Advanced-stage ovarian cancer may cause few and nonspecific symptoms that are often mistaken for more common benign conditions, such as constipation or irritable bowel.
Bloating; abdominal distention or discomfort
Pressure effects on the bladder and rectum
Constipation
Vaginal bleeding
Indigestion and acid reflux
Shortness of breath
Tiredness
Weight loss
Early satiety
------prepared by med_students0-----
Benign lesions of the cervix, vagina and vulva
The document discusses benign lesions that can occur on the cervix, vagina, and vulva, describing common conditions such as cervical polyps, Nabothian follicles, vaginitis, vulvar cysts and infections. It provides details on the presentation, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of these various lesions. A wide range of benign gynecological conditions are examined to help clinicians properly identify and manage non-cancerous abnormalities in these areas.
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This document provides information on pathology of the female reproductive system. It discusses various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that can occur in the vulva, vagina, cervix and ovaries. Some of the key points mentioned include vulvar leukoplakia and lichen sclerosus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian serous and mucinous tumors, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrioid carcinoma of the uterus. Risk factors, histological features and clinical implications of these conditions are summarized.
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This document discusses several benign diseases of the vulva, vagina, and cervix. It describes conditions such as Bartholin's cyst, atrophic lichen (lichen sclerosus et atrophicus), and squamous cell hyperplasia. For each condition, it provides details on presentation, etiology, pathology findings, and treatment options. The document aims to comprehensively cover inflammatory diseases, blistering diseases, pigmentary changes, benign tumors, hamartomas and cysts, and congenital malformations that can affect the vulva, vagina, and cervix.
Myoma
Fibroids (leiomyomas) are benign smooth muscle cell tumors of the uterus that are commonly found in women. They vary in location within the uterus and can cause symptoms like bleeding, infertility, pain, and abdominal enlargement. Fibroids are typically diagnosed through ultrasound, hysteroscopy, or other imaging tests. Treatment options depend on a woman's age, parity, number of fibroids, and symptoms, and may include medication, myomectomy, hysterectomy, or uterine artery embolization. Fibroids can complicate pregnancy by increasing risks of abortion, preterm labor, pain, and cesarean section.
carcinoma vulva
The document discusses different types of malignant tumors that can occur on the vulva, with the most common being squamous cell carcinoma. It describes the histological classification and grading of vulvar carcinomas. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is often preceded by vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and can be divided into HPV-associated and HPV-unassociated types based on etiology and presentation. Prognosis depends on tumor size, depth of invasion and lymph node involvement.
Approach to disodred of sexual development
1. Disorders of sex development (DSD) are conditions where the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex is atypical.
2. Evaluation of a newborn with suspected DSD involves assessing the genitalia, family history, karyotype, hormone levels, and imaging to determine the underlying condition and guide gender assignment and long-term management.
3. The most common DSD is congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, presenting in 46,XX newborns with virilization. Initial treatment focuses on hormone replacement and monitoring for salt-wasting crises, while long-term management involves gender assignment, surgical interventions, and
Rh isoimmunisation
Rh isoimmunization occurs when a Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive fetal red blood cells. This can cause hemolytic disease in future Rh-positive pregnancies. Prophylaxis with Rh immunoglobulin is highly effective at preventing sensitization. For sensitized pregnancies, maternal anti-D titers and fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler are used to monitor for anemia. Severe anemia may require cordocentesis or intrauterine transfusions. After delivery, affected newborns may need exchange transfusions or other supportive care to manage hyperbilirubinemia and anemia. Prompt and specialized treatment can help prevent complications in isoimmunized pregnancies.
Ovarian Tumors
Morphology and diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors
• Clinical Features of Ovarian Tumors
Early-stage ovarian cancer rarely causes any symptoms. Advanced-stage ovarian cancer may cause few and nonspecific symptoms that are often mistaken for more common benign conditions, such as constipation or irritable bowel.
