Banqiao dam failure and his history is discus in these slides.It was located in China.Reason of Banqiao Dam is also discused.

1. 26 NOVEMBER
2019
Banqiao
Dam
Presented By
(702,709,718,723 & 724)

2. 2
Construction of the Banqiao dam began in April 1951
on the Ru River.
The help of Soviet consultants as part of a project to
control flooding and provide electrical power
generation.
The construction was a response to severe flooding in
the Hua River Basin in 1949 and 1950.
The dam was completed in June 1952.
Because of the absence of hydrology data the design
standard was lower than usual.
After the 1954 Huai River great flood, the upstream
reservoirs including Banqiao were extended,
constructed, and consolidated. Banqiao Dam was
increased in height by three meters.
History of Banqiao Dam

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The dam crest level was 116.34
meters above sea level and the crest
level of the wave protection wall was
117.64 meters above sea level.
The total capacity of the reservoir
was 492 million m3 (398,000-acre
feet), with 375 million m3 (304,000-
acre feet) reserved for flood storage.
The dam was made of clay and was
24.5 meters high. The maximum
discharge of the reservoir was 1742
m3/s.
Banqiao Dam

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Cracks in the dam and sluice
gates appeared after completion due to
construction and engineering errors.
They were repaired with the advice
from Soviet engineers and the new design,
dubbed the iron dam, was considered
unbreakable.
Chen Xing one of China's
foremost hydrologists was involved in the
design of the dam but he was also a vocal
critic of the government's dam building
policy which involved many dams in the
basin.
Banqiao Dam

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He had recommended 12 sluice gates for the Banqiao Dam, but
this was criticized as being excessive and the number was
reduced to five.
Other dams in the project, including the Shimantan Dam, had a
similar reduction of safety features and Chen was removed from
the project.
In 1961, after problems with the water system were revealed, he
was brought back to help.
Chen continued to be an outspoken critic of the system and was
again removed from the project.
Banqiao Dam

6. Abstract
During 4–8 August 1975, an extreme
storm occurred in Henan Province,
China. The maximum 5-day rainfall
reached a record of 1,631 mm.
Two large dams (Banqiao Dam and
Shimandan Dam) two medium dams
(Tiangang Dam and Zhugou Dam) and
58 small dams failed from overtopping
in the storm event.
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The breach peak flow rate was as high as 78,100 m3/s from the
Banqiao reservoir and 30,000 m3/s from the Shimantan reservoir.
The breaching of these dams caused an inundated area of 12,000
km2, a death toll of over 26,000, and economic loss of more than
RMB10 billion.
This paper introduces 26 dam failures in a smaller region of
Zhumadian, i.e., Banqiao Dam, Zhugou Dam, and 24 small dams.
The catastrophic event is described in detail especially for Banqiao
Dam and Zhugou Dam.
The causes and mechanisms of the principal failures are discussed,
as well as the influence of an upstream dam failure on the
downstream dams.
Lessons from the catastrophe are discussed.
Continue…

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9. Reasons of the
Banqiao Dam Failure
Understanding
In August of 1975, typhoon Nina
pelted the region with the heaviest
rains ever recorded in the area.
More than a year’s worth of water
fell in 24 hours. The previous record
was 800 mm (31.5”) of rain, and the
stalled typhoon Nina dropped a new
record of 1060 mm (41.73”).
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The rainfall caused massive downstream
flooding and, because of the flooded
downstream areas, one request to open the
dam was rejected on August 6.
On August 7, the request to open the dam
was accepted but this information did not
reach the dam, as the storm had brought
down the telegraph wires.
The under-designed sluice gates were unable
to handle the water volume and the first dam
failure warning was sent.
The water crested on August 8 at 0.3 meter
(0.0984’) higher than the protection wall on
the dam, which failed. 62 other dams in the
Huai river basin also failed.
Reasons of the Banqiao Dam
Failure

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The Banqiao Dam failure caused a huge wave, 10 kilometers
(6.2 miles) wide and 3-7 meters (9.8-23ft) high to rush
downstream at 50 kilometers per hour (31 mph), inundating the
lower area with speeding floodwaters.
Approximately 26,000 people died from flooding and another
145,000 died afterward as a result of epidemics and famine.
Some 5,960,000 buildings collapsed, and 11 million residents
were affected.
Unofficial estimates of the number of people killed by the
disaster have run as high as 230,000 people.
Reasons of the Banqiao Dam
Failure

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Environmental Impacts
Visible:
Floods (river, coastal, mudflow), Large-scale disturbance of hydro and
geological systems, Reduced ecological / hydrological connectivity
Environmental impacts
Dam failure
Health Impacts
Visible:
Accidents, Exposure to unknown or uncertain complex risks (radiation,
etc…), Deaths
Impacts of Banqiao dam failure:

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Health impacts
The largest dam failure ever, over two hundred thousand deaths.
Socio-economical Impacts
Visible:
Displacement, Loss of livelihood, Specific impacts on women, Violations of
human rights, Land dispossession, Loss of landscape/sense of place.
Impacts of Banqiao dam failure:

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Within eleven years of the dam failure, the
lower reach of the River Ru Zhumadian City,
experienced several more disastrous floods.
After many feasibility studies, the new
Banqiao Reservoir reconstruction was listed
as a key national project of The Seventh
Five-Year Plan of China.
The project owner was Huai River Water
Resources Commission.
The construction contractor was Changjiang
Gezhouba Engineering Bureau.
Reconstruction

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By the end of 1986, the rebuilding project
commenced. On June 5, 1993, the project
was certified by the Chinese government.
The reconstructed Banqiao Reservoir
controls a catchment area of 768 km2.
The maximum reserve capacity is
675 million m3 (178 billion gallons), a
capacity increase of 34% above the
capacity of the failed dam.
The effective storage is
256 million m3 (67.6 billion gallons) and the
corresponding normal high-water level is
111.5 m (366 ft) above sea level
Reconstruction

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The flood control storage is
457 million m3 (121 billion gallons).
The dam is made of clay and is
3,720 m (12,200 ft) long and 50.5 m
(166 ft) high.
The dam crest level is 120 m (390 ft)
above sea level.
The maximum discharge of the
reservoir is 15000 m3/s (about
3.96 million gallons/s).
Reconstruction

17. THANK YOU!
MUHAMMAD NAWAZ SHREEF UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY