Software can be categorized as system software, application software, or embedded software. It can also be proprietary, requiring purchase, or open source, allowing free use and modification under an open license. Computer languages include machine-level languages understood by hardware, assembly languages, high-level languages that are human-readable, and interpreters and compilers that translate between levels. Operating systems like Windows and Linux manage a computer's resources and provide common functionality. The five generations of computers began with vacuum tubes and progressed to integrated circuits, microprocessors, personal computers, and today's supercomputers.

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Computer Software
Software is a logical programed to handle/solve the complex problem.
 System Software: This is special type of software which is responsible for handle the
whole computer system.
 Application Software: This is special type of software which is used to solve a
particular problem.
 Embedded Software: This type of software embedded with hardware to do a specific
type of job.
 Proprietary Software: In general, this type of software requires to purchase to use that
particular software for the sometime or single user as per conditioned by the vendor of
that particular software.
Open Source Software: This type of software may be freely available and cannot be use
in commercially.
We can modify, and use it under the same license.
Computer Languages
 Machine Level Language: This is low level programming language. Computer or any
electronic device only understand this language. i.e. Binary number i.e 0 and 1.
 Assembly Level Language: This is a low level programming language which is
converted into executable machine code by a utility programmer referred to as an
assembler.
 High Level Language: High level language is a programming language which is easily
understandable/readable by human.
 Interpreter: This is a convertor which converts high level language programme to low
level language programme line by line.
 Compiler: This is also a convertor which converts whole high level language programme
to low level language programme at a time.
Number System
 Binary Number System: It has only base 2 i.e 0 and 1
 Octal Number System: Base of octal is 8 i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Decimal Number System: Base of Decimal is 10 i.e. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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 Hexadecimal Number System: Base of this number system is 16 i.e. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A B C D E F
Operating System
 Windows: This is an Proprietary Operating system and vendor is Microsoft. i.e.
Windows 2007, Windows vista, Windows 2008 etc.
 Linux: This is an open source Operating System such as Ubuntu, fedora, Debian
Mandriva, CentOS etc.
Linux (Ubuntu) Desktop Elements
File Management in Linux (Ubuntu)
Computer Security
 Virus and worms: These are the computer programme which malfunction the computer
system. Virus requires a carrier while worms does this by itself. Worm does not require
any carrier.
 Spoofing: Through this, deceiving the computer users and making the fool.
 Intrusion or Hacking: If a computer is used and controlled by unauthorized users then it
is called hacking and who does this is called hacker. Main purpose of hacking to steal
the private data or alter the actual data.
Denial of Services: The main aim of this attack is to bring down the targeted network and make
it to deny the service for legitimate users.
Sniffing: Data can be seen and watched when it travels one computer to other computer.
Generation of the Computer Charles Babbage is known as father of computer he has invented
first analytical computer in year 1822
 First Generation (1940 – 1955) Example: Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC), EDVAC
 Second Generation (1956 – 1965) Example: IBM 1401
 Third Generation (1966 – 1975) Example: IBM System/360
 Fourth Generation (1976 – 1985) Example: Macintosh 128k
 Fifth Generation (1986 -till date) Example: Super computer