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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1. This document appears to be an exam for a Digital Logic Design course, consisting of 5 questions covering various topics in digital circuits and logic.
2. The questions address definitions of digital systems and integrated circuits, logic gate symbols and truth tables, logic families, binary to BCD conversion, full adders, memory devices, flip flops, counters, and arithmetic/control logic units.
3. The exam tests students' knowledge of fundamental digital logic concepts as well as the design of common digital components like converters, adders, counters, and processing units.
Pointer is a special variable that contains the address of another variable of the same data type. Pointers allow access of memory locations and are useful for passing arguments by reference. A pointer is declared with an asterisk after the data type and initialized by using the address of operator (&) on a variable. Arithmetic operations can be performed on pointers by adding or subtracting the pointer with an integer multiplied by the size of its data type. Double and triple pointers can also be declared to store addresses of other pointer variables.
The document discusses mapping algorithm graphs to parallel processor architectures. It explains that each processor is faster at accessing local memory than nonlocal memory, so algorithms should manipulate local data as much as possible. The distribution of data structures determines which processor performs each operation. Algorithm graphs and processor organizations can be represented as graphs that must be properly mapped for good performance. The document provides definitions and theorems for embedding algorithm graphs into processor topologies like rings, meshes, and hypercubes while minimizing the dilation, or maximum distance between mapped vertices. It specifically discusses embedding complete binary trees, binomial trees, and rings. Gray codes are introduced as a way to embed rings into hypercubes with dilation of 1.
Introduction to Ultra-succinct representation of ordered trees with applicationsYu Liu
The document summarizes a paper on ultra-succinct representations of ordered trees. It introduces tree degree entropy, a new measure of information in trees. It presents a succinct data structure that uses nH*(T) + O(n log log n / log n) bits to represent an ordered tree T with n nodes, where H*(T) is the tree degree entropy. This representation supports computing consecutive bits of the tree's DFUDS representation in constant time. It also supports computing operations like lowest common ancestor, depth, and level-ancestor in constant time using an auxiliary structure of O(n(log log n)2 / log n) bits.
The document discusses Boolean algebra and logic circuits. It covers Boolean algebra, fundamental concepts like binary digits and logical operators. It discusses Boolean functions, their representation using algebraic expressions and truth tables. Methods to minimize Boolean functions by reducing literals and terms are also covered. Logic gates and how they are used to build combinational logic circuits are explained.
The document describes an algorithm for multiplying two n x n matrices on a 2D mesh parallel computing model. It involves initially staggering the two matrices across the processors in n-1 steps. It then performs a dot product computation of corresponding elements across all processor pairs to calculate the product matrix. This takes advantage of the parallelism available in the mesh to perform the multiplication in O(n) time using n^2 processors.
Computer data representation (integers, floating-point numbers, text, images,...ArtemKovera
This document discusses how computers represent different types of data at a low level. It covers binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. It also discusses how integers, floating point numbers, text, images, and sound are represented in computer memory in binary format using bits and bytes. Understanding how data is represented is important for programming efficiently and writing secure code.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1. This document appears to be an exam for a Digital Logic Design course, consisting of 5 questions covering various topics in digital circuits and logic.
2. The questions address definitions of digital systems and integrated circuits, logic gate symbols and truth tables, logic families, binary to BCD conversion, full adders, memory devices, flip flops, counters, and arithmetic/control logic units.
3. The exam tests students' knowledge of fundamental digital logic concepts as well as the design of common digital components like converters, adders, counters, and processing units.
Pointer is a special variable that contains the address of another variable of the same data type. Pointers allow access of memory locations and are useful for passing arguments by reference. A pointer is declared with an asterisk after the data type and initialized by using the address of operator (&) on a variable. Arithmetic operations can be performed on pointers by adding or subtracting the pointer with an integer multiplied by the size of its data type. Double and triple pointers can also be declared to store addresses of other pointer variables.
The document discusses mapping algorithm graphs to parallel processor architectures. It explains that each processor is faster at accessing local memory than nonlocal memory, so algorithms should manipulate local data as much as possible. The distribution of data structures determines which processor performs each operation. Algorithm graphs and processor organizations can be represented as graphs that must be properly mapped for good performance. The document provides definitions and theorems for embedding algorithm graphs into processor topologies like rings, meshes, and hypercubes while minimizing the dilation, or maximum distance between mapped vertices. It specifically discusses embedding complete binary trees, binomial trees, and rings. Gray codes are introduced as a way to embed rings into hypercubes with dilation of 1.
