Engineering plant facilities 10 mechanics building General

1. L | C | LOGISTICS
PLANT MANUFACTURING AND BUILDING FACILITIES EQUIPMENT
Engineering-Book
ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS
MECHANICS BUILDING GENERAL
September 2014
Supply Chain Manufacturing & DC Facilities Logistics Operations Planning Management
Expertise in Process Engineering Optimization Solutions & Industrial Engineering Projects Management

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An audio power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that
amplifies low-power audio signals (signals composed primarily
of frequencies between 20 - 20 000 Hz, the human range of
hearing) to a level suitable for driving loudspeakers
It is the final electronic stage in a typical audio playback chain
The preceding stages in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which perform tasks
like pre-amplification (this is particularly associated with record turntable signals),
equalization, tone controls, mixing/effects, or audio sources like record players, CD
players, and cassette players
Most audio power amplifiers require these low-level inputs to adhere to line levels
While the input signal to an audio power amplifier may measure only a few hundred
microwatts, its output may be tens or hundreds of watts for a home system or thousands
or tens of thousands of watts for a concert sound reinforcement system

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Key design parameters for audio power amplifiers are frequency
response, gain, noise, and distortion
These are interdependent; increasing gain often leads to
undesirable increases in noise and distortion
While negative feedback actually reduces the gain, it also reduces
distortion
Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in class AB
Since modern digital devices, including CD and DVD players, radio receivers and tape
decks already provide a "flat" signal at line level, the preamp is not needed other than as a
volume control and source selector
One alternative to a separate preamp is to simply use passive volume and switching
controls, sometimes integrated into a power amplifier to form an integrated amplifier

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Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing
(modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their
amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width
When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating
fields induce an alternating current in the conductor
The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form
Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the space
Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the transmitted
signal in proportion to the information being sent
For example, changes in the signal strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be
reproduced by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of television pixels
It was the method used for the first audio radio transmissions, and remains in use today;
"AM" is often used to refer to the medium wave broadcast band

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Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier
The instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value
of the input signal
Digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a
technique known as frequency-shift keying
FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and
speech (see FM broadcasting)
Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM
Angle modulation alters the instantaneous phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
It is another term for phase modulation
5 –

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The electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna; this structure captures
some of the energy of the wave and returns it to the form of oscillating electrical currents
At the receiver, these currents are demodulated, which is conversion to a usable signal form
by a detector sub-system
The receiver is "tuned" to respond preferentially to the desired signals, and reject undesired
signals
Early radio systems relied entirely on the energy collected by an antenna to produce signals
for the operator
Radio became more useful after the invention of electronic devices such as the vacuum tube
and later the transistor, which made it possible to amplify weak signals
Today radio systems are used for applications from walkie-talkie children's toys to the control
of space vehicles, as well as for broadcasting, and many other applications
6 –
A crystal receiver, consisting of an antenna, rheostat, electromagnetic
coil, crystal rectifier, capacitor, headphones and ground connection

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Wireless communication is the transfer of information between
two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor
The most common wireless technologies use radio
With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for
television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for
deep-space radio communications
It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable
applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal
digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking
Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door
openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers,
satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones
Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications includes the use of
other electromagnetic wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic, or electric fields or the
use of sound

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Light comparison
Radio frequency
Name Wavelength Frequency (Hz) Photon energy (eV)
Gamma ray less than 0.01 nm more than 10 EHz 100 keV - 300+ GeV
X-Ray 0.01 to 10 nm 30 PHz - 30 EHz 120 eV to 120 keV
Ultraviolet 10 nm - 400 nm 30 EHz - 790 THz 3 eV to 124 eV
Visible 390 nm - 750 nm 790 THz - 405 THz 1.7 eV - 3.3 eV
Infrared 750 nm - 1 mm 405 THz - 300 GHz 1.24 meV - 1.7 eV
Microwave 1 mm - 33 centimeters 300 GHz - 1000 MHz 1.24 meV - 3.3 μeV
Radio 1 mm - km 300 GHz - 3 kHz 1.24 meV - 12.4 feV
Light, colors, AM and FM radio, and electronic devices make use of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The frequencies of the radio spectrum that are available for use for
communication are treated as a public resource
This determines which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom
Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz.

