This document provides an introduction to basic network concepts. It defines a computer network and its components, which include two or more interconnected computers, cables, network interface cards, switches, and operating systems. It describes the applications and benefits of networks, such as sharing resources and communicating over long distances, as well as some disadvantages like high installation costs. It also classifies networks based on their geographical area into personal, local, metropolitan and wide area networks. Finally, it discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network models.
Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computer resources like data storage, computing power, and software over the internet. It offers benefits like lower costs compared to maintaining physical infrastructure, flexibility and scalability, faster innovation, and increased productivity. Common types of cloud computing include public clouds run by third-party providers, private clouds for exclusive use within an organization, and hybrid clouds combining public and private setups. Services include infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), serverless computing, and software as a service (SaaS). Cloud computing is widely used today for applications development, data storage and backup, streaming media, and analytics.
This document provides an overview of telecommunications and networking concepts. It defines key terms like networks, Metcalfe's Law, middleware, digital networks, wireless technologies, intranets, extranets, and different types of networks including WANs, LANs, VPNs, and client-server networks. The document also discusses how telecommunications and the internet are revolutionizing business through applications like e-commerce, collaboration, and information portals.
A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected through communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. The basic components of a network include servers that provide services, clients that use those services, media like cables that connect devices, shared resources, and protocols that govern communications between devices. A network can be organized in different topologies like a bus, star, or ring configuration.
This document provides information about an assignment help service for MBA students. It lists the email and phone contact information for students to send their semester and specialization to get fully solved assignments. It then provides details of an assignment for the subject of computer networks, including questions, answers, and evaluation schemes. The assignment is for MBA students in their third semester studying computer networks.
Edge device multi-unicasting for video streamingTal Lavian Ph.D.
After a decade of research and development, IP multicast has still not been deployed widely in the global Internet due to many open technical issues: lack of admission control, poorly scaled with large number of groups, and requiring substantial infrastructure modifications. To provide the benefits of IP multicast without requiring direct router support or the presence of a physical broadcast medium, various Application Level Multicast (ALM) models have been attempted. However, there are still several problems with ALM: unnecessary coupling between an application and its multicasting supports, bottleneck problem at network access links and considerable processing power required at the end nodes to support ALM mechanisms. This paper proposes an architecture to address these problems by delegating application-multicasting support mechanisms to smart edge devices associated with the application end nodes. The architecture gives rise to an interesting Edge Device Any-casting technology that lies between the IP-multicasting and the Application Layer Multicasting and enjoys the benefits of both. Furthermore, the architecture may provide sufficient cost-benefit for adoption by service providers. The paper presents initial results obtained from the implementation of a video streaming application over the testbed that implements the proposed architecture.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networking and data communication. It defines what a computer network is as two or more computers connected by transmission media that allow users to communicate and share applications and data. The document outlines different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also discusses common network typologies like star, ring, and bus topologies as well as client-server and peer-to-peer network models.
We investigate how to build secure yet easy-to-use and cost-effective systems. Our research focuses on areas like improving security usability with contextual data, ensuring privacy in cloud services, and designing secure software-defined networking. We evaluate and optimize mobile and distributed systems to save energy and improve user experience of mobile cloud services and applications like crowdsensing, multimedia streaming, and edge/cloud computing. We also research topics in areas like mobile cloud gaming, internet of things, big data analytics, and verification of distributed systems.
Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computer resources like data storage, computing power, and software over the internet. It offers benefits like lower costs compared to maintaining physical infrastructure, flexibility and scalability, faster innovation, and increased productivity. Common types of cloud computing include public clouds run by third-party providers, private clouds for exclusive use within an organization, and hybrid clouds combining public and private setups. Services include infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), serverless computing, and software as a service (SaaS). Cloud computing is widely used today for applications development, data storage and backup, streaming media, and analytics.
This document provides an overview of telecommunications and networking concepts. It defines key terms like networks, Metcalfe's Law, middleware, digital networks, wireless technologies, intranets, extranets, and different types of networks including WANs, LANs, VPNs, and client-server networks. The document also discusses how telecommunications and the internet are revolutionizing business through applications like e-commerce, collaboration, and information portals.
A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected through communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. The basic components of a network include servers that provide services, clients that use those services, media like cables that connect devices, shared resources, and protocols that govern communications between devices. A network can be organized in different topologies like a bus, star, or ring configuration.
This document provides information about an assignment help service for MBA students. It lists the email and phone contact information for students to send their semester and specialization to get fully solved assignments. It then provides details of an assignment for the subject of computer networks, including questions, answers, and evaluation schemes. The assignment is for MBA students in their third semester studying computer networks.
Edge device multi-unicasting for video streamingTal Lavian Ph.D.