Introduction to Ultra-succinct representation of ordered trees with applicationsYu Liu
The document summarizes a paper on ultra-succinct representations of ordered trees. It introduces tree degree entropy, a new measure of information in trees. It presents a succinct data structure that uses nH*(T) + O(n log log n / log n) bits to represent an ordered tree T with n nodes, where H*(T) is the tree degree entropy. This representation supports computing consecutive bits of the tree's DFUDS representation in constant time. It also supports computing operations like lowest common ancestor, depth, and level-ancestor in constant time using an auxiliary structure of O(n(log log n)2 / log n) bits.
The document discusses Boolean algebra and logic circuits. It covers Boolean algebra, fundamental concepts like binary digits and logical operators. It discusses Boolean functions, their representation using algebraic expressions and truth tables. Methods to minimize Boolean functions by reducing literals and terms are also covered. Logic gates and how they are used to build combinational logic circuits are explained.
The document describes an algorithm for multiplying two n x n matrices on a 2D mesh parallel computing model. It involves initially staggering the two matrices across the processors in n-1 steps. It then performs a dot product computation of corresponding elements across all processor pairs to calculate the product matrix. This takes advantage of the parallelism available in the mesh to perform the multiplication in O(n) time using n^2 processors.
Computer data representation (integers, floating-point numbers, text, images,...ArtemKovera
This document discusses how computers represent different types of data at a low level. It covers binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. It also discusses how integers, floating point numbers, text, images, and sound are represented in computer memory in binary format using bits and bytes. Understanding how data is represented is important for programming efficiently and writing secure code.
Encryption and decryption are both methods used to ensure the secure passing of messages and other sensitive documents and information. The encryption process plays a major factor in our technology advanced lives. Encryption basically means to convert the message into code or scrambled form. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a specification for the encryption of electronic data. It has been adopted by the U.S. government and is now used worldwide. AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data. This paper defines the method to enhance the block and key length of the conventional AES.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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Call us at : 08263069601
The document discusses various topics related to image processing and computer vision, including connected component labeling, distance measures, arithmetic and logical operations, and neighborhood operations on images. Connected component labeling identifies shapes, areas, and boundaries in an image and is a fundamental step for high-level image analysis. Distance measures like Euclidean, city block, and chessboard distance are used to quantify the similarity between pixels. Arithmetic, logical, and neighborhood operations are common image processing techniques used for tasks like noise filtering, edge detection, and thinning.
This document discusses how computers transform data into information through processing. It explains that computers accept data as input, store and process the data, and output the results. The key components that perform these functions are the arithmetic logical unit, control unit, and central processing unit. It also describes different number systems that computers use to represent data internally, such as binary, octal, hexadecimal, and discusses how numbers, text, and graphics are encoded.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
2.6 support vector machines and associative classifiers revisedKrish_ver2
Support vector machines (SVMs) are a type of supervised machine learning model that can be used for both classification and regression analysis. SVMs work by finding a hyperplane in a multidimensional space that best separates clusters of data points. Nonlinear kernels can be used to transform input data into a higher dimensional space to allow for the detection of complex patterns. Associative classification is an alternative approach that uses association rule mining to generate rules describing attribute relationships that can then be used for classification.
This document is a lesson on variables in Visual Basic programming. It defines a variable as a location in memory that holds information during program execution. It explains that variables are declared to create them in memory and initialized to assign them a value. Different data types like byte, integer, and long can be used to store different kinds of numeric values in variables. The document provides examples of declaring, initializing, and performing math operations on variables.
This tutor shows the train and test set split with binary classifying, clustering and 3D plots and discuss a probability density function in scikit-learn on synthetic datasets. The dataset is very simple as a reference of understanding.
Support vector machines (SVMs) are a type of supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression. SVMs learn by finding the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between two classes of objects. SVMs can efficiently perform nonlinear classification using kernel methods. Key features of SVMs include their ability to handle high dimensional data, use different kernel functions for nonlinear classification, and avoid overfitting.
Welcome to the Supervised Machine Learning and Data Sciences.
Algorithms for building models. Support Vector Machines.
Classification algorithm explanation and code in Python ( SVM ) .
This document outlines three parallel programming problems to implement using MPI:
1) Numerical integration using the trapezoidal rule to compute the integral of a function between bounds with user-specified number of trapezoids.
2) Matrix computation to calculate B = AT*A given a partitioned m-by-n matrix A distributed across processes without storing the whole matrix locally.