Bloating; abdominal distention or discomfort
Pressure effects on the bladder and rectum
Constipation
Vaginal bleeding
Indigestion and acid reflux
Shortness of breath
Tiredness
Weight loss
Early satiety
------prepared by med_students0-----
Benign lesions of the cervix, vagina and vulva
The document discusses benign lesions that can occur on the cervix, vagina, and vulva, describing common conditions such as cervical polyps, Nabothian follicles, vaginitis, vulvar cysts and infections. It provides details on the presentation, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of these various lesions. A wide range of benign gynecological conditions are examined to help clinicians properly identify and manage non-cancerous abnormalities in these areas.
Lect 3- overy cancer
Ovarian neoplasms can be cystic, solid, or mixed tumors. The three main types are epithelial tumors (70-80% of ovarian cancers), germ cell tumors (15% of ovarian cancers), and stromal/sex cord tumors (5-10% of ovarian cancers). Epithelial tumors arise from the ovarian surface epithelium and include serous and mucinous tumors, which can be benign, borderline, or malignant. Serous tumors are the most common ovarian cancer.
Myoma utrei (Fibroleiomyoma, Fibroma)
The most common non-cancerous tumours in women .
The most common indication for hysterectomy.
Apparent in up to 25% of women.
More common in a higher body mass index women.
3 times more common in black American women than white women.
Asian women have a lower incidence .
Symptoms appear at age of 30s or 40s .
The incidence increases with age up to the menopause.
Women over the age of 30 are commonly affected by fibroid uterine.
50% of all women are affected by fibroid uterine.
Most common solid pelvic tumors.
Develop in 20～25% of women during reproductive years.
Thyroid neoplasms
1) The main types of thyroid neoplasms are benign follicular adenomas and malignant carcinomas including papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic.
2) Papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer, often occurring in adults and females, and is driven by genetic mutations. It spreads via lymphatic invasion and has characteristic nuclear features.
3) Follicular carcinoma is the second most common thyroid cancer, spreading through vascular invasion. Medullary carcinoma originates from parafollicular C cells and secretes calcitonin, making serum calcitonin levels important for diagnosis and monitoring.
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Uterine fibroids
Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus that are quite common. They affect around 25% of white women and 50% of black women by age 30. While the exact cause is unknown, estrogen is known to play a role in their growth. Treatment depends on factors like age, symptoms, and desire for future fertility, and may include expectant management, medical therapy, uterine artery embolization, myomectomy, or hysterectomy. The goal is to control abnormal bleeding or other symptoms while preserving fertility if possible.
Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyomata): Investigations and Treatment
Uterine fibroids (UF) are the most common benign neoplastic threat to women's health, costing hundreds of billions of health care dollars worldwide. The objective of this presentation is to review risk factors, aetiology, classification and clinical presentation of Uterine fibroids.
Endometrial cancer
This document discusses endometrial cancer, including its classification, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and management. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in UK women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46. Abnormal uterine bleeding is the classic symptom. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or hysteroscopy with D&C. Staging requires total hysterectomy and BSO. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen exposure, and hereditary conditions like Lynch syndrome.
Endometrial polyps
Endometrial polyps are benign growths that occur in the endometrium. They are common in women over 40 and can cause abnormal bleeding. On pathology, they appear as irregular glandular growths with thick-walled blood vessels and fibrotic stroma. While most are non-cancerous, polyps are associated with a slightly increased risk of endometrial cancer and need to be evaluated. Treatment involves surgical removal, such as with a hysteroscopic polypectomy.
Cevical intraepithelial neoplasia & screening ppt
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women, with nearly 97,000 new cases detected each year resulting in over 60,000 deaths annually. Screening through regular Pap smears can prevent cervical cancer by detecting pre-cancerous lesions early through identification of abnormal or dysplastic cells. Risk factors for cervical cancer include age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, HPV infection, smoking, and poor socioeconomic status.
Congenital anomalies of female reproductive system
1) The most common congenital anomalies of the female reproductive system result from incomplete fusion or dissolution of the paramesonephric ducts during development.
