This document discusses the postoperative management of patients who have undergone bariatric surgery procedures. It covers key issues in managing patients after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, and gastric plication. The main points discussed are:
- For gastric banding patients, bands are gradually filled until patients feel satiated by small portions, and imaging is used to ensure proper band placement. Complications like slippage, erosion, and reflux are addressed.
- For sleeve gastrectomy patients, a liquid diet is followed initially and leaks are a concern, especially near the GE junction. Endoscopy may be used to place stents to manage leaks. Reflux may also occur.
-
Rivision surgery after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomyIbrahim Abunohaiah
Revision Surgery After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Introduction to bariatric surgery
When to Revise a Weight Loss Surgery?
Options for redo surgery.
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric Bypass.
Duodenal Switch surgery is a very useful bariatric surgery for patients suffering from obesity. Approximately, the patients of DS lose around 60 to 80% of their surplus body weight and they experience nominal weight regain. For the patients of BMI greater than 50 this very surgery is very effective.
Sleeve gastrectomy surgery is the best option for weight loss.Dr.Ramesh is an icon in the field of medical science. He has a lot of experience in the field of surgery.
Golden steps to perform laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomyDeep Goel
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is one of the popular procedure performed in morbidly obese patients to achieve significant weight loss upto 80%. We are explaining golden tips to perform safer sleeve gastrectomy surgery from surgeons perspective.
Rivision surgery after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomyIbrahim Abunohaiah
Revision Surgery After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Introduction to bariatric surgery
When to Revise a Weight Loss Surgery?
Options for redo surgery.
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric Bypass.
Duodenal Switch surgery is a very useful bariatric surgery for patients suffering from obesity. Approximately, the patients of DS lose around 60 to 80% of their surplus body weight and they experience nominal weight regain. For the patients of BMI greater than 50 this very surgery is very effective.
Sleeve gastrectomy surgery is the best option for weight loss.Dr.Ramesh is an icon in the field of medical science. He has a lot of experience in the field of surgery.
Golden steps to perform laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomyDeep Goel
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is one of the popular procedure performed in morbidly obese patients to achieve significant weight loss upto 80%. We are explaining golden tips to perform safer sleeve gastrectomy surgery from surgeons perspective.
Gastric sleeve surgery how does it worklauraperez908
"AMBI Surgery specializes in the surgical treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. For more information about vertical sleeve gastrectomy visit www.ambisurgery.com today.
"
4 things to keep in mind about gastric sleeve surgeryambisurgery
For further information about Gastric Sleeve Surgery, visit AMBI Surgery, A leading provider of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy, and other weight loss procedures at http://www.ambisurgery.com/procedures-gastric_sleeve.php today.
Anna Rosa Antonacci - Fiducia, l’elemento che incide di più sulla scelta di u...Meet Magento Italy
Secondo una recente ricerca Netcomm sicurezza e prezzo sono le più grandi preoccupazioni per gli acquirenti online e la presenza di un marchio di fiducia è l’elemento che incide di più sulla scelta di un sito poco conosciuto.
In questo intervento viene presentato lo strumento che Netcomm mette a disposizione delle aziende e-commerce per comunicare trasparenza e affidabilità al consumatore finale: Il Sigillo Netcomm.
Gastric sleeve surgery how does it worklauraperez908
"AMBI Surgery specializes in the surgical treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. For more information about vertical sleeve gastrectomy visit www.ambisurgery.com today.
"
4 things to keep in mind about gastric sleeve surgeryambisurgery
For further information about Gastric Sleeve Surgery, visit AMBI Surgery, A leading provider of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy, and other weight loss procedures at http://www.ambisurgery.com/procedures-gastric_sleeve.php today.
Anna Rosa Antonacci - Fiducia, l’elemento che incide di più sulla scelta di u...Meet Magento Italy
Secondo una recente ricerca Netcomm sicurezza e prezzo sono le più grandi preoccupazioni per gli acquirenti online e la presenza di un marchio di fiducia è l’elemento che incide di più sulla scelta di un sito poco conosciuto.