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The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks
that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several
billion devices worldwide
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies
The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the
infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony
As user data is processed through the protocol stack, each abstraction layer adds
encapsulation information at the sending host
Data is transmitted over the wire at the link level between hosts and routers
Encapsulation is removed by the receiving host
Intermediate relays update link encapsulation at each hop, and inspect the IP layer for
routing purposes

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Internet service providers connect customers,
which represent the bottom of the routing
hierarchy, to customers of other ISPs via
other higher or same-tier networks
At the top of the routing hierarchy are the tier
1 networks, large telecommunication
companies that exchange traffic directly with
each other via peering agreements
Tier 2 and lower level networks buy Internet transit from other providers to reach at least
some parties on the global Internet, though they may also engage in peering
An ISP may use a single upstream provider for connectivity, or implement multi homing to
achieve redundancy and load balancing
Internet exchange points are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple
ISPs

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Computers and routers use a routing table in their
operating system to direct IP packets to the next-hop
router or destination
Routing tables are maintained by manual
configuration or automatically by routing protocols
End-nodes typically use a default route that points toward an ISP providing transit, while
ISP routers use the Border Gateway Protocol to establish the most efficient routing
across the complex connections of the global Internet
Large organizations, such as academic institutions, large enterprises, and governments,
may perform the same function as ISPs, engaging in peering and purchasing transit on
behalf of their internal networks
Research networks tend to interconnect with large sub networks such as GEANT,
GLORIAD, Internet2, and the UK's national research and education network, JANET

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An air ionizer (or negative ion generator) is a device that uses
high voltage to ionize (electrically charge) air molecules
Negative ions, or anions, are particles with one or more extra
electrons, conferring a net negative charge to the particle
Cations are positive ions missing one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive charge
Most commercial air purifiers are designed to generate negative ions
Air ionizers are used in air purifiers
Airborne particles are attracted to the electrode in an effect similar to
static electricity
These ions are de-ionized by seeking earthed conductors, such as walls
and ceilings

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Ground (electricity) In electrical engineering, ground or earth
can refer to the reference point in an electrical circuit from
which voltages are measured, a common return path for
electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth
In mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are
connected to ground to prevent user contact with dangerous
voltage if electrical insulation fails
Connections to ground limit the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable
products or electrostatic-sensitive devices
A static electric charge is created whenever two surfaces contact and separate, and at
least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical current (and is therefore an
electrical insulator)
The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear,
and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large
electrical conductor (for example, a path to ground), or a region with an excess charge of
the opposite polarity (positive or negative)
The familiar phenomenon of a static shock–more specifically, an electrostatic discharge–is
caused by the neutralization of charge.

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Removing or preventing a buildup of static charge can be as
simple as opening a window or using a humidifier to increase the
moisture content of the air, making the atmosphere more
conductive. Air ionizers can perform the same task
A dehumidifier is generally a household appliance which reduces the level of
humidity in the air, usually for health or comfort reasons, or to eliminate musty
odor. Excessively humid air can cause mold and mildew to grow inside
homes, both of which pose numerous health risks
By their operation, dehumidifiers extract water from the conditioned air
This collected water (usually called condensate) cannot be used for drinking, so it must
be discarded
Some designs, such as the ionic membrane dehumidifier, dispose of excess water in a
vapor rather than liquid form

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High-efficiency particulate air or HEPA[ is an air filter
Filters meeting the HEPA standard have many
applications, including use in medical facilities,
automobiles, aircraft and homes
The filter must satisfy certain standards of efficiency such
as those set by the United States Department of Energy
To qualify as HEPA by US government standards, an air filter must remove (from the air
that passes through) 99.97% of 0.3 μm particles
HEPA filters are composed of a mat of randomly arranged fibres
The fibres are typically composed of fiberglass and possess diameters between 0.5 and
2.0 micrometers
Key factors affecting function are fiber diameter, filter thickness, and face velocity
The air space between HEPA filter fibres is much greater than 0.3 μm.

