1) The West Route Project of China's South to North Water Transfer aims to divert water from the Tibetan highlands to the upper reaches of the Yellow River to address water scarcity issues.
2) It will divert 17 billion cubic meters of water annually from the Tongtianhe, Yalunjiang and Daduhe Rivers to the Yellow River.
3) The project faces significant engineering challenges due to the remote, high-altitude environment of the Tibetan plateau where it is located.
This document discusses catchment hydrology in Botswana. It defines a catchment as the area that drains water through surface runoff and underground flow to a particular point. Catchments are separated by drainage divides. There is currently a water shortage problem in southeastern Botswana where most people live, despite most water sources being in northern Botswana. The document then describes the five major catchments in Botswana and their characteristics. It discusses the importance of catchments for water supply and ecology in Botswana.
This document discusses interlinking rivers in India through the proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP). It notes that while India has 16.7% of the world's population, it only has 4% of the world's water resources. The NRLP aims to connect 36 rivers through 30 links and transfer water to drought-prone areas to address issues like floods, droughts, and water shortages. The project would provide irrigation to over 35 million hectares, generate 35 GW of hydropower, and cost around $120 billion over 30 years. However, critics argue it could cause ecological and social issues like displacing people and reducing aquatic ecosystems.
The document discusses India's Inter-Linking of Rivers project. It proposes linking water-surplus rivers to water-deficit areas through canals to better manage water resources. The project would include 30 links divided into Himalayan and Peninsular components to transfer water across river basins. It is estimated to provide 25 million hectares of new irrigation, 34,000 MW of power, and benefits like flood control and water supply. While large in scale and cost, the project could help address uneven water distribution and support national development, though environmental impacts are uncertain.
This document discusses India's National River Linking Project (NRLP), which aims to connect 36 rivers through a network of canals and reservoirs to address issues like regional water scarcity and flooding. It would transfer surplus water from water-rich areas to water-deficit regions, increasing irrigation potential and hydropower capacity. The multi-phase project faces challenges like ecological impacts, displacement of communities, and technical difficulties of inter-basin water transfers. While ambitious in scope, full implementation may not be feasible and alternatives should be explored to better utilize local water resources.
This document discusses the hydrodynamic processes in the Meghna Estuary of Bangladesh. It analyzes tidal characteristics, flow patterns, and other factors like discharge, salinity, and sediment transport in the estuary. Some key findings are:
1) The estuary experiences a semi-diurnal tide with tidal ranges from 0-2m in the west to over 8m in the east near Sandwip Island, where tidal amplification occurs.
2) River discharge dominates in the dry season while tides are stronger. In the monsoon, discharge increases up to 160,000m3/s while tides remain influential.
3) Net flow analysis found about 50% of the Lower Me
The document discusses proposals to interlink rivers across India to better manage water resources. It notes that while India receives ample annual precipitation, it is uneven and water scarcity is still an issue. The interlinking of rivers project proposes constructing canals to transfer surplus water from eastern to western rivers as well as providing flood control and reducing deficits. However, the project faces significant challenges including high costs, energy needs, and potential ecological and pollution issues.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
Assessment of groundwater potentials of the crystalline aquifers using hydra...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the groundwater potentials of crystalline aquifers in Gidanwaya Town and its environs in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Pumping test data from 25 boreholes was used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of the aquifers derived from crystalline basement rocks in the area. Transmissivity values ranged from 1.16x10-1 to 9.76x10-3 m2/s, indicating high to very high groundwater potentials. Hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 1.12x10-2 to 9.24x10-3 m/s. Specific capacity values ranged from 1.00x10-1 to 9.95x10-
This document discusses catchment hydrology in Botswana. It defines a catchment as the area that drains water through surface runoff and underground flow to a particular point. Catchments are separated by drainage divides. There is currently a water shortage problem in southeastern Botswana where most people live, despite most water sources being in northern Botswana. The document then describes the five major catchments in Botswana and their characteristics. It discusses the importance of catchments for water supply and ecology in Botswana.
