BCO 117 IT Software for Business
Lecture Reference Notes
Cloud
computing
Eras in IT infrastructure evolution
Chapter 5. IT Infrastructure and EmergingTechnologies
Management Information Systems (Kenneth P. Laudon, Jane C. Laudon)
An information technology (IT) paradigm, a model for enabling ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable resources (such as computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services), which
can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over the Internet.
· Computing as a service
· Computing on the Internet
· Business line for computing corporations
Hassan, Qusay (2011).
"Demystifying Cloud Computing"(PDF).
The Journal of Defense Software Engineering.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Software as a Service
Platform as a Service
Insfrastructure as a Service
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
https://aws.amazon.com/products/?hp=tile&so-exp=below
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing success
Key concepts
·
Reliability – reliability of the system, measured in Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
·
Availability – uptime of the system or application, measured in parts per million (PPM) of downtime
·
Serviceability – easily restoring the system after a failure, measured in Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
·
Manageability – the ease with which the entire system can be managed, measured in systems per headcount.
·
Scalability - the ability of an information system to be used or produced in a range of capabilities
·
“Updatability”– a key factor linked to performance, integration with other IS and security
https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/total-cost-of-ownership-factors-to-consider
Top Benefits of Cloud Computing
http://www.mushibhuiyan.com/category/cloud/
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cb
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cbCloud Computing strategy
https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=WUW12350USEN
www.euruni.edu
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BCO 117 IT Software for Business Lecture Reference Notes.docx
1. BCO 117 IT Software for Business
Lecture Reference Notes
Cloud
computing
Eras in IT infrastructure evolution
Chapter 5. IT Infrastructure and EmergingTechnologies
Management Information Systems (Kenneth P. Laudon, Jane C.
Laudon)
An information technology (IT) paradigm, a model for enabling
ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable resources
(such as computer networks, servers, storage, applications and
services), which
can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort,
often over the Internet.
· Computing as a service
· Computing on the Internet
· Business line for computing corporations
Hassan, Qusay (2011).
"Demystifying Cloud Computing"(PDF).
The Journal of Defense Software Engineering.
Cloud computing
2. Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Software as a Service
Platform as a Service
Insfrastructure as a Service
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
https://aws.amazon.com/products/?hp=tile&so-exp=below
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
3. www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing success
Key concepts
·
Reliability – reliability of the system, measured in
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
·
Availability – uptime of the system or application,
measured in parts per million (PPM) of downtime
·
Serviceability – easily restoring the system after a
failure, measured in Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
·
Manageability – the ease with which the entire system
can be managed, measured in systems per headcount.
4. ·
Scalability - the ability of an information system to be
used or produced in a range of capabilities
·
“Updatability”– a key factor linked to performance,
integration with other IS and security
https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/total-cost-of-
ownership-factors-to-consider
Top Benefits of Cloud Computing
http://www.mushibhuiyan.com/category/cloud/
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-
cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-
growth/#268d6d3755cb
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-
cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-
growth/#268d6d3755cbCloud Computing strategy
https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-
bin/ssialias?htmlfid=WUW12350USEN
www.euruni.edu
image24.jpg
image25.jpg
image26.png
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7. >
400.000,00
Information Technology (IT)
Information Technology (IT)
Terabyte: 1 trillion, or 1,000,000,000,0000 bytes
Currently, hard drive capacity does not exceed this order of
magnitude. One terabyte of data can store just under two and a
half years of music played continuously. The entire library of
congress can be stored on 82 terabytes of data.
8. Petabye: 1 quadrillion, or 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
Now things are getting hardcore. This is the largest order of
magnitude which is any single organization claims to have the
capacity of and/or handle. All of the user photo’s on Facebook
is estimated at close to 1 petabyte of data. Google processes an
estimated 20 petabytes of data a day.
Exabyte: 1 quintillion, or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
The exabyte is borderline hypothetical at this point. It is
theorized that, per month, the entire internet (yeah, lolcats and
all) see’s about 5-8 exabytes of traffic. It was proposed that in
2006 all computer data would fit on 160 exabytes of data.