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a clean room has a controlled level of contamination that is
specified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a
specified particle size
To give perspective, the ambient air outside in a typical urban
environment contains 35,000,000 particles per cubic meter in the
size range 0.5 μm and larger in diameter
Clean rooms are not sterile (i.e., free of uncontrolled microbes); only
airborne particles are controlled
Particle levels are usually tested using a particle counter and
microorganisms detected and counted through environmental
monitoring methods
Some clean rooms are kept at a positive pressure so if any leaks
occur, air leaks out of the chamber instead of unfiltered air coming in

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Cleanrooms maintain particulate-free air through the use of either
HEPA or ULPA filters employing laminar or turbulent air flow principles
Laminar, or unidirectional, air flow systems direct filtered air
downward in a constant stream towards filters located on walls near
the clean room floor or through raised perforated floor panels to be re
circulated
Laminar air flow systems are typically employed across 80% of a
clean room ceiling to maintain constant air processing
Stainless steel or other non shedding materials are used to construct
laminar air flow filters and hoods to prevent excess particles entering
the air
Turbulent, or non unidirectional, air flow uses both laminar air flow
hoods and nonspecific velocity filters to keep air in a clean room in
constant motion, although not all in the same direction.
The rough air seeks to trap particles that may be in the air and drive
them towards the floor, where they enter filters and leave the clean
room environment

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US FED STD 209E clean room standards
Class
maximum particles/ft3
ISO
≥0.1 μm ≥0.2 μm ≥0.3 μm ≥0.5 μm ≥5 μm equivalent
1 35 7.5 3 1 0.007 ISO 3
10 350 75 30 10 0.07 ISO 4
100 3,500 750 300 100 0.7 ISO 5
1,000 35,000 7,500 3000 1,000 7 ISO 6
10,000 350,000 75,000 30,000 10,000 70 ISO 7
100,000 3.5×106 750,000 300,000 100,000 700 ISO 8
Because 1 m3 is about 35 ft3, the two standards are mostly equivalent when measuring
0.5 μm particles, although the testing standards differ
Ordinary room air is around class 1,000,000 or ISO 9

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A fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight
pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and
for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow
The term plumbing is generally used to describe conveyance of
water, gas, or liquid waste in ordinary domestic or commercial
environments, whereas piping is often used to describe high-performance
(e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature,
hazardous materials) conveyance of fluids in specialized
applications
The term tubing is sometimes used for lighter-weight piping,
especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled
form
Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time, materials, and tools to install,
so they are a non-trivial part of piping and plumbing systems
Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed separately

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Water pipes are pipes or tubes, frequently made of polyvinyl
chloride (PVC/uPVC), ductile iron, steel, cast iron, polypropylene,
polyethylene, copper, or (formerly) lead,
that carry pressurized and treated fresh water to buildings (as part
of a municipal water system), as well as inside the building
Tap water can sometimes appear cloudy, and this is often mistaken
for a mineral impurity in the water
Cloudy water is usually caused by air bubbles coming out of solution
in the water
Because cold water holds more air than warm water,
small bubbles will appear in water
It has a high dissolved gas content that is heated or
depressurized, which reduces how much dissolved gas
the water can hold
The harmless cloudiness of the water disappears quickly
as the gas is released from the water

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A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the
flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries)
by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various
passageways
Valves are technically valves fittings, in an open valve,
fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower
pressure
Cross-sectional diagram of an open globe valve
1. body
2. ports
3. seat
4. stem
5. disc when valve is open
6. handle or hand wheel when valve is open
7. bonnet
8. packing
9. gland nut
10. fluid flow when valve is open
11. position of disc if valve were shut
12. position of handle or hand wheel if valve were shut

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Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the primary work performed
is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during
the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete
formwork, etc.
Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did the
rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are
also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and
furniture building are considered carpentry
Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and
carpentry hazards include Machine hazards, flying materials, tool
projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise, vibration, dust
and chemicals

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Gypsum board is primarily used as a finish for walls and ceilings, and is known in
construction as drywall, sheetrock or plasterboard
Drywall may become damaged when exposed to water,
especially if the drywall remains exposed to the water for an
extended period of time
Often, when a room features drywall installed and an unintended
introduction of water occurs and the water comes into contact
with the drywall at the base of the wall where the drywall touches
the ground, wicking will occur
Capillary action may introduce moisture anywhere from several inches to several feet
above the floor depending upon the length of time the wall is exposed to water and how
long the drywall remains in contact with the water supply