3) (Optional) Conway's Game of Life with a user-specified 2D life field size and number of generations using one of several partitioning strategies for the cells among processes.
Beginning direct3d gameprogramming01_thehistoryofdirect3dgraphics_20160407_ji...JinTaek Seo
Direct3D has evolved over many versions to support more advanced graphics capabilities. Early versions supported basic 3D rendering while later versions like DirectX 8 introduced pixel and vertex shaders, point sprites, and 3D textures. DirectX 9 improved shaders and added multiple render targets. DirectX 10 unified the shader pipeline and DirectX 11 added tessellation and support for GPGPU programming. Each version expanded the set of graphics techniques supported in hardware-accelerated 3D graphics.
Normalization is a process of organizing data in a database to eliminate anomalies like data redundancy, insertion anomalies, update anomalies, and deletion anomalies. It involves putting data into tables and establishing relationships between those tables via primary and foreign keys. The document discusses various normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF that data should be normalized into. Achieving higher normal forms reduces anomalies but is more difficult. The goal of normalization is consistent, unambiguous data without redundancy.
The document discusses different types of memory organization and caching techniques used in computer systems. It describes the memory hierarchy including main memory, auxiliary memory, and cache memory. It discusses the locality of reference property and how cache memory exploits this to improve performance. It then summarizes different cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set-associative mapping, and associative mapping. It also covers cache operations and replacement policies. Finally, it discusses write policies for caches including write-through and write-back.
This document discusses how computers represent different types of data using binary numbers. It explains that all data inside a computer is stored as binary digits (bits) that represent ON and OFF switches. Various data types like characters, pictures, sound, programs and integers are represented by grouping bits into bytes. The context determines how a computer interprets each byte. Standards like ASCII, JPEG and WAV define how different data is encoded into binary format and bytes. The document also covers number systems like binary, decimal, hexadecimal and their properties.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm that can be used for both classification and regression analysis. It works by finding a hyperplane in an N-dimensional space that distinctly classifies the data points. SVM selects the hyperplane that has the largest distance to the nearest training data points of any class, since larger the margin lower the generalization error of the classifier. SVM can efficiently perform nonlinear classification by implicitly mapping their inputs into high-dimensional feature spaces.
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a discriminative classifier formally defined by a separating hyperplane. In other words, given labeled training data (supervised learning), the algorithm outputs an optimal hyperplane which categorizes new examples. In two dimentional space this hyperplane is a line dividing a plane in two parts where in each class lay in either side.
Aranda QUERY MANAGER es un módulo de creación y edición de reportes profesionales que permite optimizar el acceso y presentación de información de datos. Incluye características para construir y administrar reportes personalizados o prediseñados. Requiere software como Windows, SQL Server y .NET Framework instalados en el servidor, e Internet Explorer en las consolas cliente. Ofrece licencias de usuarios nombrados o concurrentes, y funciones de seguridad como importar usuarios de Active Directory y administrar permisos de grupos especialistas.
Encryption and decryption are both methods used to ensure the secure passing of messages and other sensitive documents and information. The encryption process plays a major factor in our technology advanced lives. Encryption basically means to convert the message into code or scrambled form. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a specification for the encryption of electronic data. It has been adopted by the U.S. government and is now used worldwide. AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data. This paper defines the method to enhance the block and key length of the conventional AES.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
The document discusses various topics related to image processing and computer vision, including connected component labeling, distance measures, arithmetic and logical operations, and neighborhood operations on images. Connected component labeling identifies shapes, areas, and boundaries in an image and is a fundamental step for high-level image analysis. Distance measures like Euclidean, city block, and chessboard distance are used to quantify the similarity between pixels. Arithmetic, logical, and neighborhood operations are common image processing techniques used for tasks like noise filtering, edge detection, and thinning.
This document discusses how computers transform data into information through processing. It explains that computers accept data as input, store and process the data, and output the results. The key components that perform these functions are the arithmetic logical unit, control unit, and central processing unit. It also describes different number systems that computers use to represent data internally, such as binary, octal, hexadecimal, and discusses how numbers, text, and graphics are encoded.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
2.6 support vector machines and associative classifiers revisedKrish_ver2
Support vector machines (SVMs) are a type of supervised machine learning model that can be used for both classification and regression analysis. SVMs work by finding a hyperplane in a multidimensional space that best separates clusters of data points. Nonlinear kernels can be used to transform input data into a higher dimensional space to allow for the detection of complex patterns. Associative classification is an alternative approach that uses association rule mining to generate rules describing attribute relationships that can then be used for classification.