This document discusses interlinking rivers in India through the proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP). It notes that while India has 16.7% of the world's population, it only has 4% of the world's water resources. The NRLP aims to connect 36 rivers through 30 links and transfer water to drought-prone areas to address issues like floods, droughts, and water shortages. The project would provide irrigation to over 35 million hectares, generate 35 GW of hydropower, and cost around $120 billion over 30 years. However, critics argue it could cause ecological and social issues like displacing people and reducing aquatic ecosystems.
The document discusses India's Inter-Linking of Rivers project. It proposes linking water-surplus rivers to water-deficit areas through canals to better manage water resources. The project would include 30 links divided into Himalayan and Peninsular components to transfer water across river basins. It is estimated to provide 25 million hectares of new irrigation, 34,000 MW of power, and benefits like flood control and water supply. While large in scale and cost, the project could help address uneven water distribution and support national development, though environmental impacts are uncertain.
This document discusses India's National River Linking Project (NRLP), which aims to connect 36 rivers through a network of canals and reservoirs to address issues like regional water scarcity and flooding. It would transfer surplus water from water-rich areas to water-deficit regions, increasing irrigation potential and hydropower capacity. The multi-phase project faces challenges like ecological impacts, displacement of communities, and technical difficulties of inter-basin water transfers. While ambitious in scope, full implementation may not be feasible and alternatives should be explored to better utilize local water resources.
This document discusses the hydrodynamic processes in the Meghna Estuary of Bangladesh. It analyzes tidal characteristics, flow patterns, and other factors like discharge, salinity, and sediment transport in the estuary. Some key findings are:
1) The estuary experiences a semi-diurnal tide with tidal ranges from 0-2m in the west to over 8m in the east near Sandwip Island, where tidal amplification occurs.
2) River discharge dominates in the dry season while tides are stronger. In the monsoon, discharge increases up to 160,000m3/s while tides remain influential.
3) Net flow analysis found about 50% of the Lower Me
The document discusses proposals to interlink rivers across India to better manage water resources. It notes that while India receives ample annual precipitation, it is uneven and water scarcity is still an issue. The interlinking of rivers project proposes constructing canals to transfer surplus water from eastern to western rivers as well as providing flood control and reducing deficits. However, the project faces significant challenges including high costs, energy needs, and potential ecological and pollution issues.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
Assessment of groundwater potentials of the crystalline aquifers using hydra...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the groundwater potentials of crystalline aquifers in Gidanwaya Town and its environs in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Pumping test data from 25 boreholes was used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of the aquifers derived from crystalline basement rocks in the area. Transmissivity values ranged from 1.16x10-1 to 9.76x10-3 m2/s, indicating high to very high groundwater potentials. Hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 1.12x10-2 to 9.24x10-3 m/s. Specific capacity values ranged from 1.00x10-1 to 9.95x10-
Geological view-interlinking of rivers in indiaPasupathi S
This document discusses the geological view of interlinking rivers in India. It provides background on India's water budget, noting that a large amount of water flows into the sea due to floods each year. The history of proposals to interlink rivers in India is then outlined, dating back to the 19th century, with various commissions and studies taking place over the 20th century. Potential advantages of interlinking rivers include flood control, drought proofing, irrigation, hydropower and increasing food production. However, disadvantages include environmental impacts like deforestation, disruption to river ecosystems, and displacement of communities.
River inter linking is it really a miragePeriasamy K
The document discusses India's proposed river interlinking project, which aims to transfer surplus water from northern to southern rivers to address water scarcity. It provides background on previous proposals and studies conducted. While the project was approved over a decade ago, only one link has been implemented so far due to criticisms around environmental impacts, displacement, and costs. Supporters argue the project could irrigate additional land, generate power, and mitigate floods and droughts, while minimizing impacts through new tunneling methods. It outlines 29 proposed links and estimates project benefits but acknowledges some land acquisition and displacement would be required.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to connect rivers through canals to reduce flooding and water shortages. While proponents argue it will provide irrigation, drinking water and power, critics argue it is not financially or environmentally feasible. The project's estimated cost of ₹5.6 lakh crores is very high and would displace millions of people. Local water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are presented as more viable alternatives to address water scarcity issues.