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Water that enters a room from overhead may cause ceiling
drywall tape to separate from the ceiling as a result of the
grooves immediately behind the tape where the drywall pieces
meet become saturated
The drywall may also soften around the screws holding the
drywall in place and with the aid of gravity, the weight of the water
may cause the drywall to sag and eventually collapse, requiring
replacement
Drywall (also known as plasterboard, wallboard, gypsum board,
sheetrock, or LAGYP) is a panel made of gypsum plaster
pressed between two thick sheets of paper
It is used to make interior walls and ceilings
Drywall construction became prevalent as a speedier alternative
to traditional lath and plaster

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Aluminum is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion
due to the phenomenon of passivation
Structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the aerospace
industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials
The most useful compounds of aluminum, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and
sulfates

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Aluminum is a relatively soft, durable, lightweight, ductile and
malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull
gray, depending on the surface roughness
It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite
Aluminum is a good thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of
copper, both thermal and electrical, while having only 30% of copper's density
Aluminum is capable of being a superconductor, with a superconducting critical
temperature of 1.2 Kelvin and a critical magnetic field of about 100 gauss (10 milliteslas
Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminum oxide that
forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation
The strongest aluminum alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions
with alloyed copper
This corrosion resistance is also often greatly reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in
the presence of dissimilar metals.

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A metal (from Greek "μέταλλον" – métallon, "mine, quarry, metal"is a solid material (an
element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and features good
electrical and thermal conductivity
Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently
out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted)
and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire)
About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals (some elements appear in
both metallic and non-metallic forms)
Metals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss, reacting with oxygen in
the air to form oxides over various timescales (iron rusts over years, while potassium
burns in seconds)
The transition metals (such as iron, copper, zinc, and nickel) are slower to oxidize
because they form passivating layer of oxide that protects the interior. Others, like
palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all.
Some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by
further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity
for many decades (like aluminium, magnesium, some steels, and titanium

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Metals in general have high electrical conductivity, high thermal
conductivity, and high density
Typically they are malleable and ductile, deforming under stress
without cleaving. In terms of optical properties, metals are shiny
and lustrous
Sheets of metal beyond a few micrometers in thickness appear opaque, but gold leaf
transmits green light
Although most metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is wide variation
in their densities, Lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest
The alkali and alkaline earth metals in groups I A and II A are referred to as the light
metals because they have low density, low hardness, and low melting points

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An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in which the main component is a metal
Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use
Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to
produce desirable characteristics
The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, harder, resistant to
corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster
Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron,
tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial
value
Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels,
with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness
The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while the addition of chromium, nickel and
molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels

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Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or
cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and mechanical properties.
Structural steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc., is regulated in most
industrialized countries
A hollow structural section (HSS) is a type of metal profile with a hollow tubular cross section
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not
necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey
substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids), slurries,
powders, masses of small solids
It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipe is far
stiffer per unit weight than solid members

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Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in
the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants
It has been used for thousands of years for both
fuel and as a construction material
It is an organic material, a natural composite of
cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension)
embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists
compression
Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and
anisotropic material
It is composed of cells, and the cell walls are
composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%)
and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with
lignin (15% – 30%)

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A plank is a piece of timber that is flat, elongated, and
rectangular with parallel faces that are higher and longer than
wide. Used primarily in carpentry, planks are critical in the
construction of ships, houses, bridges, and many other structures
Usually made from sawed timber, planks are usually more than
1 1⁄2 in (38 mm) thick, and are generally wider than 2 1⁄2 in (64 mm)
In the United States, planks can be any length and are generally a
minimum of 2 in (51 mm) deep by 8 in (200 mm) wide, but planks
that are 2 in (51 mm) by 10 in (250 mm) and 2 in (51 mm) by 12 in
(300 mm) are more commonly stocked by lumber retailers
Planks are often used as a work surface on elevated scaffolding, and need to be wide
enough to provide strength without breaking when walked on
The wood is categorized as a board if its width is less than 2 1⁄2 in (64 mm), and its
thickness is less than 1 1⁄2 in (38 mm). also serve as supports to form shelves and
tables

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A cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens as the
cement dries and also reacts with carbon dioxide in the air
dependently, and can bind other materials together, made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder
The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to
the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder are referred to as cement
Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use
around the world. This cement is made by heating limestone (calcium
carbonate) with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1450 °C
in a kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a molecule of carbon
dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or
quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been
included in the mix
The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a
powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to
as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout
The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite
material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a construction material,
concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load
bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or white