In questo intervento viene presentato lo strumento che Netcomm mette a disposizione delle aziende e-commerce per comunicare trasparenza e affidabilità al consumatore finale: Il Sigillo Netcomm.
Negotiating and Closing Patent Purchase Transactions in the post-Alice/PTAB R...Patexia Inc.
Attendees will learn what the buzz words “patent monetization” actually mean and what entities in fact monetize patents (operating companies/NPEs).
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Lastly, we will offer up some tips for how to successfully buy/sell patents in today’s market.
http://blog.pyramide.ch/plastische-chirurgie/?p=18 === Abonnieren Sie den Blog: http://securl.de/PlastischeChirurgie ====>
Fragen, über die Sie nachdenken sollten:
Weshalb möchte ich mich operieren lassen? Was stört mich?
Was möchte ich mit diesem Eingriffen erreichen?
Worauf muss ich bei der Wahl eines Chirurgen achten?
Apresentação realizada no I Seminário Internacional de Atenção às Condições Crônicas, por LMario Pichardo, coordenador da área técnica de representação da OPS/OMS e pelo médico Edgar Tigerino, coordenador do Programa de Atenção Integral às enfermidades crônicas não transmissíveis na província de Mayabeque.
Belo Horizonte, 11 de novembro de 2014
Expresate IE - Actividad que disfrutas realizar (Rafael Bentín Arens)rafaelbentin
Actividad que disfrutas realizar: Ir al estadio - Club Sporting Cristal
Nací siendo un apasionado por el futbol, sentía el futbol como mi mejor compañero de vida. Desde muy pequeño iba al estadio con mi padre a ver al Sporting Cristal, el me iba enseñando y transmitiendo ese sentimiento familiar, de una institución ejemplar, con valores éticos marcados y con una administración interna profesional y transparente. Sporting Cristal es un equipo que “nació campeón”, con una infraestructura única y un excelente manejo en divisiones menores que educan al jugador desde muy jóvenes.
Acompaño al equipo todos los fines de semana desde hace varios años, incontables asistencias al estadio tanto en Lima como en provincias, asi como tambien Infinitas anécdotas con grandes amigos que comparten una pasión distinta. Como mencionan los creadores del club, “somos una raza distinta, una raza de luchadores”
La historia del Sporting Cristal
Que significa para mí
Como contribuye a mi desarrollo
Inspirational email marketing; Red C's Email Marketing WOW Book 5Red C
Yet again we've been astounded by the amazing feedback we received on our previous edition of the Email Marketing WOW Book. A big thanks to those who shared their thoughts on the brilliant emails this time round. Anyway, it's been a while, but the wait is over.
Since our last edition we've been busy creating hundreds of fantastic emails for our clients. But we always keep an eye out for any gems that appear in our inboxes too, and we've picked out the best to showcase to you. Whether it's enticing copy, great design or clever ideas that have caught our eye. We believe good email marketing should be celebrated.
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Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding Around Roux En-y Gastric BypassBradEdwards38
Gastric banding is an option for people that have had a gastric bypass that still need to lose more weight but do not want another maladaptive procedure.
Advanced Esophagogastric Cancer after Bariatric Proceduregeorgemarini
A 74-year-old man, non-smoker or alcoholic, underwent gastric bypass with stapled division of the stomach and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy 20 years ago. A band was used to limit the emptying of the gastric pouch. Follow up was abandoned there are ten years, and, three months ago,
Advanced Esophagogastric Cancer after Bariatric ProcedureSarkarRenon
A 74-year-old man, non-smoker or alcoholic, underwent gastric bypass with stapled division of the stomach and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy 20 years ago.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. 68 M.S. Roslin et al.
Gastric-Only Operations
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric
Banding
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding consists
of placing a silicone-based ring around the top
portion of the stomach (Fig. 6.1). On the inner
side of the silicone ring is a balloon, which is
connected by a catheter to a port placed subcuta-
neously in the abdominal wall. Accessing the
port with a needle allows fluid to be added to the
balloon, providing a greater level of restriction.