River Interlinking Projects for Socio Economic TransformationShailesh Herale
This presentation highlights the concept of river interlinking, National River Linking Project(NRLP) of India, socio economic benefits, issues and possible alternatives of river interlinking.
Cambodia Groundwater Irrigation - Exec SummaryMichael Roberts
This document summarizes a thesis on the physical and socioeconomic impacts of groundwater irrigation in Cambodia's Mekong Delta region. Physical investigations found that increased pumping is lowering the water table and could lead to saltwater contamination if not managed properly. Socioeconomic studies show groundwater irrigation benefits wealthy farmers most and may harm poorer communities as water tables decline. The author recommends controlling groundwater use, preparing for lower water tables, and further monitoring and research.
Pakistan Flood Control System (PFCS) is designed to offer control of extreme floods in the Indus Basin through a system of five dams and three canals. The core of PFCS is the Soan Dam, which alone can successfully handle floods like those in 2010. PFCS would increase Pakistan's water storage capacity by 644% and play the role of a "Water Bank of Pakistan" to ensure adequate water supply for all provinces according to their shares. In addition to complete flood control, PFCS is estimated to add over $70 billion annually to Pakistan's economy and have strategic geopolitical impacts.
The document discusses the Indian River-linking Project which aims to transfer water from surplus river basins in northern and northeastern India to water-deficit areas in the south and west through a network of 30 links and canals spanning 14,900 km. The multi-billion dollar project is proposed to provide irrigation, flood control, hydropower and regional development benefits. However, critics argue it will be extremely costly, displace millions of people, degrade downstream environments, and not consider interests of upstream states like Nepal. There are also doubts about the feasibility of large-scale inter-basin water transfers and effectiveness of building more dams.
Water Balance to Recharge Calculation: Implications for Watershed Management ...Ramesh Dhungel
This document summarizes a study that developed a hydrologic model using a systems dynamics approach to simulate the behavior of the Palouse Basin aquifers over 150 years under different population growth and water extraction scenarios. The region is entirely dependent on groundwater, with the upper Wanapum and lower Grande Ronde aquifers supplying water. The model incorporates available hydrologic data on recharge, storativity, and population growth to test if current extraction rates are sustainable. Results indicate the upper aquifer may be sustainable but the lower aquifer is likely unsustainable in the long term due to uncertainties in recharge rates and aquifer properties.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module6_#5, Sediment management at Afghanistan, Abdul A. ZazayICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Requirements of human are increasing tremendously with massive change along with the evolution of human and its development. This creates stress on the natural resources; such as water, lands, forest, etc. Freshwater demand is highly increased with the growing population and the change in lifestyle of people. Hence, the concept of interbasin water transfer was developed to minimize water scarcity and to distribute water as per requirements. However, this has brought lots of negative consequences that became a challenge to preserve the earth systems. The National River Linking Plan (NRLP) is developed by the Government of India to resolve water scarcity and that plan became controversial especially on the transboundary water right issues. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to highlight all the major and minor consequences that might happen due to the NRLP project with the perspective of making sustainable environmental development. The study revealed that for the sustainable development; every issue related to nature, socio-cultural and transboundary water right must be addressed and water should be distributed in such a manner that it solves the issues of spatial and temporal water availability.
The document provides an introduction and study guide for delegates participating in the SSN Youth Parliamentary Conference on the agenda of interlinking rivers in India. It discusses the need for interlinking rivers due to increasing population and water shortage issues. It outlines India's major river water conflicts such as the Ravi-Beas and Cauvery disputes. The study guide explains the flow of debate at the conference and provides questions for delegates to consider regarding the costs, impacts and advantages/disadvantages of the proposed interlinking of rivers project.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
The first phase of the Northern Collector Water Tunnel project is located along the eastern fringes of the Aberdare Conservation area approximately 60 kilometer north of Nairobi county.
The works are located in Kangema and Kigumo sub counties of Murang'a county
Mighty river systems of bangladesh and their impact on severe floods in bangl...Jahangir Alam
Mighty river systems of Bangladesh and their impact on severe floods in Banglades:
River Systems
Mighty River Systems of Bangladesh
Impact of River Systems in Flood
Flood in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a country of rivers. The environment and livelihood of 160 million people is largely dependent on rivers and its resources. There are around 230 rivers which occupy about 7 percent of the total land area of Bangladesh.
The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river basin is a transboundary river basin with a total area of just over 1.7 million km2, distributed between India (64 percent), China (18 percent), Nepal (9 percent), Bangladesh (7 percent) and Bhutan (3 percent).
The River Systems of
Bangladesh:
Major 3 river systems are:
The Brahmaputra-Jamuna
The Ganges-Padma and
The Meghna [surma-kusiara]
Total River number = 230
River comes from India = 54
River comes from Myanmar = 03
This document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP) to address issues of flooding, water scarcity, and irrigation across India. The key components of the NRLP include interlinking rivers in the Himalayan region to transfer surplus water, and interlinking rivers in peninsular India like the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, and Cauvery through dams and canals. The project aims to provide irrigation to 35 million hectares of land, generate 34,000 MW of hydropower, and mitigate floods and droughts. However, the project faces concerns around large costs, displacement of people, ecological impacts, and technical feasibility challenges. Alternatives proposed include
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project, which aims to connect 37 rivers through 30 links and 3000 reservoirs. It would transfer 174 trillion liters of water annually and create 87 million acres of irrigation. The project faces major issues like large costs of $560 billion, environmental impacts of deforestation and ecosystem damage, and social impacts of population displacement. The only project to begin is the Ken-Betwa interlink between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, but it risks submerging 4000 hectares of Panna Tiger Reserve and faces implementation challenges. Alternatives proposed include rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging, and community-based water management.
Rivers play a central role in the lives of millions in East and Southeast Asia by providing essential functions like fish, water, transportation, and fertile land. The Mekong River flows through 6 countries and supports over 60 million people, but China's dam construction on the upper Mekong threatens the ecosystem. The Yellow River carries large amounts of silt and floods frequently, and two of its floods were among the deadliest in history. The Yangtze River supports half of China's agriculture and has a long history of human settlement.
I. The document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project which aims to connect 36 rivers through a network of canals and reservoirs to address issues like floods and droughts.
II. It would involve transferring surplus water from eastern rivers to more arid regions in the west and south, creating additional irrigation potential for millions of hectares and hydropower generation.
III. However, critics have raised concerns about potential ecological impacts, displacement of communities, and argued that alternatives like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging may be more practical options given the project's large scale and long timeframe.
The document analyzes trends in streamflow for four major rivers in Pakistan over the period 1962-2011 using the Mann-Kendall test. Results show increasing trends for winter streamflows and decreasing trends for summer streamflows. Trends for spring season varied between rivers. Annual flow showed a decreasing trend at all stations. These trends may be partially attributed to the effects of climate change in Pakistan. Streamflow is affected by both climate variability and human activities like water utilization. Analysis of long-term streamflow data helps understand impacts of climate change and development on water resources.
1) Irrigation dams in Ghana serve multiple purposes beyond just irrigation, including hydropower generation and domestic water supply. The largest dams, like Akosombo, Kpong, and Bui, were built primarily for hydropower but also support irrigation of thousands of hectares of land.
2) There are over 380 small to medium reservoirs in northern Ghana that support irrigation of crops. These reservoirs provide important water storage during the rainy season for use in dry season farming and recharge local groundwater.
3) Proper design, construction, and maintenance of irrigation dams is important in Ghana to maximize benefits and cost-effectiveness. Strengthening planning and construction oversight can help improve infrastructure quality.
Geological view-interlinking of rivers in indiaPasupathi S
This document discusses the geological view of interlinking rivers in India. It provides background on India's water budget, noting that a large amount of water flows into the sea due to floods each year. The history of proposals to interlink rivers in India is then outlined, dating back to the 19th century, with various commissions and studies taking place over the 20th century. Potential advantages of interlinking rivers include flood control, drought proofing, irrigation, hydropower and increasing food production. However, disadvantages include environmental impacts like deforestation, disruption to river ecosystems, and displacement of communities.