This document is a lesson on variables in Visual Basic programming. It defines a variable as a location in memory that holds information during program execution. It explains that variables are declared to create them in memory and initialized to assign them a value. Different data types like byte, integer, and long can be used to store different kinds of numeric values in variables. The document provides examples of declaring, initializing, and performing math operations on variables.
This tutor shows the train and test set split with binary classifying, clustering and 3D plots and discuss a probability density function in scikit-learn on synthetic datasets. The dataset is very simple as a reference of understanding.
Support vector machines (SVMs) are a type of supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression. SVMs learn by finding the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between two classes of objects. SVMs can efficiently perform nonlinear classification using kernel methods. Key features of SVMs include their ability to handle high dimensional data, use different kernel functions for nonlinear classification, and avoid overfitting.
Welcome to the Supervised Machine Learning and Data Sciences.
Algorithms for building models. Support Vector Machines.
Classification algorithm explanation and code in Python ( SVM ) .
This document outlines three parallel programming problems to implement using MPI:
1) Numerical integration using the trapezoidal rule to compute the integral of a function between bounds with user-specified number of trapezoids.
2) Matrix computation to calculate B = AT*A given a partitioned m-by-n matrix A distributed across processes without storing the whole matrix locally.
3) (Optional) Conway's Game of Life with a user-specified 2D life field size and number of generations using one of several partitioning strategies for the cells among processes.
Beginning direct3d gameprogramming01_thehistoryofdirect3dgraphics_20160407_ji...JinTaek Seo
Direct3D has evolved over many versions to support more advanced graphics capabilities. Early versions supported basic 3D rendering while later versions like DirectX 8 introduced pixel and vertex shaders, point sprites, and 3D textures. DirectX 9 improved shaders and added multiple render targets. DirectX 10 unified the shader pipeline and DirectX 11 added tessellation and support for GPGPU programming. Each version expanded the set of graphics techniques supported in hardware-accelerated 3D graphics.
Normalization is a process of organizing data in a database to eliminate anomalies like data redundancy, insertion anomalies, update anomalies, and deletion anomalies. It involves putting data into tables and establishing relationships between those tables via primary and foreign keys. The document discusses various normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF that data should be normalized into. Achieving higher normal forms reduces anomalies but is more difficult. The goal of normalization is consistent, unambiguous data without redundancy.
The document discusses different types of memory organization and caching techniques used in computer systems. It describes the memory hierarchy including main memory, auxiliary memory, and cache memory. It discusses the locality of reference property and how cache memory exploits this to improve performance. It then summarizes different cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set-associative mapping, and associative mapping. It also covers cache operations and replacement policies. Finally, it discusses write policies for caches including write-through and write-back.
This document discusses how computers represent different types of data using binary numbers. It explains that all data inside a computer is stored as binary digits (bits) that represent ON and OFF switches. Various data types like characters, pictures, sound, programs and integers are represented by grouping bits into bytes. The context determines how a computer interprets each byte. Standards like ASCII, JPEG and WAV define how different data is encoded into binary format and bytes. The document also covers number systems like binary, decimal, hexadecimal and their properties.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm that can be used for both classification and regression analysis. It works by finding a hyperplane in an N-dimensional space that distinctly classifies the data points. SVM selects the hyperplane that has the largest distance to the nearest training data points of any class, since larger the margin lower the generalization error of the classifier. SVM can efficiently perform nonlinear classification by implicitly mapping their inputs into high-dimensional feature spaces.
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a discriminative classifier formally defined by a separating hyperplane. In other words, given labeled training data (supervised learning), the algorithm outputs an optimal hyperplane which categorizes new examples. In two dimentional space this hyperplane is a line dividing a plane in two parts where in each class lay in either side.
Aranda QUERY MANAGER es un módulo de creación y edición de reportes profesionales que permite optimizar el acceso y presentación de información de datos. Incluye características para construir y administrar reportes personalizados o prediseñados. Requiere software como Windows, SQL Server y .NET Framework instalados en el servidor, e Internet Explorer en las consolas cliente. Ofrece licencias de usuarios nombrados o concurrentes, y funciones de seguridad como importar usuarios de Active Directory y administrar permisos de grupos especialistas.
Memorias webCast ¿Cómo llevar la mesa de servicio a otras áreas diferentes a IT?Aranda Software
La mayoría de las compañías usan herramientas de mesa de servicio orientadas a IT, en este webCast veremos de que manera una herramienta multi proyecto, nos permite gestionar procesos de las diferentes áreas de la compañía.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being transformed into a drink by the Spanish in Mexico in the 16th century. The document then explains how chocolate spread across Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries and became widely popular, eventually evolving into the candy and confections we know today.