Advocates of the laparoscopic adjustable gastric
banding systems highlight the low initial surgical
complication rate and the initial successful weight
loss experienced by patients, with many patients
losing up to 60% of excess weight [3]. However,
there is a risk of band erosion and a high rate of
reoperation.
The band functions as a restrictor or high-
pressure zone that is placed distally to the GE
junction. When the procedure is successful, the
patient will be satisfied by eating a small portion
of food that will stay above the restrictor for
several hours and then pass through the diges-
tive circuit allowing the patient to be satisfied
with less food and achieve weight loss. In our
experience with laparoscopic adjustable gastric
banding, the patients that successfully lose
weight with the band are satisfied with smaller
portions after inflation of the band; however,
other patients remain unsatiated despite the
restriction and resort to maladaptive eating pat-
terns. Many caregivers ascribe such treatment
failures to noncompliance; however, some
patients may fail this therapy because of lack of
hunger suppression. To date, research has shown
no reduction in the hormone ghrelin, considered
the primary hormone involved in hunger, with
gastric banding [4].
During the early postoperative period after
the band is placed, it is usually not filled. Despite
this, many patients still experience early satiety
in the immediate postoperative period. This is
probably due to the inhibition of receptive
relaxation following eating. Patients are told to
adhere to a liquid or mush diet for their first 3
weeks following surgery. This diet allows the
band to scar into place, reducing the risk of
movement, slippage, or gastric prolapse. Rarely,
an acute slippage can be found. The hallmark of
an acute slippage is inability to tolerate liquids
and an abdominal film demonstrating change in
position from the 1 to 7 o’clock position nor-
mally seen following laparoscopic adjustable
banding to a 3–9 o’clock or horizontal position;
rarely, the band may rotate up to 180° [5]. In
over 1,000 adjustable bandings, we have only
seen one case of acute slippage. Following the
clear liquid phase of diet, patients are advanced
to solid food. We recommend that adjustable
band patients obtain a food scale and weigh
their food, with the ideal portion size being 4 oz
of solid food. If patients are not satiated with
4 oz of food after progressing to a diet of regu-
lar consistency, we will begin adding fluid to the
band. Generally, we fill the bands on a gradual
basis seeing the patients on at least a monthly
basis until they achieve restriction. Once a rea-
sonable amount of fluid is placed into the band,
an upper GI series is performed to make sure
that the anatomy correlates with the patient’s
symptoms. Alternatively, the balloon can be
filled under fluoroscopy.
Numerous filling schedules have been pro-
posed; most of these aim to modify the amount
of fluid in the band until the patients experience
satiety with small food portions. In our experi-
ence, the symptoms experienced by the patient
do not reliably correlate with the degree of filling
nor necessarily indicate pathology related to the
band. When patients have heart burn, regurgita-
tion, or inability to tolerate oral intake, abdomi-
nal films will often show that the band is too tight
and there is some dilation of the esophagus or the
concentric pouch. However, the absence of hun-
ger suppression and a satisfaction with a small
amount of food are not reliable indicators that
the band requires more fluid. It is therefore
essential in the postoperative management of
band patients to correlate X-ray imaging or
fluoroscopic imaging with the patient’s symp-
toms and not rely only on history to determine
adequate titration of the band.
3. 696 Basic Postoperative Management of the Bariatric Patient
While the advantage of laparoscopic adjustable
gastric banding is reduction in serious complica-
tions immediately following the surgery, there is
an increased risk of requiring revisional proce-
dures. The revisional surgical rate for laparo-
scopic adjustable gastric banding has been
estimated approximately 5% per year [3].
Complications necessitating revision include
issues with the port, poor tolerance of oral intake,
esophageal dilatation, gastric prolapse, concen-
tric dilatation, or inadequate weight loss.