2) Uterine anomalies can cause issues like infertility, miscarriages, and pain. While many require no treatment, some may be corrected through procedures like operative hysteroscopy.
3) Congenital anomalies of the external genitalia in females include ambiguous genitalia, which can resemble male or ambiguous characteristics. These are often investigated through exams, imaging, and genetics to determine the underlying condition.
Hyperemesis
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting that affects 0.5-2% of pregnancies. It is characterized by vomiting more than 3 times per day and weight loss of more than 3 kg or 5%. While the exact cause is unknown, it is likely related to elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels during pregnancy. Treatment involves rehydration, electrolyte replacement, nutritional supplementation, and medications like vitamin B6, doxylamine, metoclopramide, and ondansetron. Hospitalization is needed for severe dehydration or ketosis. Outcomes are generally good with resolution by 20 weeks, but serious complications can occasionally occur.
Ovarian tumors
1. Ovarian tumors are the most common medical problems affecting the ovaries and can be benign or malignant.
2. Benign ovarian tumors are more common than malignant tumors, accounting for approximately 80% of ovarian tumors. Common types of benign ovarian tumors include serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystadenomas, dermoid cysts, and Brenner tumors.
3. Malignant ovarian tumors tend to grow silently and spread widely before causing symptoms, making early detection challenging. Epithelial ovarian cancers account for about 70-80% of ovarian cancer cases.
Placental pathology
This document provides information about placental pathology. It describes the structure, development, functions and examination of the placenta. It discusses various anomalies and non-neoplastic lesions seen in placenta such as twin pregnancy, succenturiate lobes, membranacea and infarcts. It also covers tumors and tumor-like conditions including chorioangioma and gestational trophoblastic disease. Complete hydatidiform mole is described as a condition caused by abnormal gametogenesis resulting in trophoblastic hyperplasia and cistern formation.
Benign diseases of ovary
This document provides an overview of benign lesions of the ovary. It discusses non-neoplastic cysts and benign neoplastic tumors, including their clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. The majority (80%) of ovarian tumors are benign, with the most common being functional cysts, dermoid cysts, and serous and mucinous cystadenomas. Benign ovarian lesions are generally diagnosed through clinical examination, ultrasound, and tumor markers. Surgical removal is often the treatment for symptomatic cysts or growing lesions.
Cervical intra epithelial neoplasia
The document discusses cervical cancer screening and treatment methods. It covers:
1. Premalignant stages of cervical cancer including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1-3 (CIN 1-3).
2. Screening methods for developing countries including visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and HPV testing, which are effective and affordable options.
3. Treatment of precancerous lesions generally involves cryotherapy, cold coagulation, or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) depending on the severity, with a "see and treat" single visit approach recommended.
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This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, screening, staging, and management. Some key points include:
- Ovarian cancer accounts for 3-4% of cancers in women and is the fourth leading cause of cancer death.
- Risk factors include family history, ethnicity, reproductive history, and use of hormones.
- Diagnosis involves physical exam, tumor markers like CA-125, ultrasound, CT or MRI to determine if a mass is benign or malignant.
- Staging follows the FIGO system from I to IV depending on extent of spread. Surgery and chemotherapy are the primary treatments.
Endometrial polyp, hyperplasia, carcinoma
This document discusses proliferative lesions of the endometrium including endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, and carcinomas. It provides details on the morphology, pathogenesis, risk factors, classification and clinical presentation of each condition. Endometrial polyps are benign overgrowths that can cause bleeding. Hyperplasia is an exaggerated response to estrogen and is classified based on architectural and cytological features. Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female genital tract and arises through estrogen exposure or endometrial atrophy. Uterine fibroids are also discussed.
Benign & precancerous tumors of female genitale organs
The document discusses several benign and precancerous tumors that can occur in female genital organs. It describes urethral caruncles as small fleshy growths on the urethra that are more common in postmenopausal women. It also discusses cysts, fibromas, lipomas and other benign tumors that can occur on the vulva, vagina and cervix. It provides details on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) which is a precursor to cervical cancer and notes various risk factors for its development.
