This document outlines learning objectives and concepts related to telecommunications and networking. It covers 13 key topics including understanding networks, Metcalfe's law, telecommunications trends, components of telecommunication networks, client/server networking, peer-to-peer networking, digital vs analog signals, transmission media, wireless technologies, TCP/IP, the OSI model, and more. Diagrams and examples are provided to explain concepts like intranets, extranets, routers, wireless technologies, and models like OSI and TCP/IP.

1. Telecommunications
and Networking
1

2. Learning Objectives
1. Understand the concept of a network.
2. Apply Metcalfe’s law in understanding the value of a
network.
3. Identify several major developments and trends in the
industries, technologies, and business applications of
telecommunications and Internet technologies.
4. Examples of the business value of Internet, intranet,
and extranet applications.
2

3. Learning Objectives
5. Identify the basic components, functions, and types of
telecommunications networks used in business.
6. Explain the functions of major components of
telecommunications network hardware, software,
media, and services.
7. Explain the concept of client/server networking.
8. Understand the two forms of peer-to-peer
networking.
9. Explain the difference between digital and analog
signals.
3

4. Learning Objectives
10. Identify the various transmission media and
topologies used in telecommunications networks.
11. Understand the fundamentals of wireless network
technologies.
12. Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.
13. Understand the seven layers of the OSI network
model.
4

5. Network Concepts
 Network
 An interconnected chain, group or system
 Number of possible connections on a network is N *
(N-1)/2
 Where N = number of nodes (points of connections on
the network)
 Example, if there are 10 computers on a network, there
are 10 * 9/2 = 45 possible connections
5

6. Telecommunications
 Telecommunications
 Exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text,
images, audio, video) over networks
6

7. Basic concepts
 Communication protocols (TCP/IP)
 Data transmission methods
 Asynchronous
 Synchronous
 Connecting
 Modem
 Hardwired and remote
 Data transmission channels (bps)
 narrow bands: 5-30
 voice bands: 1,000-9,600
 broad bands: 100,000
 Types of communication lines
 simplex
 half-duplex
 duplex
7

8. Networks
 Concept
 "a group of interconnected computers, workstations, or computer devices (such
as printers and data storage systems).”
 Network topology
 bus
 star
 ring
 Local-area networks
 bus: Ethernet, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
 ring: token passing method
 Distributed data processing
 "interconnects sites of one organization not only for communication of data
and messages but also for
the sharing of resources."
8

9. Open Systems
 Information systems that use common standards for
hardware, software, applications and networks
 Internet networking technologies are a common
standard for open systems
 Connectivity:
 Ability of networked computers to easily access and
communicate with each other and share information
 Interoperability:
 The ability of an open system to enable end user
applications to be accomplished using different varieties
of computer systems, software packages, and databases
provided by a variety of interconnected networks
9

10. Middleware
 Any programming that serves to “glue together” two
separate programs
10

11. Internet2
 Next generation of the Internet
 High-performance network
 In use at 200 universities, scientific institutions,
communications corporations
11

12. Internet Service Provider
 ISP
 A company that specializes in providing easy access to
the Internet
 For a monthly fee, you get software, user name,
password and access
 ISPs are connect to one another through network
access points
12

13. An Intranet Also look at fig
6.8
 A network inside an organization
 That uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers
and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML, etc.)
 To provide an Internet-like environment within the
organization
 For information sharing, communications, collaboration
and support of business processes
 Protected by security measures
 Can be accessed by authorized users through the
Internet
13

14. Extranet (also look at fig 6.9)
 Network links that use Internet technologies
 To connect the Intranet of a business
 With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or other
business partners
14

15. GPS
1. The global positioning system (GPS) is a
major technological achievement that
has broad-reaching implications for
business. Using the Internet,
 Can find other innovative uses for GPS.
 Good places to start familiarizing yourself with current
accomplishments are
 The GPSWorld site at http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/
 The GPS Overview at
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.ht
ml
15

16. Telecommunications
network
 Any arrangement where a sender transmits a message
to a receiver over a channel consisting of some type of
medium
16

17. Types of Networks
 WAN
 LAN
 VPN
 C/S
17

18. VPN
 Basically, a VPN is a private network that
uses a public network (usually the
Internet) to connect remote sites or users
together. Instead of using a dedicated,
real-world connection such as leased line,
a VPN uses "virtual" connections routed
through the Internet from the company's
private network to the remote site or
employee.
Source: computer.Howstuffworks.com
18

