Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
2. TOPIC : CHAPTER NO 09 BASIC
ELECTRONICS
INTRODUCTION Electronics is the
branch of science and engineering
dealing with the theoty and use of a
3. class of devices in which electrons are
transported through a vacuum, gas or
semiconductor. Signals: It contains
information about a variety of things and
activities.
DEFINATION: ELECTRONICS IS THE
KNOWLEDGE OF BEHAVIOR AND
CONTROL OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Semi conductor
4. Semiconductors are materials which
have a conductivity between
conductors (generally metals) and
non-conductors or insulators (such as
ceramics). Semiconductors can be
compounds, such as gallium
arsenide, or pure elements, such as
germanium or silicon.
Examples
Elemental semiconductors
include antimony, arsenic, boron,
carbon, germanium, selenium, silicon,
sulfur and tellurium. Silicon is the best
known of these, forming the basis of
most ICs. Common semiconductor
compounds include gallium arsenide,
5. indium antimonide and the oxides of
most metals.
P type and N type:
As a main difference, in n-type
semiconductors, the electrons have a
negative charge, hence the name n-
type. While in p-type, the effect of a
positive charge is generated in the
absence of an electron, hence the
name p-type.
N type of semi conductor
7. A semiconductor diode is a p-n junction
diode. It is a two-terminal device that
conducts current only in one direction.
The figure below represents the symbol
for the p-n junction diode, which
symbolises the direction of the current.
By applying an external voltage V we can
vary the potential barrier.
is used in the negative dynamic
resistance region.
LED is used for emitting an infrared
light spectrum.
A variable capacitance diode is used
when a voltage is applied in reverse
biased condition.
8. Uses of semiconductor
diode
Light rectifier
A rectifier is a special type of diode that
converts alternating current (AC) into
direct current (DC). This is an important
process, as alternating current is able to
reverse direction periodically, while
direct current consistently flows in a
single direction, making it simple to
control
Light emitting diode LEDs are comprised
of compound semiconductor materials,
which are made up of elements from
group III and group V of the periodic
table (these are known as III-V materials).
9. Examples of III-V materials commonly
used to make LEDs are gallium arsenide
(GaAs) and gallium phosphide
Photo diode
A photodiode is a semiconductor device
with a P-N junction that converts
photons (or light) into electrical current.
The P layer has an abundance of holes
(positive), and the N layer has an
abundance of electrons (negative).
ELETROMAGNETIC WAVES
10. Electromagnetic waves or EM waves
are waves that are created as a result of
vibrations between an electric field and a
magnetic field. In other words, EM waves
are composed of oscillating magnetic and
electric fields.
TYPES
There are seven types of electromagnetic
waves: radio waves, microwaves,
infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet
light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
BUT AT THIS CHAPTER WE WILL STUDY ONLY
RADIO WAVES WHICH INCLUDED ON GENERAL
SCIENCE BOOK.
RADIO WAVES
11. Radio waves are a type of
electromagnetic radiation. A radio wave
has a much longer wavelength than
visible light. Humans use radio waves
extensively for communications. This
radio tower has both rectangular and
circular antennas to transmit and receive
radio frequency energy.
The longest radio waves observable by
radio astronomers have a wavelength of
about 30 m (10 MHz) (see radio window).
The shortest radio wavelengths, from
about 1 mm to 30 cm, are known as
microwaves.
EXAMPLES
Radio waves are used in many
applications. These applications
include television, AM and FM radio,
13. TELEVISION Television, or TV, is a
system for sending moving pictures and
sound from one place to another. It is
one of the most important and popular
forms of communication. TV programs
provide news, information, and
16. CABLE Cable television is a way of
letting people watch television without
having to get signals from an antenna.
The television signals are brought to the
television through a coaxial cable or
optical fiber, people usually have to pay
to subscribe to get cable television. For
those looking for relatively basic channels
with access to local news and popular
primetime shows, cable may be enough
for you.
The download speed of cable network
ranges from 10 to 500 megabits per
second (Mbps). Its upload speed range is
5 to 50 Mbps.
19. Cable is one of the most common
types of internet connections --
available to nearly 90% of US
households -- and you'll often find it
bundled with TV packages. That
makes sense, because cable internet
uses the same coaxial connections as
cable TV.