After a decade of research and development, IP multicast has still not been deployed widely in the global Internet due to many open technical issues: lack of admission control, poorly scaled with large number of groups, and requiring substantial infrastructure modifications. To provide the benefits of IP multicast without requiring direct router support or the presence of a physical broadcast medium, various Application Level Multicast (ALM) models have been attempted. However, there are still several problems with ALM: unnecessary coupling between an application and its multicasting supports, bottleneck problem at network access links and considerable processing power required at the end nodes to support ALM mechanisms. This paper proposes an architecture to address these problems by delegating application-multicasting support mechanisms to smart edge devices associated with the application end nodes. The architecture gives rise to an interesting Edge Device Any-casting technology that lies between the IP-multicasting and the Application Layer Multicasting and enjoys the benefits of both. Furthermore, the architecture may provide sufficient cost-benefit for adoption by service providers. The paper presents initial results obtained from the implementation of a video streaming application over the testbed that implements the proposed architecture.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networking and data communication. It defines what a computer network is as two or more computers connected by transmission media that allow users to communicate and share applications and data. The document outlines different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also discusses common network typologies like star, ring, and bus topologies as well as client-server and peer-to-peer network models.
We investigate how to build secure yet easy-to-use and cost-effective systems. Our research focuses on areas like improving security usability with contextual data, ensuring privacy in cloud services, and designing secure software-defined networking. We evaluate and optimize mobile and distributed systems to save energy and improve user experience of mobile cloud services and applications like crowdsensing, multimedia streaming, and edge/cloud computing. We also research topics in areas like mobile cloud gaming, internet of things, big data analytics, and verification of distributed systems.
The document discusses building a smarter, simpler network architecture using intelligent access and application monitoring. It argues that next generation networks need high scalability, availability, and self-healing capabilities to handle growing traffic and complexity. The author advocates for an approach where network access and security/monitoring tools work intelligently together as a cohesive system, with the access providing context about network traffic to help tools like firewalls and intrusion detection systems operate optimally. Automating functions like load balancing and "heartbeat" packets that check tool health are presented as ways to proactively monitor the network and optimize tool performance.
In the last academic year, 2012-13, we have trained more than 8000 project students. So far we have trained more than 35000 project students. We have been conducting seminars on the recent trends of technology in various colleges. Our research projects had participated in various National and International Conferences. Most of our projects were identified by the industries as suitable for their needs. Our number of projects were focused by media and awarded by various industrial & Government bodies. We have offered Projects to students of various Engineering Colleges in India as well as abroad.
The document discusses mobile computing architectures and design considerations. It introduces the three-tier architecture for mobile computing which includes a presentation layer, application layer, and data layer. It also outlines various design considerations for mobile computing like context awareness and adaptation. The document then discusses wireless application protocol (WAP) architecture and its layered protocol. It explains the differences between sometimes-on-connectivity (SOC) clients that can work offline and always-on-connectivity (AOC) clients that require a constant online connection.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
or
call us at : 08263069601
Internet Engineering Task Force contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies
forum for the betterment of future protocols, standards and products
basic technical standards for Internet protocols are set and maintained standardize all the protocol layers in between, from IP itself up to general applications like email and HTTP.
Cloud computing introduction and concept as per the RGPV, BE syllabus. PPt contains the material from various cloud Draft (NIST) and other research material to fulfill the Syllabus requirement.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Embedded networking allows embedded systems to connect to sensors, actuators and each other over a network. It expands their capabilities and applications. Common networking options for embedded systems include CAN bus, I2C bus and Ethernet. Effective embedded networking requires selecting a protocol stack that meets requirements like memory, power and desired features while supporting functions like communication and data exchange. Embedded networking is important for connecting devices in applications like industrial control systems and the Internet of Things.
A study-and-analysis-of-access-to-high-speed-connection-in-wireless-technologyaravindhawan
This document analyzes access to high-speed wireless connections. It discusses various wireless technologies including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, NFC, and Wi-Fi Direct. It examines factors that impact wireless network performance such as throughput, offered load, and maximum throughput. The document also explores wireless local area networks, mobile TCP, and the challenges random wireless losses pose for TCP. Finally, it concludes that advancements in network design and various layers can help improve wireless network performance and efficiency.
This document describes the architecture for mobile computing. It discusses three tiers: the presentation tier which deals with the user interface; the application tier which handles business logic and transactions; and the data tier which manages database access and storage. It also covers various middleware technologies used to connect these tiers, including message-oriented middleware, transaction processing middleware, and database middleware like ODBC and JDBC. Context-awareness and adapting content to different devices based on context is also discussed.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. Communication describes the transfer of data, instructions, and information between two or more computers or devices. There are several types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs) that connect devices in a limited geographic area like a home or office, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that connect LANs across a region like a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographic areas like countries. Networks can be used to share resources like printers and files, provide communication services, and allow access to information from any connected device. However, larger networks are more difficult to manage and viruses could potentially spread between connected systems.