River inter linking is it really a miragePeriasamy K
The document discusses India's proposed river interlinking project, which aims to transfer surplus water from northern to southern rivers to address water scarcity. It provides background on previous proposals and studies conducted. While the project was approved over a decade ago, only one link has been implemented so far due to criticisms around environmental impacts, displacement, and costs. Supporters argue the project could irrigate additional land, generate power, and mitigate floods and droughts, while minimizing impacts through new tunneling methods. It outlines 29 proposed links and estimates project benefits but acknowledges some land acquisition and displacement would be required.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to connect rivers through canals to reduce flooding and water shortages. While proponents argue it will provide irrigation, drinking water and power, critics argue it is not financially or environmentally feasible. The project's estimated cost of ₹5.6 lakh crores is very high and would displace millions of people. Local water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are presented as more viable alternatives to address water scarcity issues.
River Interlinking Projects for Socio Economic TransformationShailesh Herale
This presentation highlights the concept of river interlinking, National River Linking Project(NRLP) of India, socio economic benefits, issues and possible alternatives of river interlinking.
Cambodia Groundwater Irrigation - Exec SummaryMichael Roberts
This document summarizes a thesis on the physical and socioeconomic impacts of groundwater irrigation in Cambodia's Mekong Delta region. Physical investigations found that increased pumping is lowering the water table and could lead to saltwater contamination if not managed properly. Socioeconomic studies show groundwater irrigation benefits wealthy farmers most and may harm poorer communities as water tables decline. The author recommends controlling groundwater use, preparing for lower water tables, and further monitoring and research.
Pakistan Flood Control System (PFCS) is designed to offer control of extreme floods in the Indus Basin through a system of five dams and three canals. The core of PFCS is the Soan Dam, which alone can successfully handle floods like those in 2010. PFCS would increase Pakistan's water storage capacity by 644% and play the role of a "Water Bank of Pakistan" to ensure adequate water supply for all provinces according to their shares. In addition to complete flood control, PFCS is estimated to add over $70 billion annually to Pakistan's economy and have strategic geopolitical impacts.
The document discusses the Indian River-linking Project which aims to transfer water from surplus river basins in northern and northeastern India to water-deficit areas in the south and west through a network of 30 links and canals spanning 14,900 km. The multi-billion dollar project is proposed to provide irrigation, flood control, hydropower and regional development benefits. However, critics argue it will be extremely costly, displace millions of people, degrade downstream environments, and not consider interests of upstream states like Nepal. There are also doubts about the feasibility of large-scale inter-basin water transfers and effectiveness of building more dams.
Water Balance to Recharge Calculation: Implications for Watershed Management ...Ramesh Dhungel
This document summarizes a study that developed a hydrologic model using a systems dynamics approach to simulate the behavior of the Palouse Basin aquifers over 150 years under different population growth and water extraction scenarios. The region is entirely dependent on groundwater, with the upper Wanapum and lower Grande Ronde aquifers supplying water. The model incorporates available hydrologic data on recharge, storativity, and population growth to test if current extraction rates are sustainable. Results indicate the upper aquifer may be sustainable but the lower aquifer is likely unsustainable in the long term due to uncertainties in recharge rates and aquifer properties.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module6_#5, Sediment management at Afghanistan, Abdul A. ZazayICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Requirements of human are increasing tremendously with massive change along with the evolution of human and its development. This creates stress on the natural resources; such as water, lands, forest, etc. Freshwater demand is highly increased with the growing population and the change in lifestyle of people. Hence, the concept of interbasin water transfer was developed to minimize water scarcity and to distribute water as per requirements. However, this has brought lots of negative consequences that became a challenge to preserve the earth systems. The National River Linking Plan (NRLP) is developed by the Government of India to resolve water scarcity and that plan became controversial especially on the transboundary water right issues. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to highlight all the major and minor consequences that might happen due to the NRLP project with the perspective of making sustainable environmental development. The study revealed that for the sustainable development; every issue related to nature, socio-cultural and transboundary water right must be addressed and water should be distributed in such a manner that it solves the issues of spatial and temporal water availability.
