BASIC KNOWLEDGE IN TB

1. TUBERCULOSIS

2. OBJECTIVES
• By the end of my presentation, you should be able to know about the;
Definition of Tuberculosis (TB)
Etiology of the disease
pathophysiology
Signs and symptoms
Necessary investigations needed.
Complications
Adjunct information(health education)

3. ABOUT THE PATIENT
BIOGRAPHIC DATA
• Name: Tetley Leonard
• Gender: male
• Age :68 years
• Residence :RC Street ,house number 245D
• Married

4. CLINICAL HISTORY
A 68 years old man who is a miner and a known alcoholic
and a smoker presents to my facility complaining of
persistent cough, angina pectoris , headache, nocturnal
hyperhidrosis and fatigue.
According to him , the symptoms started about a month
ago but he did not go to any hospital.

5. Tuberculosis is a serious infectious
disease that mainly affects the lungs.
This disease can affect other organs
like the brain, spine , lymph node,
joints, urinary tract.
WHAT IS
TUBERCULOSIS?

6. WHAT CAUSES TUBERCULOSIS
The major cause TB is a bacterial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
There are other species that may cause TB , They are ;
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium africanum
Mycobacterium microti

7. TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS
There are two main basic types of TB . These are;
Latent TB and
Active TB
LATENT TB: In this condition, the bacteria is present in the body but the immune system keeps it
from causing harm or spreading. Its becomes active or contagious when there is reactivation for
instance unusual chest x- ray or when the immune system is weak. Medications can be taken to
control the spread.
ACTIVE TB; This condition is also contagious and makes one sick. This occurs the first few
days with the TB bacteria and might occur in years later.
NB; A LATENT OR ACTIVE TB CAN ALSO BE DRUG RESISTANCE.

8. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• TB is transmitted through the air.
Transmission occur when a person
inhales a tiny droplet from an
infected person through the mouth,
the nasal passages, upper
respiratory tract and bronchi to
reach the alveoli of the lung by
sneezing or coughing.

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The infective particle (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) finds its way into the nasopharynx
base on the above mode of transmission.
It then houses the nasopharynx, matures and replicates.
In later days, it then gets into the lungs where (Tubercules) forming granulomas.
It calcifies in the lungs called GHON FOCUS, which is a lesion usually subpleural, often
in the mid lower zones caused by Mycobacterium bacilli.
It later spreads to other organs like the spine brain etc.

10. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
FEVER WEIGHT LOSS

11. COUGH CHEST PAIN

12. NOCTURNAL HYPERHIDROSIS
HEADACHES

13. HEMOPTYSIS ANOREXIA

14. INVESTIGATIONS
CHEST X-RAY
NORMAL CHEST TB PATIENT’S CHEST

15. SPUTUM TEST

16. SKIN TEST (TUBERCULIN TEST)

17. BLOOD TEST

18. Without the treatment of TB, it can spread to other parts of the body. Examples
includes;
Spinal pain; Back pain and stiffness are common complications of tuberculosis
Meningitis; Swelling of the membranes(Meninges) that covers the brain.
Joint damage; Tuberculosis arthritis which usually affects the hips and knees.
Liver or kidney problems; These organs becomes impaired when they don’t filter waste
and impurities from the bloodstream due to tuberculosis.
Heart disorders; Tissues surrounding the heart can be affected causing inflammation and
fluid collection that may interfere with the hearts ability to pump blood.
COMPLICATIONS OF TB

19. ADJUNT INFORMATION
Despite the high global impact of TB, it is preventable and curable. This can be
achieved through;
• Good ventilation
• Immunization against TB – Bacille Calmete - Guerin (BCG) vaccination
• Practicing Proper hand hygiene
• Disinfection and Decontamination of surfaces
• Eating good and healthy diet
• Regular exercising

20. THANK YOU