This document provides an overview of computer network technology concepts. It discusses what computer networks are used for, including data sharing, program sharing, and resource sharing. It also reviews key aspects of network components and topology. Specifically, it covers network types (LANs, MANs, WANs), transmission media, and multiplexing techniques. It explains the differences between circuit switching and packet switching, and surveys current network services. The overall purpose is to discuss the basic concepts of computer network technology and emphasize those required to stay informed of new developments in the field.
Private LTE networks use localized cellular towers to establish private LTE services for areas like factories and stadiums. They offer benefits like coverage, capacity, security and user control compared to public LTE and Wi-Fi. A report predicts the private LTE market will triple by 2025 as 5G and IoT technologies increase demand. Private LTE can be used across industries for applications ranging from manufacturing equipment to airport security and digital signage in smart cities.
This document contains definitions of common networking terms starting with letters A through D. Some of the key terms defined include: access method, acknowledgement, address resolution protocol (ARP), adjacency table, American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), bandwidth, best-effort delivery, Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), broadcast, burned-in-address (BIA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), channel, circuit switched, Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), classful addressing, classless addressing, client, client-server, cloud computing, coaxial cable, collaboration, connectionless, connection-oriented, content addressable memory (CAM) table, converged network, crosst
COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VOIP CODECS OVER WLAN IN NONMOB...Zac Darcy
Voice over IP (VoIP) applications such as Skype, Google Talk, and FaceTime are promising technologies for providing cheaper voice calls to end users over extant networks. ireless networks such as WiMAX and Wi-Fi focus on providing perfection of service for VoIP. However, there are numerous aspects that affect quality of voice connections over wireless networks [13]. The adoption of Voice over Wireless Local Area
Network is on tremendous increase due its relief, non-invasive, economicexpansion, low maintenance cost, universal coverage and basic roaming capabilities. However, expansion Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a challenging task for many network specialist and engineers. Voice codec is one of the most critical components of a VoIP system. In this project, we evaluate
the performance analysis of various codecs such as G.711, G.723 and G.729 over Wi-Fi networks. NS2 WiFi
simulation models are designed. Performance metrics such as Mean Opinion Score (MOS), average
end-to-end latency, and disconcert are evaluated and discussed [13]. 1. In this paper, our area of interest is to compare and study the performance analysis of VoIP codecs in Non-mobility scenarios by changing some parameters and plotting the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, MOS, Packet delivery Ratio, and Jitter by using Network Simulator version.
2. In this paper we analyze the different performance parameters, Recent research has focused on simulation studies with non- mobility scenarios to analyze different VoIP codecs with nodes up to 5. We have simulated the different VoIP codecs in non-mobility scenario with nodes up to 300.
Network designers ensure that communication networks can adjust and scale to demands for new services by creating hierarchical network designs. The core layer of this design transports large amounts of data quickly and reliably between different parts of the network. Design considerations for the core layer include using routers or multilayer switches, redundant links in a partial- or full-mesh topology, fast and aggregated links, and routing protocols that converge quickly like EIGRP and OSPF to provide 100% uptime, maximize throughput, and facilitate network growth.
Any process that permits the passage from a sender to one or more receivers of information of any nature, delivered in any easy to use form by any electromagnetic system.
A computer network connects devices through communication channels to allow for resource sharing. An enterprise network integrates systems across departments to eliminate isolated users. A telecommunication network transmits information electronically over long distances. It consists of terminals, computers, transmission media, and software. Benefits of telecommunication networks include overcoming barriers of time, distance, and costs. Components include devices, connecting hardware, software protocols, and security measures. Network topologies determine how devices are arranged and connected, with common examples being bus, star, ring, and hybrid configurations. Major trends impacting telecommunications include growth of internet technologies, digital networks, and increased business applications.
This document provides an overview of networks and telecommunications for an information systems course. It discusses the key components of telecommunications networks, including terminals, processors, channels, computers and software. It describes different network topologies like star, ring and bus configurations. The document also covers telecommunications protocols like OSI and TCP/IP, trends in telecommunications, and popular business uses of the internet like email, e-commerce and overcoming barriers.
The document discusses various networking components and devices, including their purposes and functions. It covers hubs, switches, routers, network interface cards, wireless access points, and firewalls. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send to the destination port. Routers interconnect network segments and examine packet addresses to determine the best transmission path. Network interface cards allow computers to connect to networks, and wireless access points enable wireless devices to connect to wired networks. Firewalls control access between networks to protect data and resources.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines a computer network as two or more interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources. Computer networks enable communication and collaboration between individuals and organizations. They allow users to share hardware, software, data and perform centralized administration. Networks can be classified based on their scope, ownership, topology, transmission medium, connection management and transmission technology. Key network components include hardware like computers, cables and devices, as well as software like operating systems, applications, protocols and standards.
The document discusses building a smarter, simpler network architecture using intelligent access and application monitoring. It argues that next generation networks need high scalability, availability, and self-healing capabilities to handle growing traffic and complexity. The author advocates for an approach where network access and security/monitoring tools work intelligently together as a cohesive system, with the access providing context about network traffic to help tools like firewalls and intrusion detection systems operate optimally. Automating functions like load balancing and "heartbeat" packets that check tool health are presented as ways to proactively monitor the network and optimize tool performance.
In the last academic year, 2012-13, we have trained more than 8000 project students. So far we have trained more than 35000 project students. We have been conducting seminars on the recent trends of technology in various colleges. Our research projects had participated in various National and International Conferences. Most of our projects were identified by the industries as suitable for their needs. Our number of projects were focused by media and awarded by various industrial & Government bodies. We have offered Projects to students of various Engineering Colleges in India as well as abroad.
The document discusses mobile computing architectures and design considerations. It introduces the three-tier architecture for mobile computing which includes a presentation layer, application layer, and data layer. It also outlines various design considerations for mobile computing like context awareness and adaptation. The document then discusses wireless application protocol (WAP) architecture and its layered protocol. It explains the differences between sometimes-on-connectivity (SOC) clients that can work offline and always-on-connectivity (AOC) clients that require a constant online connection.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
or
call us at : 08263069601
Internet Engineering Task Force contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies
forum for the betterment of future protocols, standards and products
basic technical standards for Internet protocols are set and maintained standardize all the protocol layers in between, from IP itself up to general applications like email and HTTP.
Cloud computing introduction and concept as per the RGPV, BE syllabus. PPt contains the material from various cloud Draft (NIST) and other research material to fulfill the Syllabus requirement.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Embedded networking allows embedded systems to connect to sensors, actuators and each other over a network. It expands their capabilities and applications. Common networking options for embedded systems include CAN bus, I2C bus and Ethernet. Effective embedded networking requires selecting a protocol stack that meets requirements like memory, power and desired features while supporting functions like communication and data exchange. Embedded networking is important for connecting devices in applications like industrial control systems and the Internet of Things.
A study-and-analysis-of-access-to-high-speed-connection-in-wireless-technologyaravindhawan
This document analyzes access to high-speed wireless connections. It discusses various wireless technologies including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, NFC, and Wi-Fi Direct. It examines factors that impact wireless network performance such as throughput, offered load, and maximum throughput. The document also explores wireless local area networks, mobile TCP, and the challenges random wireless losses pose for TCP. Finally, it concludes that advancements in network design and various layers can help improve wireless network performance and efficiency.
This document describes the architecture for mobile computing. It discusses three tiers: the presentation tier which deals with the user interface; the application tier which handles business logic and transactions; and the data tier which manages database access and storage. It also covers various middleware technologies used to connect these tiers, including message-oriented middleware, transaction processing middleware, and database middleware like ODBC and JDBC. Context-awareness and adapting content to different devices based on context is also discussed.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. Communication describes the transfer of data, instructions, and information between two or more computers or devices. There are several types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs) that connect devices in a limited geographic area like a home or office, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that connect LANs across a region like a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographic areas like countries. Networks can be used to share resources like printers and files, provide communication services, and allow access to information from any connected device. However, larger networks are more difficult to manage and viruses could potentially spread between connected systems.
This document provides an overview of computer network technology concepts. It discusses what computer networks are used for, including data sharing, program sharing, and resource sharing. It also reviews key aspects of network components and topology. Specifically, it covers network types (LANs, MANs, WANs), transmission media, and multiplexing techniques. It explains the differences between circuit switching and packet switching, and surveys current network services. The overall purpose is to discuss the basic concepts of computer network technology and emphasize those required to stay informed of new developments in the field.
Private LTE networks use localized cellular towers to establish private LTE services for areas like factories and stadiums. They offer benefits like coverage, capacity, security and user control compared to public LTE and Wi-Fi. A report predicts the private LTE market will triple by 2025 as 5G and IoT technologies increase demand. Private LTE can be used across industries for applications ranging from manufacturing equipment to airport security and digital signage in smart cities.
This document contains definitions of common networking terms starting with letters A through D. Some of the key terms defined include: access method, acknowledgement, address resolution protocol (ARP), adjacency table, American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), bandwidth, best-effort delivery, Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), broadcast, burned-in-address (BIA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), channel, circuit switched, Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), classful addressing, classless addressing, client, client-server, cloud computing, coaxial cable, collaboration, connectionless, connection-oriented, content addressable memory (CAM) table, converged network, crosst
COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VOIP CODECS OVER WLAN IN NONMOB...Zac Darcy
Voice over IP (VoIP) applications such as Skype, Google Talk, and FaceTime are promising technologies for providing cheaper voice calls to end users over extant networks. ireless networks such as WiMAX and Wi-Fi focus on providing perfection of service for VoIP. However, there are numerous aspects that affect quality of voice connections over wireless networks [13]. The adoption of Voice over Wireless Local Area
Network is on tremendous increase due its relief, non-invasive, economicexpansion, low maintenance cost, universal coverage and basic roaming capabilities. However, expansion Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a challenging task for many network specialist and engineers. Voice codec is one of the most critical components of a VoIP system. In this project, we evaluate
the performance analysis of various codecs such as G.711, G.723 and G.729 over Wi-Fi networks. NS2 WiFi
simulation models are designed. Performance metrics such as Mean Opinion Score (MOS), average
end-to-end latency, and disconcert are evaluated and discussed [13]. 1. In this paper, our area of interest is to compare and study the performance analysis of VoIP codecs in Non-mobility scenarios by changing some parameters and plotting the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, MOS, Packet delivery Ratio, and Jitter by using Network Simulator version.