Zettabyte: one sextillion or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
WARNING, WARNING you are now in the DANGER ZONE of
data storage capacity. It is estimated that by the year 2020 all
digital data in existence will sum up to just under one Zettabyte.
Yottabyte: 1 septillion, or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
bytes
Trying to quantify this may make your head explode so you'll
need to sign a release before I go any further.
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INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION, OVERVIEW AND SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE: PART ILearning Outcomes
1.Recognize the way innovative technology is managed in
business, specifically in terms of the criteria and components
necessary for innovation to flourish.
2.Apply learning objectives to general software applications and
their functionality to address more advanced business
situations.
3.Discuss insight regarding the ways the global pandemic
challenged businesses to confront issues with optimizing their
technological infrastructures.
4.Explain the general purpose of information systems and their
continued benefit for companies worldwide, involving the
11. mutually beneficial relationship between TPS and CRM
software.
5.Outline considerations in software architecture and the pre-
conditions for ensuring greater data security among businesses.
IT Software- General Learning Rationale
· The contemporary era business environment around the world
inherently demands that the work force have a proficient
understanding of basic computer hardware and software.
· More and more jobs across the globe are focusing on digital
work and services sectors.
· Understanding general business software opens users towards
a greater understanding of applications and systems
development linked with professions that are increasingly in
demand.
· Computer usage (and software in particular) has drastically
changed human behavioral competencies in terms of approach to
thought processes, values, and overall lifestyles.
· Undoubtedly, software is not only embedded in virtually every
job profession, but in our daily lives and the foreseeable future.
Overview of General Software Types: System Software vs.
Applications Software
System Software
· Computer software programs designed to run computer
hardware and applications.
· Common examples include operating systems (OSX,
Windows, Linux, etc.)
· File management utilities (Antivirus software included)
Applications Software
· Any applications that run on computer systems, such as:
1) Word processing software
2) Spreadsheet software
12. 3) Desktop Publishing software
4) Database software
5) Communication software
6) Presentation software
7) Internet Browsers
8) Email Programs
Two Essential Components Necessary for
Computers to be Computers
1.An Operating System (System Software) for Applications to
run on hardware.
2.A Language for communicating commands for the computer
and software programs.Chronological Overview of Software
Eras of Critical Importance
· General Purpose Mainframe Computer Era: Approx. 1955-
Present
(Consider Super Computers Today)
· PC Era: 1975/76- Present
· Client-Server Era: 1982/83- Present
· Enterprise Computing Era: 1986/90-Present
· Dotcom Era: 1990-2000 (Y2k)
· Mobile Generation: 2000-Present
· Internet of Things: 2013/14-Present
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
ENIAC vs PC
Early PC Era
• MITS Altair 8800 designed by Edward • Apple II designed by
Steve Wozniak Roberts in 1975 First Commercially and Steve
Jobs.
Successful PC•First PC that envisioned consumer
electronics and provided “workspace
applications platforms.”
Original Apple
13. Original Apple Founders
Microsoft’s Inception
·
Developed the BASIC programming language for the
Altair 8800
· Microsoft was originally devoted to the programming
languages business.
· Upon founding Microsoft, were later contacted by IBM to
provide an operating system and programming language to
develop the first IBM
5150 PC.
· Were friends since high school.Apple II’s “Killer App”-
VISICALC
•
VISICALC: ”Visible Calculator” Created by Dan Bricklin (left)
and Bob Frankston
(
Right
)
•
First
Spread
Sheet
•
Set
the tone
for what would drastically
change
the
way
Accounting
&
Finance
14. Along
with
other
business processes
and
strategies are
done.
VISICALC
SAMPLE
See Bibliography for Photo
Credits
VISICALC
SAMPLE
See Bibliography for Photo
Credits
Overview of Killer Apps Initiated in the 1980’s that Became
the Industry Standard Software
Solution
s Today
· Apple II: VISICALC
· IBM 5150 PC: Word-processing
· Apple Macintosh: Graphics and Desktop Publishing Software
· Windows OS Editions: Microsoft Office Suite
· Linux OS: Apache WebServer
15. Path to First IBM PC: Bringing Hardware and
Software to the Global Audience
· Seeing the Apple II’s success in leading the new PC era,
IBMbecomes determined to enter and dominate the market.