19. VPN 19

20. Internetwork Processors
 Switch – makes connections between
telecommunications circuits in a network
 Router – intelligent communications processor that
interconnects networks based on different protocols
 Hub – a port switching communications processor
 Gateway – connects networks using different
communications architectures
20

21. ROUTERS
Routers are specialized computers that send your
messages and those of every other Internet user
speeding to their destinations along thousands of
pathways.
 Fujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strength router
21

22. ROUTERS
configuration table. A configuration table is a collection
of information, including:
 Information on which connections lead to particular
groups of addresses
 Priorities for connections to be used
 Rules for handling both routine and special cases of
traffic
A router, then, has two separate but related jobs:
 The router ensures that information doesn't go where
it's not needed. This is crucial for keeping large
volumes of data from clogging the connections of
"innocent bystanders."
 The router makes sure that information does make it
to the intended destination.
Computer.howstuffworks.com
22

23. Distributed data processing
TSS - Time Sharing Systems
CSS - Client Server Systems
PC
MAINFRAME
PC PC PC
23

24. Client/Server networks
Clients: End user personal
computers or networked
computers
Interconnected by LANs
Servers: manage networks
Processing shared between
clients and servers
24

25. CSS architecture
PC PC PC PC
LA N
File
Server
Print
Server
Communica-
tions Server
Remote
Server
25

26. Peer-to-peer networks (p
209)
 Networks that connect from one PC to another
PC
Peer-to-peer networking enables or enhances the
following scenarios:
 Real-time communications (RTC)
 Collaboration
 Content distribution
 Distributed processing
 Improved Internet technologies
Source: www.microsoft.com
26

27. Wireless Technologies
 Terrestrial microwave
 Earthbound microwave systems that transmit high-speed
radio signals in a line-of-sight path
 Between relay systems spaced approximately 30-miles
apart
 Communications satellites
 Satellite serves as relay stations for communications
signals
 Uses microwave radio signals
27

28. Wireless Technologies
 Cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems
 Divide the geographic area into small areas or cells
 Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna to send
message from one cell to another
 Wireless LANs
 Radio signals within an office or building
 Connect PCs to networks
 Bluetooth
 Short-range wireless technology
 To connect PC to peripherals such as printer
28

29. Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is a standard developed by a
group of electronics manufacturers that
allows any sort of electronic equipment --
from computers and cell phones to
keyboards and headphones -- to make its
own connections, without wires, cables or
any direct action from a user.
 Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices
simultaneously. With all of those devices
in the same 10-meter (32-foot) radius
29

30.  http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/so
lutions/en/truemobile?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd
30

31. Cell Phones
 GSM (CDMA) vs TDMA
 Cell vs Mobile
31

32. GSM CDMA
Digital YES YES
Network Type
P-GSM 900 (primary) 900MHz
band
CDMA 800 , 800MHz band (X1
is available.. but is not
being talked about here)
Maximum talk range from a tower (pls. note you will
need a carkit for your mobile to achieve these
numbers in some cases)
35KM (stock cell) 70KM ER , EER
105KM possible with
special towers
Approx 110KM
Background Noise suppression YES (Included in EFR) YES
Talk Time
Higher due to DTX and the
"pulse" nature of TDMA.
Lower due to
CDMA transmitting all
the time.
Standby Times
Higher due the "pulse" nature of
TDMA
High
International Roaming
YES (over 138 GSM countries
world wide)
VERY LOW 15?
World wide customers 200 Mil 35 Mil
SMS YES YES
Fax + Data YES YES
Built in "Intelligence" HIGH MEDIUM
32

33. EDI Concepts
 EDI is a mechanism for electronic trading
 EDI replaces paper flow with online transactions
 EDI architecture
----> see next slide
 EDI is for trading partners
 Implementation plan is a key factor
 Obstacles:
 lack of transaction standardization
 high start-up costs
 EDI third-party suppliers
 AT&T, Control Data, EDS, GE, Western Union, IBM, Martin Marietta Data Systems,
etc.
33

34. EDI architecture
Trading Partner 1 Trading Partner 2
system
transactions
system
transactions
standard
transactions
Acq
uisi
tion
Sys
tem
Transaction
Converter
Transaction
Converter
Order
Entry
System
ORDER ORDER
CONFIRMATION
CONFIRMATION
34