2. In this paper we analyze the different performance parameters, Recent research has focused on simulation studies with non- mobility scenarios to analyze different VoIP codecs with nodes up to 5. We have simulated the different VoIP codecs in non-mobility scenario with nodes up to 300.
Network designers ensure that communication networks can adjust and scale to demands for new services by creating hierarchical network designs. The core layer of this design transports large amounts of data quickly and reliably between different parts of the network. Design considerations for the core layer include using routers or multilayer switches, redundant links in a partial- or full-mesh topology, fast and aggregated links, and routing protocols that converge quickly like EIGRP and OSPF to provide 100% uptime, maximize throughput, and facilitate network growth.
Any process that permits the passage from a sender to one or more receivers of information of any nature, delivered in any easy to use form by any electromagnetic system.
A computer network connects devices through communication channels to allow for resource sharing. An enterprise network integrates systems across departments to eliminate isolated users. A telecommunication network transmits information electronically over long distances. It consists of terminals, computers, transmission media, and software. Benefits of telecommunication networks include overcoming barriers of time, distance, and costs. Components include devices, connecting hardware, software protocols, and security measures. Network topologies determine how devices are arranged and connected, with common examples being bus, star, ring, and hybrid configurations. Major trends impacting telecommunications include growth of internet technologies, digital networks, and increased business applications.
This document provides an overview of networks and telecommunications for an information systems course. It discusses the key components of telecommunications networks, including terminals, processors, channels, computers and software. It describes different network topologies like star, ring and bus configurations. The document also covers telecommunications protocols like OSI and TCP/IP, trends in telecommunications, and popular business uses of the internet like email, e-commerce and overcoming barriers.
The document discusses various networking components and devices, including their purposes and functions. It covers hubs, switches, routers, network interface cards, wireless access points, and firewalls. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send to the destination port. Routers interconnect network segments and examine packet addresses to determine the best transmission path. Network interface cards allow computers to connect to networks, and wireless access points enable wireless devices to connect to wired networks. Firewalls control access between networks to protect data and resources.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines a computer network as two or more interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources. Computer networks enable communication and collaboration between individuals and organizations. They allow users to share hardware, software, data and perform centralized administration. Networks can be classified based on their scope, ownership, topology, transmission medium, connection management and transmission technology. Key network components include hardware like computers, cables and devices, as well as software like operating systems, applications, protocols and standards.
This document provides an outline for a course on intranets and internet. It includes topics to be covered each week such as computer networks, internet, intranets and more. It also outlines rules and regulations for the course including requirements for attendance, participation, assignments and exams. Finally, it introduces some key concepts that will be discussed such as the interconnectivity of computers through networking and the educational resources available on the internet.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines a computer network as two or more interconnected computers that can share resources. Networks rely on protocols, services, and standards to govern how applications request and provide network functions like message transfer. The document discusses why networks are used for resource sharing and communication within and between organizations. It also outlines different types of computer networks including those classified by size, ownership, topology, transmission medium, connection management, and transmission technology. Finally, it notes that networks comprise both hardware like computers, cables, and devices as well as software like operating systems, applications, and network protocols.
Basic concept of Computer networks and
distributed systems, Goals of networking, General approaches of communication
within a network, Network classification, Uses & Network Softwares.
Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources and communication between connected computers. There are several types of networks classified by their geographic reach: local area networks (LANs) cover a small physical area like a home or office; metropolitan area networks (MANs) span an entire city; and wide area networks (WANs) connect computers over long distances ranging from cities to countries. Networks can also be classified by their component roles, including peer-to-peer networks where each computer shares resources directly and client-server networks where some computers act as centralized servers providing resources to other client computers.
Computer networks allow two or more computers to connect and communicate electronically for sharing resources and data. The key goals of networking include resource sharing, high performance, reliability, inter-process communication, security, and flexible access to files from any computer on the network. Computer networks have hardware components like network interface cards, servers, clients, and transmission media, as well as software including network operating systems and protocols. Cables that connect the hardware include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cables.
