Embedded networking allows embedded systems to connect to sensors, actuators and each other over a network. It expands their capabilities and applications. Common networking options for embedded systems include CAN bus, I2C bus and Ethernet. Effective embedded networking requires selecting a protocol stack that meets requirements like memory, power and desired features while supporting functions like communication and data exchange. Embedded networking is important for connecting devices in applications like industrial control systems and the Internet of Things.

1. What is the Importance of Embedded Networking?
 Embedded systems are small computers that are
implemented as part of a larger system or product and
designed to execute a specific function or application.
 They include a processing unit, usually a general-purpose
microcontroller, along with on-board peripheral
components such as I/O ports, memory (program
memory, RAM and EEPROM), A/D converter,
oscillators, and more.
 An embedded system may be connected to sensors that
collect information about the environment and
actuators that are used to trigger functions within the
system.

2. What is Embedded Networking?
• Embedded systems first originated in the mid-1960's -
more than a decade before the first personal home
computers and nearly 25 years before the introduction of
the internet.
• One of the earliest applications of an embedded computer
system was the Apollo Guidance Computer, introduced in
1966 to support guidance, navigation, and control of the
Apollo spacecraft during NASA's lunar missions of that
decade.
• Today, embedded systems are used in a range of
industrial, commercial, and residential applications that
range from controlling manufacturing systems to enabling
vehicle safety features to powering home security systems
and smart appliances.

3. • Advancements in the technology of digital telecommunications
have led to the development of embedded networking, a practice
that expands the range of potential applications for embedded
systems in a variety of contexts.
• The field of embedded networking deals with the network design
and topology, hardware devices, and communication/data exchange
protocols needed to connect and exchange information between
embedded systems.
• Embedded systems engineers today have access to a range of wired
and wireless communication options for implementing networking
capabilities into their embedded systems.
• Effective design of an embedded networking product requires the
selection of a protocol stack that enables the desired networking
features and communication patterns while managing design
constraints such as memory and power consumption. Embedded
systems form the basis for the Internet of Things (IoT), networks of
devices whose capabilities depend on internet connectivity.

4. • We'll look at several implementation models for embedded
networks and show you how the most common embedded
systems have implemented networking to support critical
functions and applications in real-world settings.
»Ex:-Ethernet is one of the most popular technologies for networking embedded devices with
the internet.

5. The OSI Model
• Our discussion of embedded networking begins with an
overview of computer networking systems and how they
function. The earliest conceptual model of computer
networks was developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 and is known as the
Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
• The OSI model defines a seven-layer architecture for a
complete communication system:

6. 1. Application Layer
The application layer is the top-most layer of the OSI model. Data
transmissions frequently originate in the application layer of the origin device and
terminate in the application layer of the target device. This layer deals with the
identification of services and communication partners, user authentication, and data
syntax. Some common application layer protocols include hypertext transfer
protocol (HTTP), Telnet and file transfer protocol (FTP).
2. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is a software layer that formats and encrypts data
that will be sent across a network, ensuring compatibility between the transmitting
device and the receiving device. The presentation layer includes protocols such as
ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.
3. Session Layer
For data transfer to occur between applications on separate devices, a
session must be created. The purpose of the session layer is to manage, synchronize,
and terminate connectivity between applications, ensuring coordinated data
exchange while minimizing packet loss. The session layer can provide for full-
duplex, half-duplex, or simplex communications.

7. 4. Transport Layer
In the OSI model, the transport layer receives messages from the
data layer and converts it into smaller units that can be efficiently handled
by the network layer. In protocols such as TCP/IP, the transport layer adds a
header to each data segment which includes the port of origin and the
destination port address - this is called service point addressing. Service
point addressing ensures that a message from the transmitting computer
goes to the correct port once it arrives at the destination computer. The
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
are popular transport layer protocols for devices that connect to the internet.
5. Network Layer
The network layer provides the features and functions that transfer
data sequences from the host device to a destination device. Along with
routing network traffic and reporting delivery errors, the network layer
divides outgoing messages into packets and assembles incoming packets
into messages. Network layer devices use protocols such as IP, ICMP, and
IPX.

8. 6. Data Link Layer
Data packets are encoded and decoded into bits in the data link layer,
which may be divided into two sub-layers: media access control (MAC) and logical
link control (LLC). Hardware network interface controllers are typically assigned a
MAC address by the manufacturer that acts as a unique device identifier and
network address within a network segment. While the MAC layer supports
physical addressing, the LLC layer deals with data synchronization, error checking,
and flow control. Protocols for the data link layer include IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE
802.3/802.2, and the Point-to-point protocol (PPP).
7. Physical Layer
The physical layer defines the electrical and physical requirements for
networked devices with control over the transmission and reception of unstructured
raw data over the network. The physical data also manages data encoding and the
conversion of digital bits into electrical signals. Devices that operate at the physical
layer include network interface cards (NICs), repeaters, and hubs.
• With the OSI model as a basis, embedded systems engineers have several
options for how to implement networking for their embedded devices.
Networked systems are designed based on specific application needs and
constraints such as cost, power consumption, and memory. Not all embedded
systems require all of the functionalities that are expressed in the OSI - it is up
to embedded engineers to determine which features are required and to
implement suitable protocols from the required layers.