SETELLITE TV
Satellite broadcasting is a method of
getting television programming into your
home that relies on transmitting data
from a communications satellite in outer
space. These transmissions are routed
through a satellite network and then
20. distributed to consumers' homes.
Streaming services require internet,
but you can always watch satellite TV at
home without it. That being said, DISH's
streaming TV and on-demand content
does require internet access and some
features are only available with an
internet connection, such as the Google
voice assistant on the DISH remotes.
Satellite TV service offers the same
content as cable TV, but instead of
running on an underground wired
network, it sends its signal directly to
your personal satellite dish via satellites
in Earth's orbit. That makes it available
virtually anywhere.
21. SETTELLITE TV
A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz
bandwidth, which may support
transmission at up to 35-40
Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m
receiving antenna) The video, audio,
control data and user data are all formed
22. COMPUTER
Computer full form is "Common
Operating Machine Purposely Used for
Technological and Educational Research."
This term was created in the mid-20th
century when computers were first
invented. At first, they were used for
scientific and military research, but over
time, they became widely used for many
purposes.
a programmable electronic device
designed to accept data, perform
prescribed mathematical and logical
operations at high speed, and display the
results of these operations.
HARDWARE Hardware refers to the
external and internal devices and
equipment that enable you to perform
23. major functions such as input, output,
storage, communication, processing, and
more. There are two types of computer
hardware: external and internal.
HARDWARE TYPES
EXAMPLE
These are the essential electronic devices
used to develop the computer. Examples
of computer hardware- motherboard,
memory devices, printer, keyboard,
mouse, monitor and the Central
Processing Unit.
INPUT DIVICE
24. In computing, an input device is a piece
of equipment used to provide data and
control signals to an information
processing system, such as a computer or
information appliance.
Examples of input devices
include keyboards, mouse, scanners,
cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
OUTPUT DEVICE An output device is any
piece of computer hardware that
converts information/DATA into a
25. human-perceptible form or, historically,
into a physical machine-readable form
for use with other non-computerized
equipment. An output device is a piece of
peripheral computer hardware
equipment that receives data from the
system and converts it into human-
readable form. The most popular output
devices are
EXAMPLE Monitor, Printer, Projector,
Speaker, Plotter, Headphone.
26. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT The CPU
is the brain of a computer, containing all
the circuitry needed to process input,
store data, and output results. The CPU is
constantly following instructions of
computer programs that tell it which
data to process and how to process it.
Without a CPU, we could not run
programs on a computer.
Italian physicist Federico Faggin invented
the first commercial CPU 1971.
27. RAM AND ROM “The program of the
microcontroller is stored in the memory.
There are two types of memory: RAM
(Random Access Memory) which can
read and write data, and ROM (Read
Only Memory) which mainly stores
programs as read-only data. There are
various types of RAM and ROM
depending on the usage. RAM is volatile
memory that temporarily stores the files
you are working on. ROM is non-volatile
memory that permanently stores
instructions for your computer.
28. INFORMATION STORAGE
DIVICE: A storage device is a piece of
hardware that is primarily used for
storing data. Every desktop computer,
laptop, tablet, and smartphone will have
some kind of storage device within it.
There are also standalone, external
storage drives that can you can use
across devices.
AUDIO The Compact Cassette, also
commonly called a cassette tape, audio
cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an
analog magnetic tape recording format
for audio recording and playback. An
audio cassette is a type of cassette which
29. can store music and sounds. To play a
tape, a cassette player or cassette
recorder is used. This is also known as a
cassette deck, by analogy with reel-to-
reel decks. Cassettes store the sound on
a magnetic tape that is wound around
the two reels in the cassette.
A videocassette recorder or video
recorder is an electromechanical device
that records analog audio and analog
video from broadcast television or other
AV sources and can play back the
recording after rewinding.
Videotapes have also been used
for storing scientific or medical data,
such as the data produced by an
electrocardiogram.
30. COMPACT DISK
A compact disc is a portable storage
medium that can record, store and play
back audio, video and other data in
digital form. compact disc (CD), a molded
plastic disc containing digital data that is
scanned by a laser beam for the
reproduction of recorded sound and
other information.
players There are three main
31. FLOPPY DISK
A floppy disk or floppy diskette is a type
of disk storage composed of a thin and
flexible disk of a magnetic storage
medium in a square or nearly square
plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that
removes dust particles from the spinning
disk.