A computer network connects computers together to share resources like internet access or printers. The main goals are sharing resources across locations, high reliability through file replication, saving money by sharing devices, and providing security. There are several types of networks including personal area networks (PANs) for individuals, local area networks (LANs) within buildings, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within cities, and wide area networks (WANs) for long distance transmission across large areas. Network software manages different protocols and services efficiently, separating the control and data planes. Software-defined networking (SDN) uses a smart controller to direct traffic through routers and switches in the infrastructure layer, with network intelligence residing in a separate control layer.
This document provides an overview of an introductory technical seminar report on computer networking. It discusses the need for computer networking, different networking models and types of computer networks. It also describes the key components of a network including network services, transmission media, protocols and data transmission modes. The document is intended to provide students with foundational knowledge on computer networking concepts in partial fulfillment of requirements for a bachelor's degree in computer science and engineering.
ARPANET was the first wide-area packet switching network developed in the late 1960s under the U.S. Defense Department to connect research computers and allow for more effective communication. It served as the basis for the modern Internet and implemented the TCP/IP protocol. A computer network connects computers together to share resources, data, and applications over various connection types. Key network components include network interface cards, servers, routers, bridges, hubs, switches, and gateways. Modern computer technologies that utilize networks include artificial intelligence, data science, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and edge computing.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, covering the history of networks like ARPANET, goals of computer networking like resource sharing, applications like e-commerce, and network hardware and software components. It discusses the development of early networks in the 1960s-70s that led to the Internet, goals of high reliability and flexible access. The document also summarizes network hardware like network interface cards, servers, clients, and cables; software components like network operating systems and protocols; and defines common network devices like routers, bridges, hubs, and switches.
The document provides an overview of networking, including:
1. It defines networking as linking computing devices to share data and traces the early history of networking from ARPANET in the 1960s to the development of the internet.
2. It discusses the need for networking in terms of resource sharing, reliability, and financial benefits. Hardware requirements like network cards, routers, and switches are also covered.
3. Common networking methods like LANs, WANs, and wireless networks are described along with different network topologies. Applications of networking and career opportunities are summarized.
1. The document discusses the history and development of computer networks, beginning with ARPANET in the late 1960s which was funded by the U.S. Defense Department and linked research institutions over telephone lines.
2. It provides definitions and examples of common computer network hardware such as routers, servers, clients, and switches. Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable are described as connection types.
3. Network protocols like TCP/IP and OSI are mentioned as the established rules that allow devices to communicate over a network, along with network operating systems to facilitate connection between autonomous computers.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
This document outlines learning objectives and concepts related to telecommunications and networking. It covers 13 key topics including understanding networks, Metcalfe's law, telecommunications trends, components of telecommunication networks, client/server networking, peer-to-peer networking, digital vs analog signals, transmission media, wireless technologies, TCP/IP, the OSI model, and more. Diagrams and examples are provided to explain concepts like intranets, extranets, routers, wireless technologies, and models like OSI and TCP/IP.
A SURVEY OF COMPUTER NETWORKING THEORY AND PRACTICEKate Campbell
This document provides an overview of computer networking theory and practice. It discusses the key components of a computer network, including network interface cards, hubs, routers, modems, and switches. These components work together to connect devices and allow for the exchange of digital information across computer networks. The document also covers different types of computer networks like local area networks, wide area networks, and wireless networks. It explains how networks are designed and configured, with a focus on important aspects like security, performance, and dependability.
This document provides an overview of cookies and sessions in PHP web programming. It defines cookies as small text files stored on a user's computer that can be used to identify users across browsing sessions. The key functions for working with cookies - setcookie(), $_COOKIE, and setcookie() with an expired time - are described. Sessions in PHP allow storing and accessing user data across multiple pages and are an alternative to cookies for maintaining state. The session handling functions - session_start(), $_SESSION, session_unset(), and session_destroy() - are explained.
The document provides information about connecting to a MySQL database from PHP. It discusses how to open a connection, perform queries, insert, select, update and delete data. Code examples are given to demonstrate how to connect to a MySQL database, create tables, insert and retrieve data using PHP functions like mysqli_connect(), mysqli_query(), and mysqli_fetch_assoc(). The document aims to explain the basic MySQL operations that can be performed after connecting to a database from a PHP application.
The document discusses HTML forms and handling form data with PHP. It explains how to use the GET and POST methods to send form data to PHP, and how to access submitted form values using $_GET and $_POST superglobals in PHP. It provides examples of handling different form elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and select boxes. It also demonstrates how to validate required fields and display error messages.
This document provides an introduction to PHP programming. It covers PHP syntax, comments, variables, data types, operators, and conditional statements. The key points covered include:
- PHP code is placed between <?php ?> tags, files use the .php extension, and statements end with semicolons.
- Variables start with $ and are case-sensitive. Data types include strings, integers, floats, booleans, arrays, objects and NULL.
- Operators perform operations on variables and values, including arithmetic, assignment, comparison, increment/decrement, logical, string and array operators.