One of the most common issues that patients
will present for endoscopy or will be seen by
an endoscopist following LAP-BAND surgery
will be symptoms of reflux or regurgitation. In
the initial postoperative period, there is actu-
ally a reduction in GERD-type symptoms in
patients that receive laparoscopic adjustable
gastric banding. This is due to the fact that the
hiatus is probably repaired in many patients
during the surgery. The band itself can function
as a prosthesis preventing regurgitation; fur-
thermore, with weight loss, abdominal pres-
sure is reduced, lowering reflux. GERD-type
symptoms are very common in patients with
obesity because of the increased abdominal
pressure of the abdomen, and this actually
leads to reflux symptom, similar to what is seen
in pregnancy. Thus, the reappearance of reflux
symptoms after they have been alleviated by
weight loss usually indicates the presence of
acid producing cells above the band. Many
physicians prescribe proton pump inhibitors,
and we think that this is fine to reduce the
symptoms of esophagitis. However, the pri-
mary treatment for GERD symptoms following
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding should
be relaxing of the band and making sure that
there is no evidence of gastric prolapse or
slippage [3].
Fig. 6.1 Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
4. 70 M.S. Roslin et al.
In the postoperative management of band
patients, it is essential to understand the physiol-
ogy of bands. The band creates a potential high-
pressure zone with the pressure increasing with
fills. The esophagus therefore must create higher
pressure during peristalsis to have food pass the
lower esophageal sphincter and then through the
band. The silicon is inelastic and will not stretch;
this can create a problem if the band is overfilled
or if the patient eats more than prescribed por-
tions. Patients who attempt to eat more than the
prescribed portions can cause emesis. Long term,
the patient’s pouch or even their esophagus can
dilate, causing regurgitation and reflux symp-
toms. Another possibility is the pressure causes
the band to move causing a prolapse or chronic
type of slippage. It is therefore essential to edu-
cate patients to monitor the amount of food that
they take by weighing their food. In addition, the
presence of new onset GERD, regurgitation, or
an increase in the ability to be able to tolerate
food as well as a decrease in the ability to tolerate
food should prompt radiological imaging. The
preferential exam is an upper GI series. Use of
endoscopy is required to determine the degree of
esophagitis. Only an endoscopist with consider-
able experience can ascertain the position of the
band.
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
The vertical sleeve gastrectomy is an increasing
popular option for bariatric surgery. This opera-
tion involves resection of the greater curvature of
the stomach using staples that cut and divide
(Fig. 6.2). There are differing opinions regarding
where to begin the transaction, with most sur-
geons starting between 3 and 5 cm towards the
greater curvature [6]. It is performed over a bou-
gie, the size of which ranges from size 32 French
up to a size 60. It is essential to leave adequate
area round the angularis/incisura, and the purpose
of the operation is to resect the majority of the
fundus and greater curvature of the stomach, tab-
ularizing the stomach to look similar to a banana.
The advantage of this operation is that a small
amount of food will provide stretch and a feeling
of satiety. In addition to removing the most elastic
part of the stomach, resecting the fundus may
also beneficially alter the neurendocrine function
of the stomach by removing cells that produce
polypeptides such as ghrelin that are important
in hunger and satiety [7].
The key to the postoperative management of
vertical sleeve gastrectomy is understanding that
a gastric sleeve is a high-pressured system, in
contrast to a gastric bypass. This is due to the
preservation of the pyloric valve as well as the
long staple line and the tubular structure of the
sleeve. As a result, the high-pressured system
needs to be taken into account when and if there
are any complications. Postoperative dietary
instructions for patients undergoing vertical
sleeve gastrectomy include staying on a liquefied
or mush diet for the first several weeks following
surgery.
A dreaded complication following vertical
sleeve gastrectomy is a leak of the staple line.
These leaks commonly happen by the GE junc-
tion. There are many different theories as to
why this takes place, but the most prevailing
theory is that this is the area of greatest pressure
of the high staple line [8]. Others suggest that
this is the area of lowest blood flow [6]. We also
make sure to leave adequate area for the angu-
laris/incisura as this is a common site of stenosis.