Genital tuberculosis
Genital tuberculosis is a major health problem in developing countries. It spreads hematogenously from a primary pulmonary infection to the fallopian tubes. Clinical features include infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and menstrual abnormalities. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopy. Treatment consists of a multi-drug chemotherapy regimen for 9-12 months. Prognosis is good for cure but fertility is often not restored due to tubal damage. Surgery may be needed for complications like pyosalpinx but does not improve fertility.
Cervix
This document summarizes the anatomy, histology, and pathologies of the uterine cervix. It discusses the normal cervix epithelium and how cervical inflammation and infections can cause conditions like cervicitis. Precancerous lesions like cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are often caused by human papillomavirus infection and can progress to invasive cervical cancer if left undetected and untreated. Screening methods like the Pap test aim to detect these early lesions to prevent cervical cancer.
Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that begins in the cells of bones, muscles, or connective tissue. Up to 4 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are sarcomas. These cancers form deep in the wall of the vagina, not on its surface. There are several types of vaginal sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of vaginal sarcoma. It is most often found in children and is rare in adults. A sarcoma called leiomyosarcoma is seen more often in adults.
Diseases of vagina
This document provides a summary of diseases of the vagina. It begins with an overview of the biology and structure of the vagina. It then discusses common inflammatory conditions of the vagina including bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, chlamydia, and atrophic vaginitis. It provides details on the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of each condition. For each disease, it includes pictures and descriptions to help with clinical diagnosis.
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Myoma utrei (Fibroleiomyoma, Fibroma)
The most common non-cancerous tumours in women .
The most common indication for hysterectomy.
Apparent in up to 25% of women.
More common in a higher body mass index women.
3 times more common in black American women than white women.
Asian women have a lower incidence .
Symptoms appear at age of 30s or 40s .
The incidence increases with age up to the menopause.
Women over the age of 30 are commonly affected by fibroid uterine.
50% of all women are affected by fibroid uterine.
Most common solid pelvic tumors.
Develop in 20～25% of women during reproductive years.
Thyroid neoplasms
1) The main types of thyroid neoplasms are benign follicular adenomas and malignant carcinomas including papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic.
2) Papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer, often occurring in adults and females, and is driven by genetic mutations. It spreads via lymphatic invasion and has characteristic nuclear features.
3) Follicular carcinoma is the second most common thyroid cancer, spreading through vascular invasion. Medullary carcinoma originates from parafollicular C cells and secretes calcitonin, making serum calcitonin levels important for diagnosis and monitoring.
Breast copy
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Uterine fibroids
Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus that are quite common. They affect around 25% of white women and 50% of black women by age 30. While the exact cause is unknown, estrogen is known to play a role in their growth. Treatment depends on factors like age, symptoms, and desire for future fertility, and may include expectant management, medical therapy, uterine artery embolization, myomectomy, or hysterectomy. The goal is to control abnormal bleeding or other symptoms while preserving fertility if possible.
Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyomata): Investigations and Treatment
Uterine fibroids (UF) are the most common benign neoplastic threat to women's health, costing hundreds of billions of health care dollars worldwide. The objective of this presentation is to review risk factors, aetiology, classification and clinical presentation of Uterine fibroids.
Endometrial cancer
This document discusses endometrial cancer, including its classification, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and management. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in UK women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46. Abnormal uterine bleeding is the classic symptom. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or hysteroscopy with D&C. Staging requires total hysterectomy and BSO. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen exposure, and hereditary conditions like Lynch syndrome.
Endometrial polyps
Endometrial polyps are benign growths that occur in the endometrium. They are common in women over 40 and can cause abnormal bleeding. On pathology, they appear as irregular glandular growths with thick-walled blood vessels and fibrotic stroma. While most are non-cancerous, polyps are associated with a slightly increased risk of endometrial cancer and need to be evaluated. Treatment involves surgical removal, such as with a hysteroscopic polypectomy.