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A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as
ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering
roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.
Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from
lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool,
typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction tile
or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game)
From the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay. Tiles are often used to
form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics
Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for
roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other
composite materials, and stone
Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner
tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more
durable surfaces that will resist impacts

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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the
action of heat and subsequent cooling
Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline
structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass)
Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of
ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as
opposed to the noncrystalline glasses,
Ceramics are glazed and fired to create a colored, smooth surface,
now include domestic, industrial and building products and a wide
range of ceramic art
In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced
ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors

39. Building : Tell the name of the tools

40. How Do I Test a Phone Line With a Multimeter
If no reading comes up when testing the phone lines, they are not touching
In order for a phone line to function properly, it needs to be an independent
circuit that does not touch any other phone lines
Should one phone line come in contact with another phone line, both phone
lines will stop functioning properly. You can determine if your phone lines are
touching by using the "Continuity" setting on your digital multimeter at the
network interface device installed on the exterior wall of your house
Instructions
1.1 Disconnect anything connected to a telephone jack in the house. You need the telephone lines
to be open in order to test them
1.2 Locate the network interface device box, or NID, for your phone service. It is a large grey box
with the words "Telephone Network Interface" printed on it and is usually installed by your telephone
company on one of the exterior walls of your house near your electrical meter. This box is where
your phone lines connect to your telephone company's wiring loop, so it must be located
somewhere near or on your property. If you cannot find your NID, contact your telephone service
provider for its exact location
1.3 Unscrew the screws labeled "Customer Access" on the NID's customer access cover with a
screw driver and remove the cover. Any screws that are not labeled "Customer Access" can only be
removed by the telephone company that installed the NID

41. How Do I Test a Phone Line With a Multimeter
4 . Disconnect the phone lines that you want to test from their NID test jacks. Once
disconnected, the phone lines will be completely open and ready for testing. Wait one minute
with the phone lines disconnected before proceeding to allow any electricity in the lines to
dissipate
5 . Set the digital multimeter to its continuity setting. This setting is usually marked by a symbol
that resembles a sound wave, but see the documentation that came with your device for specific
instructions
6 . Touch the tips of the digital multimeter's leads together. If the multimeter is functioning
properly, a reading will appear on its digital screen and it will emit a beeping noise
7 . Connect one of the digital multimeter's leads to one phone wire and connect the second lead
to another phone wire. If the multimeter does not detect any continuity, the phone lines are not
touching. If it does detect continuity, the phone lines are touching somewhere and will not
function properly
8 . Repeat the test for each pair of phone lines. Once every pair has been tested, you will know
which phone lines work and which phone lines do not.

42. How to Troubleshoot Phone Systems
Check each phone
1 Check each phone to make sure none were left off the hook. Re-plug each phone into its jack to eliminate the possibility
of a loose connector
2 Lift the handset of each phone and check if the ringer volume has been set to minimum level or if the phone is on mute
3 Take your phones over to a friend's or neighbor's house and plug each one into a working phone jack. Listen for a dial
tone to detect any defective phone set
Check the network interface device, modems and other peripheral equipment
4 Find the network interface device, or NID, mounted by the telephone company on a wall just outside your home. Follow
the cable running from the utility pole into your home to trace its location. Open the NID and look inside for the short wire
with a modular plug connector into a test jack. Unplug the connector from its jack. Get a working phone, plug it into the
jack, and listen for a dial tone. No dial tone would indicate that there is no power coming from the telephone company. Call
the phone company to report the problem if you do not hear one
5 Unplug the modular connector inside the NID to disconnect power from the main telephone line. Unscrew each jack
faceplate with a screwdriver and check the terminals' screws behind the plate for any loose connection or wires that may
have come in contact with each other. Tighten any loose terminal screws, and bend away any wires that touch using a pair
of needle nosed pliers. Replug the main line in the NID and plug a phone into the wall jack to check for a dial tone
6 Unplug any peripheral devices connected to your phone line such as security system equipment, Internet router, fax machine,
modem or caller ID box. Check your phone for a dial tone. If there is a dial tone, then one of the devices caused the problem. Replug
each device one at a time and check the dial tone to see which one will cause the phone line to malfunction

43. L | C | LOGISTICS
PLANT MANUFACTURING AND BUILDING FACILITIES EQUIPMENT
Engineering-Book
ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS
MECHANICS BUILDING GENERAL
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