We believe it is essential that the staple line be
straight and not veer out towards the spleen
creating a narrowing distally and a wide fundus
on top. We believe such a preparation predis-
poses patients to potential leaks as well as the
development of reflux symptoms in the future.
If a leak does occur, the endoscopist will be
actively involved in the postoperative manage-
ment of the patient.
Should a leak occur, the first goal of therapy
is to control sepsis. This requires percutaneous
drainage or operative intervention. However,
there are many potential roles for endoscopy
in helping control the leak. Stents have been
used with varying degrees of success for the
management of postoperative sleeve leaks [9].
Frequently, they require insertion of more than
one covered stent potentially putting a stent
within a stent. The primary goal of placing a
5. 716 Basic Postoperative Management of the Bariatric Patient
stent is to alleviate any distal high-pressure zone
and allow enteric contents to drain distally.
Another potential benefit of placing a stent is to
cover the area of the leak allowing the patient to
have oral intake. It is also feasible to use Botox
as well in the pylorus, thereby facilitating drain-
age and allowing the stomach to heal.
Another postoperative difficulty seen in
patients after vertical sleeve gastrectomy is symp-
toms of gastric reflux. The causes of this are mul-
tifactorial, but ultimately the removal of the
fundus decreases the ability of the stomach to
accommodate a large bolus of food [10]. The
majority of patients that experience reflux will
find relief from their symptoms if they are strictly
compliant with the guidelines for portion sizes.
In patients that have intractable reflux, it is impor-
tant to obtain imaging studies to make sure there
is not a corkscrew or an obstruction of the sleeve.
A late presentation of reflux symptoms is often a
sign of dilation of the upper fundus.
After approximately 1 month of a mush diet,
diets are advanced to include solid food. Patients
should be reminded that the sleeve will stretch
and will double in size over the next several
years. The best way to avoid stretching of the
sleeve is to eat small portions that are regulated
and weighed rather than eat to the capacity of the
sleeve with each meal.
Micronutrient deficiencies seem to be less
common in patients after sleeve gastrectomy
when compared with gastric bypass. All patients
who have a sleeve gastrectomy will need to be
given vitamin B12 supplementation and a multi-
vitamin [11].
Gastric Plication
Suture plication of the greater curvature of the
stomach is an emerging operation. This is done
to imbricate the greater curvature of the stomach
Fig. 6.2 Sleeve gastrectomy
6. 72 M.S. Roslin et al.
(Fig. 6.3). The exact advantages of this operation
compared to sleeve gastrectomy have not yet
been defined, but the operation is theoretically
reversible and there is some thought that the risk
of leakage would be lower. The actual feasibility
of reversing this procedure has not been demon-
strated. Serosa-to-serosa application will create
dense adhesions making separation difficult.
Early reports of results from the Cleveland Clinic
as well as from abroad in Brazil and Iran have
documented excess weight loss of approximately
50% at 1 year from surgery; 3-year data is
becoming available [12]. At the present time,
this is an experimental procedure and the degree
and type of complications are unknown.
Furthermore, while numerous techniques have
been proposed, as of yet there is no consensus on
the most expedient approach. Early complica-
tions include nausea as well as pain from the
edema and venous congestion from the imbri-
cated greater plication. Long-term complications
have not been ascertained. In addition, it is not
clear how difficult it will be to perform revisional
operations.
Similar to other gastric-only operations, the
initial postoperative diet should include at least
a 3-week course of a liquid diet. In addition,
supplementation with a multivitamin is suggested.
Other medications should be crushed in the
early postoperative period of time. In addition,
the impact of the anatomy on sustained-released
drugs has not yet been determined. In operations
that require a gastrectomy such as the sleeve
gastrectomy, we suggest that sustained-released
and long-acting medications are changed to
their short-acting versions that have more pre-
dictable absorption.
Gastric Intestinal Operations
Gastric Bypass
Gastric bypass is the most common stapling
operation performed in the United States.
Advocates highlight 70% of excess weight loss
achieved at 1 year with excellent relief from
comorbidities [13]. Gastric bypass has been
championed as the gold standard operation by
many bariatric surgeons. The operation involves
creating a small pouch that excludes the fundus
based on the lesser curvature of the stomach with
gastrojejunostomy with bypass of various lengths
of intestine (Fig. 6.4).