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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women, with nearly 97,000 new cases detected each year resulting in over 60,000 deaths annually. Screening through regular Pap smears can prevent cervical cancer by detecting pre-cancerous lesions early through identification of abnormal or dysplastic cells. Risk factors for cervical cancer include age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, HPV infection, smoking, and poor socioeconomic status.
Congenital anomalies of female reproductive system
1) The most common congenital anomalies of the female reproductive system result from incomplete fusion or dissolution of the paramesonephric ducts during development.
2) Uterine anomalies can cause issues like infertility, miscarriages, and pain. While many require no treatment, some may be corrected through procedures like operative hysteroscopy.
3) Congenital anomalies of the external genitalia in females include ambiguous genitalia, which can resemble male or ambiguous characteristics. These are often investigated through exams, imaging, and genetics to determine the underlying condition.
Hyperemesis
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting that affects 0.5-2% of pregnancies. It is characterized by vomiting more than 3 times per day and weight loss of more than 3 kg or 5%. While the exact cause is unknown, it is likely related to elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels during pregnancy. Treatment involves rehydration, electrolyte replacement, nutritional supplementation, and medications like vitamin B6, doxylamine, metoclopramide, and ondansetron. Hospitalization is needed for severe dehydration or ketosis. Outcomes are generally good with resolution by 20 weeks, but serious complications can occasionally occur.
Ovarian tumors
1. Ovarian tumors are the most common medical problems affecting the ovaries and can be benign or malignant.
2. Benign ovarian tumors are more common than malignant tumors, accounting for approximately 80% of ovarian tumors. Common types of benign ovarian tumors include serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystadenomas, dermoid cysts, and Brenner tumors.
3. Malignant ovarian tumors tend to grow silently and spread widely before causing symptoms, making early detection challenging. Epithelial ovarian cancers account for about 70-80% of ovarian cancer cases.
Placental pathology
This document provides information about placental pathology. It describes the structure, development, functions and examination of the placenta. It discusses various anomalies and non-neoplastic lesions seen in placenta such as twin pregnancy, succenturiate lobes, membranacea and infarcts. It also covers tumors and tumor-like conditions including chorioangioma and gestational trophoblastic disease. Complete hydatidiform mole is described as a condition caused by abnormal gametogenesis resulting in trophoblastic hyperplasia and cistern formation.
Benign diseases of ovary
This document provides an overview of benign lesions of the ovary. It discusses non-neoplastic cysts and benign neoplastic tumors, including their clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. The majority (80%) of ovarian tumors are benign, with the most common being functional cysts, dermoid cysts, and serous and mucinous cystadenomas. Benign ovarian lesions are generally diagnosed through clinical examination, ultrasound, and tumor markers. Surgical removal is often the treatment for symptomatic cysts or growing lesions.
Cervical intra epithelial neoplasia
The document discusses cervical cancer screening and treatment methods. It covers:
1. Premalignant stages of cervical cancer including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1-3 (CIN 1-3).
2. Screening methods for developing countries including visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and HPV testing, which are effective and affordable options.
3. Treatment of precancerous lesions generally involves cryotherapy, cold coagulation, or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) depending on the severity, with a "see and treat" single visit approach recommended.
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This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, screening, staging, and management. Some key points include:
- Ovarian cancer accounts for 3-4% of cancers in women and is the fourth leading cause of cancer death.
- Risk factors include family history, ethnicity, reproductive history, and use of hormones.
- Diagnosis involves physical exam, tumor markers like CA-125, ultrasound, CT or MRI to determine if a mass is benign or malignant.
- Staging follows the FIGO system from I to IV depending on extent of spread. Surgery and chemotherapy are the primary treatments.
Endometrial polyp, hyperplasia, carcinoma
This document discusses proliferative lesions of the endometrium including endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, and carcinomas. It provides details on the morphology, pathogenesis, risk factors, classification and clinical presentation of each condition. Endometrial polyps are benign overgrowths that can cause bleeding. Hyperplasia is an exaggerated response to estrogen and is classified based on architectural and cytological features. Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female genital tract and arises through estrogen exposure or endometrial atrophy. Uterine fibroids are also discussed.