The document provides an introduction and study guide for delegates participating in the SSN Youth Parliamentary Conference on the agenda of interlinking rivers in India. It discusses the need for interlinking rivers due to increasing population and water shortage issues. It outlines India's major river water conflicts such as the Ravi-Beas and Cauvery disputes. The study guide explains the flow of debate at the conference and provides questions for delegates to consider regarding the costs, impacts and advantages/disadvantages of the proposed interlinking of rivers project.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
The first phase of the Northern Collector Water Tunnel project is located along the eastern fringes of the Aberdare Conservation area approximately 60 kilometer north of Nairobi county.
The works are located in Kangema and Kigumo sub counties of Murang'a county
Mighty river systems of bangladesh and their impact on severe floods in bangl...Jahangir Alam
Mighty river systems of Bangladesh and their impact on severe floods in Banglades:
River Systems
Mighty River Systems of Bangladesh
Impact of River Systems in Flood
Flood in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a country of rivers. The environment and livelihood of 160 million people is largely dependent on rivers and its resources. There are around 230 rivers which occupy about 7 percent of the total land area of Bangladesh.
The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river basin is a transboundary river basin with a total area of just over 1.7 million km2, distributed between India (64 percent), China (18 percent), Nepal (9 percent), Bangladesh (7 percent) and Bhutan (3 percent).
The River Systems of
Bangladesh:
Major 3 river systems are:
The Brahmaputra-Jamuna
The Ganges-Padma and
The Meghna [surma-kusiara]
Total River number = 230
River comes from India = 54
River comes from Myanmar = 03
This document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP) to address issues of flooding, water scarcity, and irrigation across India. The key components of the NRLP include interlinking rivers in the Himalayan region to transfer surplus water, and interlinking rivers in peninsular India like the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, and Cauvery through dams and canals. The project aims to provide irrigation to 35 million hectares of land, generate 34,000 MW of hydropower, and mitigate floods and droughts. However, the project faces concerns around large costs, displacement of people, ecological impacts, and technical feasibility challenges. Alternatives proposed include
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project, which aims to connect 37 rivers through 30 links and 3000 reservoirs. It would transfer 174 trillion liters of water annually and create 87 million acres of irrigation. The project faces major issues like large costs of $560 billion, environmental impacts of deforestation and ecosystem damage, and social impacts of population displacement. The only project to begin is the Ken-Betwa interlink between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, but it risks submerging 4000 hectares of Panna Tiger Reserve and faces implementation challenges. Alternatives proposed include rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging, and community-based water management.
Rivers play a central role in the lives of millions in East and Southeast Asia by providing essential functions like fish, water, transportation, and fertile land. The Mekong River flows through 6 countries and supports over 60 million people, but China's dam construction on the upper Mekong threatens the ecosystem. The Yellow River carries large amounts of silt and floods frequently, and two of its floods were among the deadliest in history. The Yangtze River supports half of China's agriculture and has a long history of human settlement.
I. The document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project which aims to connect 36 rivers through a network of canals and reservoirs to address issues like floods and droughts.
II. It would involve transferring surplus water from eastern rivers to more arid regions in the west and south, creating additional irrigation potential for millions of hectares and hydropower generation.
III. However, critics have raised concerns about potential ecological impacts, displacement of communities, and argued that alternatives like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging may be more practical options given the project's large scale and long timeframe.
The document analyzes trends in streamflow for four major rivers in Pakistan over the period 1962-2011 using the Mann-Kendall test. Results show increasing trends for winter streamflows and decreasing trends for summer streamflows. Trends for spring season varied between rivers. Annual flow showed a decreasing trend at all stations. These trends may be partially attributed to the effects of climate change in Pakistan. Streamflow is affected by both climate variability and human activities like water utilization. Analysis of long-term streamflow data helps understand impacts of climate change and development on water resources.
1) Irrigation dams in Ghana serve multiple purposes beyond just irrigation, including hydropower generation and domestic water supply. The largest dams, like Akosombo, Kpong, and Bui, were built primarily for hydropower but also support irrigation of thousands of hectares of land.
2) There are over 380 small to medium reservoirs in northern Ghana that support irrigation of crops. These reservoirs provide important water storage during the rainy season for use in dry season farming and recharge local groundwater.