9. Types of Embedded Networking
• 1. Embedded Networking with CAN Bus
The Control Area Network (CAN) protocol was
developed to meet the embedded systems requirements of the
automotive industry. CAN is a specification for a serial network
that can be used to establish local connections between the
microcontrollers in a motor vehicle. The CAN bus protocol is a
two-wire, half-duplex system that works well for applications
that demand a high-speed transfer of short messages.
The specifications for the CAN bus protocol are
described in the international standard ISO 11898:2003. The
specification includes requirements for the physical layer and
data link layers of the network, leaving individual engineers or
manufacturers to implement other high-level protocols of their
choosing to satisfy additional networking requirements.

10. • 2. Embedded Networking with I2C Bus
• The I2C communications protocol for embedded systems was
invented by Philips Semiconductor in 1989. I2C is a two-wire,
half-duplex serial communication protocol with a multi-master,
multi-slave architecture whose primary application is short
range, intra-board communication. Due to the limitations of the
I2C protocol's 7-bit address space and the total bus capacitance
of 400 pF, serial communication using the I2C protocol is only
effective when the connected devices are less than a few meters
apart.
• I2C implementations include features that correspond to the
physical layer, data link layer, and network layer of the OSI
network model. The physical layer consists of the physical
requirements for transmitting data: two open-collector bus lines
where the bus pulls the line low during communication and
releases it when idle. I2C features that correspond to the data
link layer protocol include bus arbitration and clock stretching -
mechanisms for error checking and data flow control. I2C's
physical and logical addressing features are typically associated
with the network layer of the OSI model.

11. 3. Embedded Networking with Ethernet
• Embedded devices that connect to local area
networks or the internet can be implemented using
Ethernet technology. Ethernet connections are often
implemented as part of a protocol stack known as
the Internet Protocol Suite, sometimes referred to as
TCP/IP. The TCP/IP protocol stack includes four layers
that are closely analogous to the OSI network model
1. Application Layer - The application layer of the
TCP/IP protocol stack combines functions that are
represented in the application layer, presentation
layer, and session layers of the OSI model.
Communication protocols for the application layer
include HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP, TELNET and others.

12. 2.Transport Layer - The transport layer of the TCP/IP
protocol stack implements either the transmission control protocol
(TCP) or the user datagram protocol (UDP). The TCP is ideal for
applications that require reliable data streaming, whereas UDP can
be implemented for embedded systems where reduced latency is
valued over data transfer reliability.
3.Internet - The internet layer of TCP/IP provides network
layer functions from the OSI model. In the internet layer, each
device is assigned an IP address according to the IPv4 or IPv6
standard. The internet layer transports network packets from a host
device to a target device specified by its IP address. It supports
processes and functions for sending and receiving packets, as well
as detecting and diagnosing errors.
4.Network Interface - An ethernet networking interface
card allows an embedded system to connect to a network physically
using a twisted-pair or fiber optic ethernet cable. Ethernet provides
networking capabilities that encompass the features of the physical
layer and the data link layer of the OSI model.

13. Embedded Networking for the Internet of Things
(IoT)
• Embedded systems engineers have pioneered new protocols with features
that are more favorable for operating devices in the IoT. IoT devices come
with a range of requirements for size, cost, data transfer rate, serviceability,
power, and onboard computing capacity.
• While the traditional internet protocol suite is suitable for computers and
some types of embedded systems, some of its protocols are not useful for the
requirements of many devices in the IoT. Protocols like XML, HTTP, TCP,
and IPv6 produce a large data overhead with each transmission that can be
inefficient for smaller data transfers that frequently characterize IoT devices.
New communication protocols such as MQTT, LoRa, SIGFOX, Weightless,
WirelessHART, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and DTLS are being used to provide
more efficient web-based communications while limiting data overhead for
IoT devices.
• The greatest challenge for embedded networking with IoT devices is
anticipating which standards and technology will remain relevant in the
future.

14. Summary
• Embedded networking presents a unique challenge for engineers,
whether the application entails networking microcontrollers with
each other in a closed system or implementing a physical ethernet
connection to support LAN, WAN, or internet connectivity. To
succeed, developers must be familiar with the basic functioning of
computer networks and effectively adapt this knowledge to account
for the application-specific device requirements and limitations
associated with their embedded system.
• With the OSI model as a foundation, embedded engineers can better
understand the features required to support network connectivity
and adopt a protocol stack for their devices that suits its unique
functions and requirements.
• Total Phase empowers embedded engineers with the diagnostic
tools they need to successfully implement embedded networking
with I2C and CAN bus along with other leading protocols. With our
high-performance bus monitoring tools, product engineers can
debug their embedded networking implementations more quickly,
reducing overall time-to-market.

15. what is network embedded
system? Why?
Embedded systems are small computers that are
implemented as part of a larger system or product
and designed to execute a specific function or
application. ... An embedded system may be
connected to sensors that collect information about
the environment and actuators that are used to
trigger functions within the system