HARD DISK
A hard disk drive, hard disk, hard drive, or
fixed disk, is an electro-mechanical data
storage device that stores and retrieves
digital data using magnetic storage with
one or more rigid rapidly rotating
platters coated with magnetic material.
32. SOFTWARE
Software is a set of computer programs
and associated documentation and data.
This is in contrast to hardware, from
which the system is built and which
actually performs the work.
PROGRAMME
33. A computer program is a sequence or set
of instructions in a programming
language for a computer to execute. It is
one component of software, which also
includes documentation and other
intangible components. A computer
program in its human-readable form is
called source code.
WORD PROCESSING
Word Processing refers to the act of
using a computer to create, edit, save
34. and print documents. In order to perform
word processing, specialized software
(known as a Word Processor) is needed.
One example of a Word Processor is
Microsoft Word, but other word
processing applications are also widely
used.
EXAMPLE OF Microsoft Works Word
Processor, Open Office Writer, Word
Perfect and Google Drive Document
35. GRAPHIC Computer graphics refers to a
technology that generates images on a
computer screen. It's used in digital
photography, film and television, video
games, and on electronic devices and is
responsible for displaying images
effectively to users. In general terms, the
word “graphic” refers to any visual
representation of data and includes a
36. variety of forms including drawings,
photographs, line art, graphs, diagrams,
numbers, symbols, geometric designs,
maps, and engineering drawings.
DATAM ANAGEMENT
Data management is the practice of
collecting, organising, and accessing data
to support productivity, efficiency, and
decision-making.
37. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERTERS An
analog to digital converter (ADC) is a
device that converts an analog signal into
a digital signal. The ADC may be part of a
larger device, such as an audio card, or it
may be a separate device. analog
technology, information is translated into
electric pulses of varying amplitude. In
digital technology, translation of
information is into binary format (zero or
one) where each bit is representative of
two distinct amplitudes.
39. Temperature sensors, FM radio signals,
Photocells, Light sensor, Resistive touch
screen are examples of Analog signals.
Computers, CDs, DVDs are some
examples of Digital signal. The digital
signal bandwidth is high.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology (IT) is a broad
professional category covering functions
including building communications
networks, safeguarding data and
information, and troubleshooting
computer problems. Information
security, computer technical support,
business software development and
database and network management are
four core IT concepts.
40. Examples of information technology
include computer hardware and
software, networks and
telecommunications systems, databases
and information management systems,
and Internet and web-based
technologies.
MOBILE AND TELEPHONE
Mobile technology is technology that
goes where the user goes. It consists of
41. portable two-way communications
devices, computing devices and the
networking technology that connects
them. Currently, mobile technology is
typified by internet-enabled devices like
smartphones, tablets and watches. AND
A telephone is an instrument designed
for the simultaneous transmission and
reception of the human voice.
Telephones are inexpensive and simple
to operate, and they offer an immediate,
personal type of communication. Billions
of telephones are in use around the
world.
telex machine. a character printer connected
to a telegraph that operates like a
typewriter. synonyms: teleprinter,
42. teletype machine, teletypewriter, telex.
type of: character printer, character-at-a-
time printer, serial printer. A fax machine
is a device that allows you to send and
receive documents electronically over a
telephone line. It converts printed
documents into electronic signals that
can be transmitted and received by
another fax machine.
FAX MACHINE
43. TELEX MACHINE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM that
describes a communication exchange
between two stations, transmitter, and
receiver. Signals or information passes
from source to destination through a
channel. It represents a way in which the
signal uses it to move from a source
toward its destination. To transmit
44. signals in a communication system, it
should first be processed by beginning
from signal representation, to signal
shaping until encoding and modulation.
After the transmitted signal is prepared,
it is passed to the transmission line of the
channel. Due to signal crossing this
media, it is faced with many impairments
like noise, attenuation, and distortion.
The Internet is a vast network that
connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share
information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection.
that consists of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of
local to global scope, linked by a broad
45. array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.
Gmail is a free email service provided by
Google. In many ways, Gmail is like any
other email service: You can send and
receive emails, block spam, create an
address book, and perform other basic
email tasks. But it also has some more
unique features that help make it one of
the most popular online email services.