- Conditional statements like if statements allow executing code conditionally.
This document provides an introduction to web development, covering topics such as client-server relationships, web languages and technologies, the internet and world wide web, internet protocols, domain name systems, hypertext transport protocol, and internet media types. The instructor hopes students will understand client-server relationships, that web pages have content, styling, and behavior, and that making web pages can be fun.
Language Localisation of Tamil using Statistical Machine Translation - ICTer2015Achchuthan Yogarajah
1) The document discusses using statistical machine translation to localize Tamil language content. It describes preparing a parallel corpus, building language models, aligning words, decoding translations, and evaluating the results using BLEU and human scoring.
2) The results show that output quality is better when training data is from a specific technical domain rather than generic data. Language models using 3-grams performed most efficiently.
3) Challenges included lack of enough technical training data and variations in translations due to usage differences, but statistical machine translation is suitable for language localization.
1) The document describes a Paddy Cultivation Management System created by a group of students to help farmers and improve the paddy cultivation process.
2) The system has separate interfaces for farmers and administrators. Farmers can view paddy information, prices, sell their crops, and check account balances. Administrators can manage crop data, approve sales, and view stock levels.
3) The goal of the system is to make paddy cultivation easier for farmers and help connect them to customers through a computerized process. It aims to improve lives and help develop the rice industry.
Machine Translation is an emerging field of Computer Science. Researchers have been done to make Machine Translation systems for different language pairs using different practices including rule based machine translation and Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The goal of the project is to design a Statistical Machine translator for software language localization using Moses decoder. The system is expected to automatically localize (translate) software contents from English into Tamil by using Statistical Machine Translation.
The knapsack problem or rucksack problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine the count of each item to include in a collection so that the total weight is less than or equal to a given limit and the total value is as large as possible. It derives its name from the problem faced by someone who is constrained by a fixed-size knapsack and must fill it with the most useful items.
http://java90.blogspot.com/2012/02/knapsack-problem-in-java.html
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
basic network concepts
1. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
National Diploma in Information and Communication Technology – Bridging
[BIT-FON] Fundamentals of Networking
Task 01: Introducing Basic Network Concepts
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 1
2. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
INDEX
1. Definition & applications of computer network
2. Components of computer network
3. Network benefits
4. Disadvantages of computer network
5. Classification by their geographical area
6. Network classification by their component role
7. Types of servers
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 2
3. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
DEFINTION
A computer network is defined as the
interconnection of two or more computers. It is
done to enable the computers to communicate and
share available resources.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 3
4. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
DEFINTION
A computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network which allows nodes to
share resources. In computer networks, networked
computing devices exchange data with each other using
a data link. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
The best-known computer network is the Internet. –
Wikipedia
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 4
5. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
APPLICATIONS
1. Sharing of resources such as printers
2. Sharing of expensive software's and database
3. Communication from one computer to another computer
4. Exchange of data and information among users via
network
5. Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 5
6. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
1. Two or more computers
2. Cables as links between the computers
3. A network interfacing card(NIC) on each
computer
4. Switches
5. Software called operating system(OS)
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 6
7. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
NETWORK BENEFITS
The network provided to the users can be divided
into two categories:
i. Sharing
ii. Connectivity
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 7
8. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
SHARING RESOURCES
Types of resources are:
1. Hardware: A network allows users to share many
hardware devices such as printers , modems, fax
machines, CD ROM, players, etc.
2. Software: sharing software resources reduces the cost
of software installation, saves space on hard disk.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 8
9. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
OTHER BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
1. Increased speed
2. Reduced cost
3. Improved security
4. Centralized software managements
5. Electronic mail
6. Flexible access
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 9
10. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
DISDAVATAGES OF NETWORKS
1. High cost of installation
2. Requires time for administration
3. Failure of server
4. Cable faults
5. Security Difficulties
6. Presence of Computer Viruses and Other Malwares
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 10
11. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Classification of Area by their Geography
Network Personal Area Network (PAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Campus Area Network (CAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 11
12. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Classification of Area by their Geography
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 12
13. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Classification of Area by their Geography
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 13
LAN
MAN
WAN
14. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Personal Area Network (PAN)
A personal area network is a computer network organized around
an individual person.
It generally consists of a mobile computer, a cell phone or
personal digital assistant. PAN enables the communication among
these devices.
It can also be used for communication among personal devices
themselves for connecting to a digital level network and internet.
The PANs can be constructed using wireless or cables.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 14
15. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area
such as an office, factory or a group of buildings.
LAN’s are easy to design and troubleshoot
Exchange of information and sharing of resources becomes easy
because of LAN.
In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable.
Different types of topologies such as star, tree, bus, ring, etc Can be used
It is usually a privately owned network.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 15
16. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Campus Area Network(CAN)
The campus area network is made up of an
interconnection of LAN with limited geographical
area.