Benign & precancerous tumors of female genitale organs
The document discusses several benign and precancerous tumors that can occur in female genital organs. It describes urethral caruncles as small fleshy growths on the urethra that are more common in postmenopausal women. It also discusses cysts, fibromas, lipomas and other benign tumors that can occur on the vulva, vagina and cervix. It provides details on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) which is a precursor to cervical cancer and notes various risk factors for its development.
Genital tuberculosis
Genital tuberculosis is a major health problem in developing countries. It spreads hematogenously from a primary pulmonary infection to the fallopian tubes. Clinical features include infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and menstrual abnormalities. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopy. Treatment consists of a multi-drug chemotherapy regimen for 9-12 months. Prognosis is good for cure but fertility is often not restored due to tubal damage. Surgery may be needed for complications like pyosalpinx but does not improve fertility.
Cervix
This document summarizes the anatomy, histology, and pathologies of the uterine cervix. It discusses the normal cervix epithelium and how cervical inflammation and infections can cause conditions like cervicitis. Precancerous lesions like cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are often caused by human papillomavirus infection and can progress to invasive cervical cancer if left undetected and untreated. Screening methods like the Pap test aim to detect these early lesions to prevent cervical cancer.
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Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that begins in the cells of bones, muscles, or connective tissue. Up to 4 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are sarcomas. These cancers form deep in the wall of the vagina, not on its surface. There are several types of vaginal sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of vaginal sarcoma. It is most often found in children and is rare in adults. A sarcoma called leiomyosarcoma is seen more often in adults.
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Parametritis/ Pelvic Cellulitis
1) Pelvic cellulitis is an inflammation of the pelvic tissue adjacent to the uterus, caused by a bacterial infection spreading via the lymphatics.
2) The infection usually enters through the cervix, uterus or fallopian tubes following childbirth, abortion, or other pelvic procedures and surgeries.
3) Symptoms include dull pelvic pain, fever, and a tender mass that can form abscesses in the pelvis. Treatment involves antibiotics, bed rest, and draining any abscesses.
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Puerperal genital haematomas
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Occipito posterior positition
Occipito posterior position is a malposition rather than malpresentation, normal delivery is possible in favourable condition. DR.S.N.BERA, DR.M.DASH
Benign & precancerous tumors of female genital organs
Urethral caruncles are benign growths that occur most frequently in postmenopausal women. They arise from the distal edge of the urethra and are usually caused by chronic irritation or infection. Treatment options include topical estrogen, cryosurgery, laser therapy or excision if symptomatic. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) describes premalignant changes to the cervix epithelium with varying degrees of cellular atypia. Risk factors include HPV infection and multiple sexual partners. Progression risk is greatest for CIN III and least for CIN I.
Diseases of female genital system
The document summarizes the key components of the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It describes the normal anatomy and histology of these structures and discusses common inflammatory, benign, and malignant conditions that can affect each part. Examples of conditions mentioned include Bartholin cysts, lichen sclerosis, cervical dysplasia and cancer, endometrial hyperplasia and cancer, ovarian cysts and tumors, and complications of early and late pregnancy.
Embryology and congenital anomalies of female reproductive system for underg...