35. Network Topologies (p 219)
 Topology: structure of a network
 Star: ties end user computers to a central computer
 Ring: ties local computer processors together in a ring on a relatively
equal basis
 Bus: local processors share the same communications channel
35

36. Network Architectures &
Protocols
 Protocol: standard set of rules and procedures for the
control of communications in a network
 Network Architecture:
 Master plan of standard protocols, hardware, software
and interfaces between end users and computer systems
 Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient
telecommunications environment
36

37. OSI & TCP/IP Models (p 221)
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
 A seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for
network architectures
 Model for how messages should be transmitted between
two points in a network
 Each layer adds functions
 Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
 A five layer telecommunications protocol used by the
Internet
37

38. IP
Internet protocol
 Each system connected to the internet is identified by a 32-bit IP address
 Four numbers separated by a decimal
Each represented by octal (8 bits; hence 0-255)
 Ex: 168.212.226.204
Binary format:
10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100.
A new protocol IPv6 allows for 128 bit IP addresses
to look up an IP address :http://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup.php
to find info:
http://www.geobytes.com/IpLocator.htm
38

39. Basic Communications Model
Standards are needed at all Layers
User Layer
Application Layer
Computer (Transport) Layer
Transmission Layer
39

40. Internet Telephony
 Using an Internet connection to pass voice data using
IP
 Voice over IP (VoIP)
 Skips standard long-distance phone charges
40

41. VOIP (source www.fcc.gov) 41

42. Bandwidth
 Bandwidth
 Frequency range of a telecommunications channel
 Determines transmission rate
 Classified in bits per second (bps)
 Transmission Rates:
 Narrow-band – low-speed
 Broadband – high-speed
42

43. WiFi
 WIreless FIdelity (WiFi)-- used generically when
referring of any type of 802.11
"Wi-Fi Certified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi-
Fi Alliance are interoperable with each other,
even if they are from different manufacturers. A
user with a "Wi-Fi Certified" product can use any
brand of access point with any other brand of
client hardware that also is certified
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html
43

44. Additional Readings
 Voice over data networks
 Networking Hardware Quiz
 abc of wireless LAN
 ISDN Tutorial
 Ethernet tutorial
 Internet Protocol
 Thin clients
 UNIX/NT integration
 Cell phones
44

45. RWC 1: SAIC, Hewlett-Packard, GE, and Others:
Wireless, Wireless Everywhere
What are some of the business benefits
associated with using wireless networks to
collect and transmit data?
Benefits would include”
 Superfast wireless connections to the Web.
 Cost is about one-fourth of existing costs
for connection to the Web.
 Productivity gains such as a 45% gain at
UPS.
45

46. What are some of the challenges being faced in
this use
of wireless technologies? What solutions
can you offer?
 Having everyone online in a meeting can be toxic to
productivity. “No laptop” policies for important
meetings.
 Enormous pressure within companies to provide Wi-Fi
in all areas of the company. Which employees have
compelling needs for Wi-Fi access
 Cost exceeds the benefit to be gained by providing
Wi-Fi such as in a manufacturing plant that would
require numerous additional access points than usual.
 Security of information available via the Wi-Fi system.
Delay implementation until security assurances are
met.
46

47. The use of wireless networking as
described in the case is both
innovative and useful. What other
business uses can you envision for
this approach?
47

48. RWC 2: Maryland and Colorado:
Serving Its Citizens Without Using
Wires
1. What is the business value of advanced mobile
technologies to Maryland’s emergency management
services?
 Direct agents toward places where their presence is
required
 Give notice of impending natural disasters with forecasts
and instructions on how to proceed.
 Improve information gathering on the extent and
magnitude of devastation.
 Reduce the amount of manual data-entry, leading to
improved response times and reduction of errors (i.e.
address is automatically captured and pop-up menus
limit possible answers).
48

49. In what other government services
could GPS serve to provide
business value? Give some
examples.
 States’ National Guards, to monitor and direct
personnel in case of an emergency.
 Emergency Services, to direct ambulances,
firefighters, etc.
 Department of Treasury / Federal Reserve, to
track the location of armored trucks both for
regular traffic and in case of a hijacking.
 The military in general, given that it has one of
the largest manpower and logistics network in
the country.
49

50. Are there disadvantages or risks
associated with the deployment of
GPS systems to monitor the location
of people? Explain.
 Invasions of privacy
 Limitation on the freedom of movement
 Could allow not only the government but also private
individuals to monitor other people’s movements.
50