Memorias Aranda webCast Mejores prácticas en Aranda SOFTWARE METRIXAranda Software
Este documento presenta las mejores prácticas en la gestión de licencias de software con Aranda SOFTWARE METRIX. Explica qué es una licencia de software, los tipos de licencias como propietario, de fuente abierta, freeware y libre. También describe la problemática de gestionar licencias y cómo Aranda SOFTWARE METRIX permite controlar las licencias instaladas, realizar auditorías y obtener beneficios organizacionales como optimización de software y eliminación de auditorías manuales.
Aranda Print Manager es una solución para administrar, controlar y optimizar la actividad de impresión desde una consola central. Proporciona información completa sobre los trabajos de impresión, facilita la administración de usuarios y grupos, y permite consolidar la contabilidad de actividades entre sedes. Genera informes sobre el volumen de impresión, la actividad de impresoras y el desempeño de usuarios para auditar el uso de recursos y reducir costos.
Announcement- Thursday December 22, 2016Ken Stayner
The girls hockey team remains undefeated after beating Elmvale in a hard fought match at Stayner Arena with a final score of 7-3. The team is congratulated on their win.
El documento presenta una serie de deseos para el año nuevo que son rechazados uno a uno por ser poco realistas. Finalmente, se desea a las buenas personas que tengan la fuerza y den lo mejor de sí mismos para trabajar por un mundo mejor de paz, justicia y equidad, aunque parezca imposible, porque construir un mundo mejor a través del trabajo es la mayor felicidad posible. Se les desea a todos un feliz año nuevo de trabajo.
Es una presentación del capitulo 4 del libro Evolución y Retos de la Educación Virtual Construyendo el E-Learning del siglo XXI, este capitulo trata tópicos de como Aprender y enseñar en colaboración, es un excelente referente para romper el paradigma y enfrentar los retos que demanda el aprendizaje con los alumnos de esta generación.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
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This document provides an introduction to a course on computer programming and data structures. It discusses storage devices used in computers, including primary storage devices like RAM and ROM, as well as secondary storage devices like hard disks, SSDs, and USB drives. It also covers number systems used in computing, such as binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. Conversion between these number systems is demonstrated through examples of division and multiplication. Homework questions are provided at the end regarding cache memory and the need for octal and hexadecimal numbers in computer systems.
The document contains 10 multiple choice questions about the control unit of a computer. It tests knowledge about the basic functions of the control unit, including that it coordinates and synchronizes the activities of other parts of the CPU. It ensures the sequential execution of instructions by fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, and generating control signals to direct the flow of data between ALU, registers and memory.
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Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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The document discusses the different number systems used in computers. It introduces the four main types of number systems: binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It explains that computers understand numbers in the form of binary digits. The other number systems are introduced to make working with binary numbers easier for humans. The hexadecimal system in particular is used as a shorthand because each hexadecimal digit can represent a group of 4 binary digits. Understanding number systems is important for understanding how computers work with numeric data and instructions.
(7) cpp memory representation_pointer_arithmeticsNico Ludwig
http://de.slideshare.net/nicolayludwig/7-cpp-memory-representationpointerarithmeticsexercises-38510699
- The octal and hexadecimal Numeral System
- Byte Order
- Memory Representation of Arrays and Pointer Arithmetics
- Array Addressing with "Cast Contact Lenses"
- The Heap: Segmentation and "Why do Programs crash?"
- How to understand and fix Bugs
- The Teddybear Principle
SMU BSC IT FALL / SUMMER 2013 SOLVED ASSIGNMENTSsmumbahelp
This document provides sample questions for various subjects for different semesters. It begins by providing contact information for getting fully solved assignments. It then lists sample questions in 3 sentences or less for subjects like Computer Organization and Architecture, Discrete Mathematics, Operating Systems, Technical Communication, Computer Networks, Mobile Computing, WML and WAP Programming, Cryptography and Network Security, C# Programming, Data Mining, Software Project Management, Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Fundamentals of IT, Mathematics for IT, Logic Design, C Programming and Data Structures, Database Management Systems, Fundamentals of Algorithms, Software Engineering, and Visual Basic. Students can check answers by contacting provided details or checking blog archives.