· IBM settles on an “open architecture” strategy (Non-IBM
software and programming)
· IBM visits Bill Gates at Microsoft HQ for OS and
Programming Language necessary to construct the IBM PC.
· Interactive Digital Research, CPM, and Tim Patterson’s QDOS
· Microsoft purchases full rights for QDOS for $50,000 and
makes history, providing IBM with its template for its first
PC.International Business Machines (IBM)KEY FACTORS
IBM 5150 PC (First IBM
PC
):
See
bibliography
of
references
for
photo
credits
.
16. · Prior to the 5150, IBM was in the general mainframe business
and not the PC business.
· IBM’s success entering the PC industry was due in large part
to their years of experience, company size, and “household
name” in the computer world at the time.
· Apple began to lose market share on its Apple II as a result of
IBM’s entry to the PC market.
World of Clone
· Columbia Data Products releases first clone more or less
compatible with IBM PC.
· One major rationale for Clone Computers related to undermine
“Big Brother” IBM.
· Compaq was the first IBM Compatible PC, providing a more
affordable hardware computer that offers IBM software
compatibility.
· Building a clone involved interpreting
ethicalvs.unethicalpracticesvia ROMBIOS (Read Only Memory
Basic Input Output System) chip analysis.PCs
Compaq Portable PC IBM PC Compatible Clone- 1982
designed by by Rod Canion, Jim Harris and Bill Murto, three
senior managers who left Texas Instruments and invested
$1,000 each to form their own company.
Sources Cited. See References
17. Other Hardware PC Models that Further Popularized the
Need for Software Development and Implanting it as a Major
Industry
Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80 Model IIICommodore PET
XEROX PARC LABORATORIES SIGNIFICANCE
· PARC: Palo Alto Research Center
· Boasted having at one point up to 56 of the 100 most notable
computer scientists working in its west coast US center.
Accomplishments Include
1. Laser Printers
2. Computer-generated bitmap graphics
3. The GUI graphical user interface, featuring windows and
icons, operated with a mouse.
4. The WYSIWYG text editor
5. Interpress, a resolution-independent graphical page-
description language and the precursor to Post Script.
6. Ethernet as a local-area computer network]
7. Fully formed Object-oriented programming
8. Model view controller software architecture
Alto: First computer designed from its inception to support an
18. operating system based on a GUI.
Source Cited in BibliographyReferences
Apple Macintosh’s Legacy in Developing New Creative
Industries via Software
· Employed the GUI and Mouse
·
Bill Gates and Microsoft team helped develop some of
the Applications Software
· Invigorated new concepts surrounding the pomp and
circumstance of tech launch events.
· Initially proved to have less enthusiastic sales results, in
large part due to a “reactive” and short-sighted business
environment unaware of the new industries that emerged as a
result of the mac.
· New industries included: Computer Art, Desktop Publishing,
Graphic Design, etc.
Software as a Standard in Developing New Business Processes
CLIENT-SERVER ERA
Basic Components
· Client: Any process that requests specific services from server
processes.
· Server: A process that provides requested services forclients.
19. · Both clients and servers can reside in the same computer or in
different computers connected by a network.
Variations on Client Server
· The key to client/server power is where the requested
processing takes place.
· In mainframe systems and Application Server-based systems,
all processing takes place on the server and the client is used to
display the data screens.
· With PC and File servers, all processing takes place on the PC
and the server is used only for storage
· There are many variations of these models today with the
internet and contemporary digital technologies
· The client/server environment provides a clear separation of
server and client processes.
Bibliography of References Cited
· Abdirahman, Sarika, Khloe, Chidimma, Danson, Aman, …
Sony. (2019, July 22). What is Application Software & Its
Types. Retrieved from
https://www.educba.com/what-is-application-software-
its-types/
·
Alfred,R.(2017,June3).Aug.12,1981:IBMGetsPersonalWith5150
20. PC.Retrievedfrom
https://www.wired.com/2011/08/0812ibm-5150-personal-
computer-pc/
·
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto
· (2019, August 29). Client–server model. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client–server_model
· (n.d.). History of Computers: A Brief Timeline. Retrieved
from
https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-
history.html • (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://oldcomputers.net
· Foote, K. D. (2016, August 6). A Brief History of the Internet
of Things. Retrieved from
https://www.dataversity.net/briefhistory-internet-things/
· (2019, August 24). IBM PC compatible. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible
· McGuire, T. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://
www.shsu.edu/~csc_tjm/summer2000/cs334/Chapter12/Chapter
12.html
· (2019, August 13). PARC (company). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_(company)
image2.jpg
image3.jpg
22. The assignment consists of 4 theoretical questions based on the
case described below. Please read the case carefully and answer
the questions using the concepts and theory delivered in class.