Fig. 6.3 (a) Single plication of gastric greater curva-
ture—original technique. (b) Double plication of gastric
greater curvature—modified technique (with kind permis-
sion from Springer Science+Business. Skrekas G, et al.
Media: obesity surgery, laparoscopic gastric greater cur-
vature plication: results and complications in a series of
135 patients 2011;21:1658, Figure 1)
7. 736 Basic Postoperative Management of the Bariatric Patient
The early postoperative dietary instructions
include a liquefied diet for several weeks.
Nutritional guidelines include supplementing the
diet with a multivitamin, calcium, vitamin B12,
and iron [14]. In addition, supplementation with
the fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K
because of the intestinal bypass operation is
important.
Compared with vertical sleeve gastrectomy,
gastric bypass and the gastric jejunostomy create
a lower pressure system [15]. Gastric bypass pro-
vides excellent relief of GERD-type symptoms
by diverting both the biliary flow as well as the
acid-producing cells. Early complications from
gastric bypass include anastomotic leak, where
stenting may again be advocated to control the
source of sepsis. Because this is a low-pressure
system, anastomotic leaks in bypass patients
seem to be easier to control compared with leaks
from a vertical sleeve gastrectomy.
Other early complications that may come to
endoscopic evaluation include stricture of the
gastrojejunostomy and marginal ulceration [16].
Since the long-term efficacy of the operation
involves maintaining the restrictive anastomo-
sis, we currently do not suggest early dilatation
for any patients that can adequately handle clear
liquid fluids. The indication for endoscopy and
dilation is the inability to be able to drink
2 quarts of clear liquid or warm tea. The diagno-
sis of a marginal ulcer of the gastrojejunostomy
needs to be entertained in any gastric bypass
patient with new onset of nausea and vomiting,
whether in the early or late postoperative period.
Fig. 6.4 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
8. 74 M.S. Roslin et al.
Any patient that presents with intolerance of
oral intake should undergo prompt imaging
studies to rule out any evidence of leak, perito-
nitis, and sepsis. Once that is ruled out, it is safe
to endoscope these patients shortly after surgery
looking for the presence of a marginal ulcer or
potential stricture. Practitioners should bear in
mind that morbidly obese patients often have
decreased nutritional reserves despite their
excess weight. Providers should therefore have
a low threshold for starting TPN in patients who
do not tolerate oral intake following gastric
bypass surgery.
Long-term health concerns in patients after
gastric bypass include a variety of micronutri-
ent deficiencies. Patients commonly have
decreased absorption of iron and calcium. The
first portion of the duodenum is very important
in the absorption of divalent cations. It is
important in supplementation to instruct
patients not to take their iron and calcium at the
same time. Furthermore, gastric bypass patients
who eat foods with a high glycemic index are
prone to developing hypoglycemia. Theore-
tically, the dumping syndrome experienced by
bypass patients after eating carbohydrate-rich
meals should deter them from eating inappro-
priate amounts of carbohydrates. Some patients
however become caught in a vicious cycle of
craving carbohydrates and then binging, result-
ing in further hypoglycemia. It is therefore our
practice to encourage these patients to eat small
meals frequently that are low on the glycemic
index.
One of the most serious complications fol-
lowing gastric bypass is internal hernia. If rec-
ognized and repaired promptly, patients recover
quickly and can often be sent home one day fol-
lowing surgery. Unfortunately, a missed internal
hernia can result in a midgut volvulus and a
short bowel syndrome. Providers must therefore
remain vigilant for this complication in the
postoperative period. Any gastric bypass patient
that has new onset pain, especially with obstruc-
tive-type symptoms, should immediately
undergo CT scan. If radiological studies cannot
rule out this complication, urgent laparoscopy is
indicated.