Error Detection and Correction in SRAM Cell Using Decimal Matrix Codeiosrjce
The document proposes a decimal matrix code (DMC) to improve memory reliability against multiple cell upsets. DMC uses a decimal algorithm for error detection that maximizes detection capability. It also proposes an encoder-reuse technique to minimize area overhead by reusing the encoder as part of the decoder. Simulation results show the DMC provides better error correction compared to Hamming and Reed-Solomon codes, with lower delay but higher area than Hamming code and lower power than Reed-Solomon code.
Bt0068, computer organization and architecturesmumbahelp
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments. Students are instructed to send their semester and specialization name to the provided email address or call the given phone number to receive solved assignments. The document includes sample assignments covering topics like complements, Von Neumann architecture, types of busses, control lines, Booth's multiplication algorithm, memory interleaving, and interrupt driven I/O. Students are encouraged to email their request preferably but can also call in an emergency.
Bt0068, computer organization and architecturesmumbahelp
The document provides information about getting fully solved assignments for the BSc IT program, semester 2, for the subject Computer Organization and Architecture. It includes the subject code, credit hours, and evaluation scheme. It then provides detailed answers to 6 questions explaining key computer components like units of a digital computer, bus structure, instruction format, memory interleaving, interrupts and interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access controllers. Students are instructed to send their semester and specialization details to a provided email or call a phone number to receive fully solved assignments.
Unit-1_Digital Computers, number systemCOA[1].pptxVanshJain322212
Data representation: Number System, Big Endian and Little Endian, r complement and r-1 complement arithmetic, Unsigned and Signed number representation, Signed Arithmetic- Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication (Booth Algorithm), Division, Barrel Shifter, Fixed and Floating point representation. Block Diagram for Digital Computers: CPU (Registers, ALU, Clock, Control unit), Memory, Memory hierarchy; Different types of memory in brief: Primary (RAM-Static and Dynamic, ROM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, NAND Flash, NOR Flash (Samsung memory datasheet) I/O subsystems, Common Bus System (External and Internal Bus: Address Bus, Data Bus and Control Bus); Computer Organization; Computer Architecture; Introduction to Vonn Neumann and Harvard Architecture, Micro operations (Arithmetic, Logical and Shift micro operations using online simulators), Arithmetic Logic and Shift unit (ALU).
This document discusses computer organization and architecture. It begins with an introduction that defines computer architecture as the attributes visible to a programmer, such as instruction sets, while computer organization deals with how features are implemented internally. It then covers several topics in computer architecture including the von Neumann model, levels of abstraction, number systems representation, and arithmetic in binary and hexadecimal. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate key concepts in computer organization and architecture.
The document provides an introduction to computational thinking concepts including converting information to data, data types and encoding, and logic. It discusses how information is converted to continuous and discrete data, and how data is encoded through binary representations and bit strings. Different data types like numbers, text, colors, pictures and sound are also explained in terms of their encoding. The document then covers logic and computational thinking concepts like inductive and deductive logic, and how Boolean logic uses true/false propositions and logical operators.
Due 24 August (Friday, 1159 p.m. EDT)Use Module 1 and Book Ch.docxjacksnathalie
Due 24 August (Friday, 11:59 p.m. EDT)
Use Module 1 and Book Chapters 1 – 3 (module at bottom/chapters attached)
SHOW ALL WORK OR NO CREDIT
1. (10 Points) Virtualization is a concept that has taken on major importance in the early twenty-first century. Explain what is meant by virtualization.
2. (10 Points) What is a protocol? What is a standard? Do all protocols have to be standards? Explain.
3. (10 Points) Protocols and standards are important features of networks. Why is this so?
4. (10 Points) What are the most important ideas, keywords, and phrases that are stated in the definition of a system?
5. (10 Points) Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal: .
a) 4E
b) 3D7
c) 3D70
6. (10 Points) Add the following binary numbers:
a)
101101101
+ 10011011
b)
110111111
+ 110111111
c)
1101
1010
111
+ 101
7. (10 Points) Multiply the following binary numbers together:
a)
1101
× 101
b)
11011
× 1011
8. (10 Points) Perform the following binary divisions:
a) 1010001001 ÷ 110
b) 11000000000 ÷ 1011
9. (10 Points) Using the division method, convert the following decimal numbers to binary:
a.) 4098
b) 71269
10. (10 Points) Convert the following binary numbers directly to hexadecimal: .
a) 101101110111010
b) 1111111111110001
Module 1
1. Computer Systems
We start this section with a short discussion of why you should be studying software, hardware, and data concepts. You may ask:
· Why should we study the concepts of computer data, computer hardware, and computer software?