Questions.
1. Analyze Crayola’s problem. What management, organization,
and technology factors contributed to the problem?
2. What competitive strategies is Crayola pursuing? How does
digital technology support those strategies?
3. What people issues did Crayola have to address in designing
its new technology-based products?
4. How has digital technology changed Crayola’s business
model and the way it runs its business?
Case.
Crayola is one of the world’s most beloved brands for children
and their parents. The Easton, Pennsylvania–based company has
been noted for highquality, non-toxic crayons, markers, pencils,
modeling clay, creative toys, and innovative art tools that have
inspired artistic creativity in children for more than one hundred
years. You can find Crayola products nearly everywhere,
including schools, offices, supermarkets, drug stores, hospitals,
theme parks, airports, gas stations, and restaurants.
The Crayola crayon box became part of the collective history
23. and experiences of generations of Americans, and a symbol of
the color and fun of childhood. But today, that Crayola crayon
box is not as iconic as in the past. The popularity of Crayola
crayons is under assault—not by Crayola’s traditional
competitors (Faber-Castelli, DixonTiconderoga, and MEGA
Brands), but by changing times.
There has been a profound technological and cultural shift in
how children play. Children and their families are being
bombarded with increasingly sophisticated forms of
entertainment, many of them digitally based. Digital products
are starting to supplant physical ones in the world of children’s
play as well as in other areas of work and everyday life.
With the advent of computers and web-based learning, children
are leaving behind hand-held art supplies at an increasingly
younger age. The phenomenon is called KGOY, standing for
“Kids Growing Older Younger.” As children reach the age of 4
or 5, when they become old enough to play with a computer,
they become less interested in toys and crayons and prefer
electronics such as video games and digital tablets and smart-
phones. Crayola is not immune to this problem.
Will Crayola become a dinosaur from a different era? Not
likely, thanks to the company’s forward- looking management,
which embarked over a decade ago on far-reaching changes in
leadership, organizational culture, and the product development
function. The organization restructured around consumer
24. insights and needs rather than specific product lines.
Vicky Lozano, Crayola’s VP of Corporate Strategy and her team
recognized that Crayola’s purpose has always been to nourish
originality and to help parents and teachers raise creative and
inspired children. Crayola’s broader mission is not just to put
crayons and art materials in children’s hands but to help
children learn and play in colorful ways. The question they
asked was not, how can we sell more crayons? Instead they
asked, what kinds of experiences and technologies should
Crayola embrace?
Crayola has reframed its business model, introduced a new
innovation process for product development, and created new
products and revenue streams. The company has been
transformed from a manufacturer of crayons and art tools into a
trusted source of tools and experiences for creative play.
Crayola is using digital technology, but not to replace its core
crayon business. Instead, it’s integrating the old and the new.
The company now offers a new range of products like the
iMarker, an all-in-one digital pen, crayon, and pencil, designed
for use with the Color Studio HD iPad app. It’s like a
traditional coloring book, but includes new interactive sounds
and motion. Lights, Camera, Color! is another digital
application that allows kids to turn their favorite photos into
digital coloring book pages.
Tech toys such as the Digital Light Designer, a 360-degree
25. domed drawing surface, encourage imaginations to run wild
with colored LED lights. Children can play updated versions of
their favorite games or animate and save up to 50 pieces of their
own artwork. Crayola found that parents are looking for toys
that are less messy than traditional markers or fingerpaints.
These digital toys are “100 percent mess-proof,” and technology
has helped Crayola make its other products less messy as well.