Sleeve Gastrectomy with Duodenal
Switch
The duodenal switch operation involves the
creation of sleeve gastrectomy followed by an
intestinal bypass (Fig. 6.5). Classically, the diam-
eter of the sleeve gastrectomy created for this
procedure was larger than the sleeve gastrectomy
performed without a bypass procedure. Our group
has suggested doing a smaller sleeve gastrectomy
as well as a non-malabsorptive intestinal bypass
with limb lengths preserving a minimum of
125 cm common channel and 150 cm alimentary
limb. With this type of operation, our group has
achieved excellent results with most patients hav-
ing bowel movements one to three times a day.
This is likely to be better tolerated than patients
who undergo a standard duodenal switch opera-
tion, which can cause significant malabsorptive
symptoms with patients typically moving their
bowels more than six times daily.
When compared to the other bariatric proce-
dures, duodenal switch operations have the great-
est amount of weight loss, greatest improvement
in comorbidities with the exception of reflux, and
the lowest amount of recidivism. However, they
have the highest risk for micronutrient deficiency.
There are case reports of postoperative bariatric
patients with adequate caloric intake who have
nonetheless had severe micronutrient deficiencies
resulting in thiamine deficiency or Korsakoff
syndrome as early as 1–2 months following sur-
gery; these patients are at risk for irreversible
neurologic changes. As a result, it is important
that any patient who has a biliopancreatic diver-
sion such as a duodenal switch to be on several
multivitamins a day as well as supplemental vita-
mins A, D, E, K, and B12, iron, and calcium.
Patients require blood work at least one to two
times per year. It is much easier to supplement
than it is to replete patients that have developed
documented clinically significant deficiencies.
These points are essential for any bariatric patient
that has intestinal manipulation.
It is important in the postoperative manage-
ment for these patients to monitor their muscle
mass and make sure they do not have any sign of
hypoproteinemia or weakness [1]. The earliest
9. 756 Basic Postoperative Management of the Bariatric Patient
sign of malnutrition following any bariatric
procedure is a low BUN and low potassium. On
physical exam, the most sensitive sign of protein
malnutrition is difficulty getting from a sitting to
a standing position without using their arms; this
indicates weakness of the gluteus muscles. With
all gastrointestinal operations or any operation
with rapid weight loss, it is essential to reinforce
the importance of getting an adequate amount of
protein; the goal should be 1 g of protein per kg
of body weight.
Early complications after sleeve gastrectomy
with duodenal switch are similar to gastric
bypass, including intolerance of oral intake or
anastomotic leaks. Again, endoscopic stents and
control of sepsis are key in managing these
patients. A good understanding of the anatomy
is absolutely essential. Long-term issues with
duodenal switch include micronutrient and
vitamin deficiencies and risk of intestinal
obstructions similar to gastric bypass. Prompt
recognition of an intestinal obstruction and
possible internal hernia is essential to prevent
catastrophic outcome.
Conclusion
Maintenance of adequate caloric intake, progres-
sion of key milestones, and knowing what com-
plications to consider for each specific procedure
are critical in the postoperative management of
bariatric patients. The most important thing in the
assessment of a patient remains good common
sense and sound judgment in assessing the clini-
cal progression of the patient. A patient who
Fig. 6.5 Sleeve gastrectomy with duodenal switch
10. 76 M.S. Roslin et al.
seems to be struggling should be reevaluated,
including judicious use of imaging such as upper
endoscopy and CT scanning. Occasionally, a
functional cause for their failure to thrive will not
be found. In these particular cases, it is essential
to provide adequate alimentation and allow these
problems to work themselves out. Most impor-
tantly, time is an ally. With good support and
nutrition, these problems will be resolved.
Bariatric surgery is a great tool. It reduces car-
diac risk factors, can cause diabetes to go into
remission, and gives many people their life back.
Unfortunately, there are patients that have suf-
fered disastrous complications from these elec-
tive procedures. It is essential that all practitioners
involved in the care of bariatric patients under-
stand the various procedures completely as well
as monitor all patients closely in the postopera-
tive period to minimize side effects while con-
tinuing to offer good weight loss results.
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