· What are the components of a digital computer system and how do they work together?
· How are information systems developed for computers?1.1 Why Study Computer Concepts?
The answer to this question is that the understanding of these concepts is at the very foundation of being both competent and successful in your segment of the field of computers.
Computer users will:
· be aware of system capabilities, strategies, and limitations
· better understand the commands that they use
· be able to make informed decisions about computer equipment and applications
· improve their ability to communicate with other computer professionals
Computer programmers will:
· be able to write better programs by using characteristics of the computer to make the programs more efficient
· understand why compiled languages such as COBOL, C++, or Java run faster than interpreted languages such as BASIC
System analysts will be able to:
· read and understand technical specifications
· determine the correct computer strategy for a particular application
· assist management in determining computer strategy
· determine when to replace older equipment
System administrators or managers will:
· maximize the efficiency of their computer systems
· know when additional resources are required for those systems
· understand how to specify and configure operating system parameters
· know how to set up file systems
· be able to manage system and user PC upgrades
Each of these computer pro ...
Chapter 02 instructions language of the computerBảo Hoang
Here are the steps to translate the MIPS assembly language into machine language:
1. lw $t0,300($t1) # Load A[300] into register $t0
Opcode: 35 (load word)
rs: 13 ($t1)
rt: 8 ($t0)
offset: 300
2. add $t2,$s2,$t0 # Calculate h + A[300] and put in $t2
Opcode: 0 (add)
rs: 17 ($s2)
rt: 8 ($t0)
rd: 9 ($t2)
3. sw $t2,300($t1) # Store result back into
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and related topics including:
- Digital electronics deals with data and codes represented by two conditions - 0 and 1. Circuits are made from logic gates.
- Early computers used mechanical switches and relays before transistors were developed. Integrated circuits allowed circuits to be placed on silicon chips.
- Analog signals are continuous while digital signals represent data discretely as 0s and 1s. Conversion between analog and digital is often needed.
- Common numbering systems like binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal are explained along with operations on them. Boolean algebra which digital circuits are based on is also introduced.
This document provides summaries of key computer science concepts in multiple paragraphs. It discusses discs/diskettes which are magnetic storage devices that can read and write information. It describes computer memory and its three forms: cache, main memory, and secondary storage. It defines the processor (CPU) as the main integrated circuit responsible for arithmetic, logic, and input/output functions. The operating system acts as a bridge between the user and hardware, providing an efficient environment to run applications. Storage devices allow users to safely store and access data and programs. Character representation standards like ASCII are discussed, along with number systems such as binary, octal, and hexadecimal. Binary arithmetic and how to convert between number systems is briefly covered.
This document provides homework instructions for computer science students over the Easter break. It includes tasks to practice programming in Python using Codecademy, revising data types and network topologies, and completing exercises on binary numbers, flowcharts, databases, and data structures. Students are asked to research advantages and disadvantages of different network topologies. It also provides contact information for teachers if students require assistance.
The document provides an overview of hardware concepts related to embedded systems. It discusses the major functional blocks of a computer system including input, output, memory, and the data path and control block. It also describes typical bus structures and how numbers, addresses, instructions, and other information are represented digitally. Additionally, the document outlines different types of instructions and addressing modes, as well as concepts like data and control flow, the instruction cycle, and register transfer level modeling. Microprocessors, microcontrollers, and DSPs are compared. Peripherals, memory systems, and the Harvard and von Neumann architectures are also introduced.
Please send the answers to my email. Mirre06@hotmail.comSomeone se.pdfebrahimbadushata00
Please send the answers to my email. Mirre06@hotmail.com
Someone sent me wrong answers so please send me correct answers thanks.
1) What is a register? Be precise. Name at least two components in the LMC that meet the
qualications for a register. Name several different kinds of values that a register might hold.
Suppose that the following instructions are found at the given locations in memory:
20
LDA
50
21
ADD
51
50
724
51
006
a. Show the contents of the IR, the PC, the MAR, the MDR, and A at the conclusion of
instruction 20.
b. Show the contents of each register as each step of the fetch–execute cycle is performed for
instruction 21.
3) what is the purpose of the instructions register? What takes the place of the instruction
register in the LMC?
4) What is the explanation for the reasons why programmed IO does not work very well when
the IO device is a hard disk or a graphics display?