In designing new digital products and experiences, Crayola has
drawn on its extensive knowledge of child development. It
understands how digital technology can play a part at different
ages. For instance, the My First Crayola line is targeted
specifically at one-year-olds; while Crayola Catwalk Creations
is designed for “tween” girls who like expressing them- selves
through fashion.
Crayola also understood that it had to change the way it markets
its products as well as the products themselves and has been
investing more and more in digital marketing. These initiatives
include online advertising, promotions, social media pushes,
and other digital activation programs that allow Crayola to
connect with parents and educators invested in raising
children’s creativity level. Social media has proven especially
effective and Crayola has a presence on Facebook, YouTube,
Pinterest, Twitter, and Instagram.
Crayola’s YouTube channel features colorful videos on Crayola
products and instructions for creative projects where they can
26. be used. The company’s Facebook presence features a live chat
series with experts and creative celebrities called “Inside the
Crayon Box.” Crayola wants to stimulate conversations around
creativity so parents can learn from each other and understand
how to build creativity in their children.
Crayola’s core parent audience is turning to the web for gift and
usage ideas, comparing prices, and reading reviews before
making purchases. Crayola wants to be first in mind as a source
of $20 artsy toys and mess-proof gifts. The company focuses
heavily on search, social media, and digital display, to help
parents find the Crayola products needed for their children’s
school supplies or gifts. Crayola closely tracks activity on its
online channels through Google Analytics to make sure it is
getting the most out of its marketing and ad campaigns.
Crayola’s website has been thoughtfully designed for children,
parents, and educators. It features free ideas for crafts, printable
coloring pages, and even advice on how to remove stains. The
website also can be used for ordering Crayola products online.
Thanks to its new array of products and services, Crayola has
experienced better growth, and its future looks as bright as the
vibrant colors of its iconic crayons.
27. Formalities:
· Wordcount: 1500 words
· Cover, Table of Contents, References and Appendix are
excluded of the total wordcount.
· Font: Arial 12,5 pts.
· Text alignment: Justified.
· The in-text References and the Bibliography must be in
Harvard’s citation style.
It assesses the following learning outcomes:
1. Recognize the way innovative technology is managed in
business, specifically in terms of the criteria and components
necessary for innovation to flourish.
2. Apply learning objectives to general software applications
and their functionality to address more advanced business
situations.
3. Discuss insight regarding the ways the global pandemic
challenged businesses to confront issues with optimizing their
technological infrastructures.
4. Explain the general purpose of information systems and their
continued benefit for companies worldwide, involving the
mutually beneficial relationship between TPS and CRM
software.
28. 5. Outline considerations in software architecture and the pre-
conditions for ensuring greater data security among businesses.
Rubrics
Exceptional 90-100
Good 80-89
Fair 70-79
Marginal fail 60-69
Knowledge &
Understanding (20%)
Student demonstrates excellent understanding of key concepts
and uses vocabulary in an entirely appropriate manner.
Student demonstrates good understanding of the task and
mentions some relevant concepts and demonstrates use of the
relevant vocabulary.
Student understands the task and provides minimum theory
and/or some use of vocabulary.
Student understands the task and attempts to answer the
question but does not mention key concepts or uses minimum
amount of relevant vocabulary.
Application (30%)
Student applies fully relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class.
29. Student applies mostly relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class.
Student applies some relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class. Misunderstanding may be evident.
Student applies little relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class.
Misunderstands are evident.
Critical Thinking (30%)
Student critically assesses in excellent ways, drawing
outstanding conclusions from relevant authors.
Student critically assesses in good ways, drawing conclusions
from relevant authors and references.
Student provides some insights but stays on the surface of the
topic.
References may not be relevant.
Student makes little or none critical thinking insights, does not
quote appropriate authors, and does not provide valid sources.
Communication (20%)
Student communicates their ideas extremely clearly and
concisely, respecting word count, grammar and spellcheck
Student communicates their ideas clearly and concisely,
respecting word count, grammar and spellcheck
Student communicates their ideas with some clarity and
concision. It may be slightly over or under the wordcount limit.
Some misspelling errors may be evident.
30. Student communicates their ideas in a somewhat unclear and
unconcise way. Does not reach or does exceed wordcount
excessively and misspelling errors are evident.