Network equipments such as switches, routers and
the transmission media i.e. optical fibre etc are
almost entirely owned by the campus owner.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 16
17. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
It is in between LAN & WAN technology that covers the
entire city.
It uses similar technology as LAN.
It can be a single network such as cable TV network, or
a measure of connecting a number of LAN’s o a large
network so that resources can be shared LAN to LAN as
well as device to device.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 17
18. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 18
19. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Wide Area Network (WAN)
When network spans over a large distance or when the computers to be
connected to each other are at widely separated locations a local area
network cannot be used. A wide area network(WAN) is installed.
The communication between different users of WAN is established using
leased telephone lines, satellite links and similar channels.
It is cheaper and more efficient to use the phone network for the link.
Most WAN networks are used to transfer large blocks of data between
its users.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 19
20. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
PARAMETERS LAN MAN WAN
Ownership of
network
Private Private or public Private or public
Geographical area
covered
Small Moderate Very large
Design and
maintenance
Easy Not easy Not easy
Communication
medium
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cables,
PSTN, optical fibre,
cables, wireless
PSTN or satellite
links
Bandwidth Low moderate High
Data rates(speed) High moderate Low
Distinguish Between LAN,WAN,MAN
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 20
21. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Network Classification by their Component Role
Local Area Network
Peer To Peer Network Client Server Network
Network models: comparing client/server and peer-to-peer networking configurations
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 21
22. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Peer-to-peer LAN
No station is designated as server or client
Each station runs server programs and also client
program if needed
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 22
23. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Peer To Peer Network
In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for making its own
resources available to other computers on the network.
Each computer is responsible for setting up and maintaining its own security for
these resources.
Also each computer is responsible for accessing the required network resources
from peer to peer relationships.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 23
24. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Peer To Peer Network
Peer to peer network is useful for a small network containing less than 10
computers on a single LAN .
In peer to peer network each computer can function as both client and server.
Peer to peer networks do not have a central control system. There are no servers
in peer networks.
Peer networks are amplified into home group.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 24
25. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Advantages & Disadvantages of Peer to Peer
Network
Advantages:
1. Use less expensive computer
hardware
2. Easy to administer
3. More built in redundancy
4. Easy setup & low cost
Disadvantages:
1. Not very secure
2. No central point of storage or
file archiving
3. Additional load on computer
because of resource sharing
4. Hard to maintain version
control
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 25
26. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Dedicated servers in a Client/Server LAN
In a large network there can be servers dedicated
to various tasks
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 26
27. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Client/Server Network
In client-server network relationships, certain computers act as server and other
act as clients. A server is simply a computer, that available the network resources
and provides service to other computers when they request it. A client is the
computer running a program that requests the service from a server.
Local area network(LAN) is based on client server network relationship.
A client-server network is one n which all available network resources such as
files, directories, applications and shared devices, are centrally managed and
hosted and then are accessed by client.
Client serve network are defined by the presence of servers on a network that
provide security and administration of the network.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 27
28. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Advantages And Disadvantages of
Client-Server Network
Advantages:
1. Very secure
2. Better performance
3. Centralized backup
4. very reliable
Disadvantages:
1. requires professional
administration
2. More hardware-intensive
3. More software intensive
4. Expensive dedicated
software
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 28
29. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Types of Servers
Servers
File server
Print server
Application
server
Message server
Database server
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 29
30. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Types of Servers
1. File server: These servers provide the services for storing, retrieving and
moving the data. A user can read, write, exchange and manage the files with
the help of file servers.
2. Printer server: The printer server is used for controlling and managing printing
on the network. It also offers the fax service to the network users.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 30
31. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Types of Servers
3. Application server: The expensive software and additional computing power
can be shared by the computers in a network with he help of application
servers.
4. Message server: It is used to co-ordinate the interaction between users,
documents and applications. The data can be used in the for of audio, video,
binary, text or graphics.
5. Database server: It is a type of application server. It allows the uses to access
the centralised strong database.
11/23/2018 Introducing Basic Network Concepts 31
Editor's Notes
Partial map of the Internet based on the January 15, 2005 data found on opte.org. Each line is drawn between two nodes, representing two IP addresses. The length of the lines are indicative of the delay between those two nodes. This graph represents less than 30% of the Class C networks reachable by the data collection program in early 2005. Lines are color-coded according to their corresponding RFC 1918 allocation as follows: Dark blue: net, ca, us Green: com, org Red: mil, gov, edu Yellow: jp, cn, tw, au, de Magenta: uk, it, pl, fr Gold: br, kr, nl White: unknown
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a low-powered PAN carried over a short-distance wireless network technology such as:
INSTEON - Insteon is a home automatio
IrDA - Short for Infrared Data Association
Wireless USB
Bluetooth
Z-Wave- home automation
ZigBee
public switched telephone network (PSTN
Bandwidth is also defined as the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time. For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second(bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).