5) the x86 series is an example of a CPU architecture. as you are probably aware there are a
number of different chip including the x86 architecture? What word defines the difference
between the various CPUs that share the same architecture? Name at least one different CPU
architecture
20
LDA
50
21
ADD
51
50
724
51
006
Solution
1)The Little Man Computer (LMC) is an instructional model of a computer, created by Dr. Stuart
Madnick in 1965.The LMC is generally used to teach students, because it models a simple von
Neumann architecture computer - which has all of the basic features of a modern computer. It
can be programmed in machine code (albeit in decimal rather than binary) or assembly code.
Register:
In a computer, a register is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of a computer
processor . A register may hold a computer instruction , a storage address, or any kind of data
(such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of
the instruction. For example, an instruction may specify that the contents of two defined registers
be added together and then placed in a specified register. A register must be large enough to hold
an instruction - for example, in a 32-bit instruction computer, a register must be 32 bits in length.
In some computer designs, there are smaller registers - for example, half-registers - for shorter
instructions. Depending on the processor design and language rules, registers may be numbered
or have arbitrary names.
Small, permanent storage locations within the CPU used for a particular purpose
Manipulated directly by the Control Unit
Wired for specific function
Size in bits or bytes (not in MB like memory)
Can hold data, an address or an instruction
Use of Registers
Scratchpad for currently executing program
Holds data needed quickly or frequently
Stores information about status of CPU and currently executing program
Address of next program instruction
Signals from external devices
General Purpose Registers
User-visible registers
Hold intermediate results or data values, e.g., l.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Bba110 computer fundamentals
1. Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE FALL 2016
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER I
SUBJECT CODE & NAME BBA110 - COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
BK ID B1501
CREDITS 2
MARKS 30
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question.1. With a neat diagram explain the architecture of a
computer.
Answer:Incomputerengineering,computerarchitectureisaset of rules and methods that describe
the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of
architecture defineitasdescribingthe capabilitiesandprogrammingmodel of a computer but not a
particular implementation. In other definitions computer architecture involves instruction set
architecture design, microarchitecture design,
Question.2. a. What is main memory? What are the types of main
memory?
Answer:Incomputing,memoryreferstothe computer hardware devices used to store information
for immediate use in a computer; it is synonymous with the term "primary storage". Computer
memoryoperatesata highspeed,forexample random-accessmemory (RAM), as a distinction from
storage that provides slow-to-access program and data storage but offers higher capacities. If
needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to secondary storage, through a
memory management technique called "virtual
b. What is secondary memory? Give examples.
2. Answer:Secondarymemory(or secondary storage) is the slowest and cheapest form of memory. It
cannot be processeddirectlybythe CPU.Itmust firstbe copied into primary storage (also known as
RAM).
Secondary memory devices include magnetic disks like hard drives and floppy disks; optical disks
such as CDs and CDROMs ; and magnetic tapes, which were the first forms of secondary memory.
Secondary storage is used as a cheaper alternative
Question.3. Write short notes on the following:
a. Decimal Number System
Answer:Decimal number system, also called Hindu-Arabic, or Arabic, number system, in
mathematics, positional numeral system employing 10 as the base and requiring 10 different
numerals, the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. It also requires a dot (decimal point) to represent
decimal fractions. In this scheme, the numerals used in denoting a number take different place
values depending upon position. In a base-10 system the number 543.21 represents the sum (5 ×
102) + (4 × 101) + (3 × 100) + (2 × 10−1) + (1 × 10−2). See numerals and numeral systems.
This number system, with its associated arithmetic algorithms, has furnished the basis for the
development of Western commerce and science since its introduction to the West in the 12th
century ad.
b. Binary Number System
Answer:Inmathematicsanddigital electronics,abinarynumberisanumberexpressedin the binary
numeral system or base-2 numeral system which represents numeric values using two different
symbols:typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one). The base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2.
Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the
binarysystemisusedinternallybyalmostall moderncomputersand computer-based devices. Each
digit is referred to as a bit.
c. Octal Number System
Answer:Binary is also easily converted to the octal numeral system, since octal uses a radix of 8,
which is a power of two (namely, 23, so it takes exactly three binary digits to represent an octal
3. digit).The correspondence betweenoctal andbinarynumeralsisthe same asfor the firsteightdigits
of hexadecimal in the table above.
d. Hexadecimal Number System
Answer:Binarymay be converted to and from hexadecimal somewhat more easily. This is because
the radix of the hexadecimal system (16) is a power of the radix of the binary system (2). More
specifically,16= 24, so it takesfourdigitsof binaryto representone digit of hexadecimal, as shown
in the table to the right.
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