Embryology and congenital anomalies of female reproductive system for underg...Faculty of Medicine,Zagazig University,EGYPT
The document discusses the embryology and development of the female genital system. It notes that the basic components include the gonads (ovaries), genital duct systems (mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts), and external genitalia. It describes the development of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina from the undifferentiated embryonic stage through fetal development. Common abnormalities are also summarized, including anomalies of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina that can result from disruptions during development.Viewers also liked (9)
Benign & precancerous tumors of female genital organs
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- 2. MALFORMATIONS OF THE GENITAL TRACT
- 4. I. THE MALFORMATIONS 1.Faliure of Recanalization: - Imperforate hymen or transverse septum - Cruciate Incision in the hymen 2.Failure of Ducts to form or fuse:
- 6. FAILURE OF DUCTS TO FUSE
- 7. BENIGN CYSTS OF VULVA - Bartholin cysts - Skene Gland cysts - Mucus inclusion cysts with or without vulval discomfort
- 10. II. VULVAL CANCERS •VULVAL TUMORS: - Similar to those that arise in skin - Vulval varicosities
- 11. VAGINAL CANCER VAGINAL TUMORS: ( Rare) - Cysts - Gartner Duct Cyst - Urethral Diverticulum - Myoma
- 12. THE TUMORS… CERVICAL TUMORS: Cervical Polyp: - Most common - Columnar to squamous metaplasia - May ulcerate - Intermittent/postcoital bleed - Remove by twisting pedicle
- 13. THE TUMORS…. Cervical Tumors: Genital Papillomata Fibroids
- 14. THE TUMORS… UTERINE TUMORS: 1.)Endometrial Polyps - Associated with endometrial hyperplasia - Abnormal uterine bleeding - Detected by curettage or by hysteroscopy.
- 15. THE TUMORS… 2.) Uterine Fibroids: Gen. Considerations: - Most common tumor of the GT - Smooth muscle fibers interspersed with connective tissue - More common in nulliparous women - Etiology unclear - Post Menopausal Atrophy - Types
- 16. Symptoms: - Depend on size and position of fibroid - Mostly asymptomatic - Abnormal uterine bleeding - Pelvic pressure and discomfort Diagnosis: - On PA - Pelvic U/S
- 17. Management: i) Observe ii) Myomectomy iii) Hysterectomy iv) GnRH analogues
- 18. Effect of: i) Pregnancy on Fibroid: “ Red Degeneration” ii) Fibroid on Pregnancy: - Spontaneous Miscarriage - Large tumor malpresentation of fetus - Can Obstruct Labour - Bladder/Bowel Symptoms - PPH
- 19. Manage Fibroid in Pregnancy: - * AVOID Myomectomy - If labour obstructed go for CS
- 20. BENIGN OVARIAN CYSTS & TUMORS -Ovary consists of: - Coelomic Epithelium - Oocytes - Mesenchymal elements that form medulla
- 21. BENIGN OVARIAN CYSTS & TUMOURS CLASSIFICATION: TUMOR Cell Origin Type Incidence Functional Cysts Normal Follicle Cystic 24 Serous Cystadenoma Coelomic Epitelium Cystic 20 Mucinous CYstadenoma Coelomic Epithelium Cystic 20 Teratoma (Dermoid Cyst) Oogonia Cystic 15 Endometrioma Ectopic Endometrium Cystic 10 Fibroma Mesenchyme Solid 5
- 22. BENIGN OVARIAN CYSTS & TUMOURS 1.) FUNCTIONAL CYST: - Enlargement of unruptured Graffian follicle - Unilat. < 5cm - May secrete estrogen resulting in menorrhagia - TVS for diagnosis
- 23. Rx: - Observe ( 2-3 months) - Aspirate under U/S & laproscopic guidance - If Blood stained aspirate Laprotomy - Multilocular cyst Surgical removal
- 24. BENIGN OVARIAN CYSTS & TUMOURS 2.) Mucinous Cystadenoma: - B/w age 35-55 - Usually unilat. - Lined by Columnar cells - Psuedomyxoma peritonei 3.) Serous Cystadenoma: - Age b/w 35-55 - Cuboidal Lining - 1/3 may have malignant change
- 25. BENIGN OVARIAN CYSTS & TUMOURS 4.) Endometrioma: - Chocolate Cyst - Rx as Endometriosis 5.) Benign Teratoma: ( Dermoid Cyst) - Age 20-40 - Epithelial,Endothelial, Mesothelial elements
- 26. BENIGN OVARIAN CYSTS & TUMOURS 6.) Connective Tissue Neoplasm: - Fibromas - 10% Bilateral - Meig’s Symdrome?? - Diagnosis by TVS
- 27. BENIGN OVARIAN CYSTS & TUMOURS Management: - Surgical - Young Cystectomy - BSO TAH