3) Proper design, construction, and maintenance of irrigation dams is important in Ghana to maximize benefits and cost-effectiveness. Strengthening planning and construction oversight can help improve infrastructure quality.
This document summarizes transboundary aquifers in Asia. It describes several major transboundary aquifers shared between countries in Asia, including the Ertix Valley Plain Aquifer shared between China and Kazakhstan, the Yalu River Valley aquifer shared between China and Korea, and the Middle Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin aquifer shared between China and Russia. As a case study, it then provides more details on the Middle Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin aquifer, including its geography, climate, river systems, groundwater resources, quality, and importance as a water source.
The Three Gorges Dam spans the Yangtze River in Yichang, Hubei Province, China. At 181m tall and 2,335m long, it is the world's largest power station with a generating capacity of 22GW. Construction began in 1994 and was completed in 2012 at a cost of $26 billion. While reducing emissions, it also caused environmental impacts like erosion, earthquakes, and disrupted wildlife habitats and migration patterns in the Yangtze River.
Evaluating water quality of ganga river within uttarAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated water quality in the Ganga River within the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. 13 monitoring stations were selected along the river to test various water quality parameters like BOD, TH, PO4, NO3, EC and pH. A water quality index was calculated using a C++ program based on WHO drinking water quality standards. The results found that concentrations of several parameters exceeded acceptable limits. Maintaining water quality in the Ganga is important as it supports the livelihoods of millions of people living in its basin.
This document provides an overview of water allocation practices in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with reference to future demands on the Ganga River. It notes that the Ganga River basin supports over 400 million people but faces stresses of over-abstraction and pollution. In the upper Ganga stretch, historical canals withdraw large amounts of water for irrigation, while population growth and industrialization have increased domestic and industrial demands. As a result, the upper stretch has become water starved, especially in lean seasons, leaving little water for the river's ecology. The document examines current allocation and future needs to balance human and environmental needs in a sustainable manner.
1. The document is a feasibility study and design for upgrading the Tuul and Selbe rivers in Mongolia to address environmental issues.
2. It outlines the scope of the project along the Tuul river basin and its tributaries. Key issues addressed are surface water pollution, drinking water access, and flood risks.
3. The proposed measures include improving wastewater treatment, creating parks and recreation areas along the rivers, installing flood protections, and ensuring a sustainable long-term water supply for communities.
In Hong Kong, studying Geography is categorized as useless because the culture of British Meritocracy here stresses the achievements of business studies. However, if going back to Mainland China or having a travel to either the US or Australia, you will find that your knowledge on Geography is very useful because the ruling regimes there greatly acknowledge the elites who graduated from the field of Agricultural Research.
Cynical people without a longsighted vision use to criticize that my Master Degree of China Studies is something too abstract because they use to be British-Hong Kong colonial debrises. However, they never know that, during my two-year research life in this academic department, I did render some challenging topics including the river-management and dam-construction issues of Mainland China. Just like what Mr. Tung Chee-hwa said in 2014 during a press conference: "Our country is rapidly growing up as a strong economic power. To my greatest disappointment, Hong Kong people still lack a long-sighted vision, and they are unwilling to change their perceptions." So, such group of people will never understand the scholastic efforts I have input in this holistic social-science learning experience.
China faces severe water shortages by 2030 due to increasing demand from a growing and urbanizing population, industrialization, agriculture, and other factors. Overuse of water resources has caused extensive pollution and ecosystem damage across China's major rivers. The government has implemented various measures to encourage water conservation and reallocation, but China remains vulnerable to water stress given its high water usage and regional imbalances in water availability.
The annual rainfall of Iran is about 13% as compared to rainfall in India. Despite of it, due to employing Rainwater Harvesting techniques and better water management , the government of Iran has been able to match up the water demands of the citizens of Iran.The presentations gives an overview of torography,technology, various rainwater harvesting structures employed in Iran.
HKBU Public Administration, HKBU/CASS Pols 7050 group presentation by liu wen...g0ldfield
The document discusses Hong Kong's water supply and whether it should continue importing water from mainland China. It provides background on Hong Kong's water usage and agreements to import water from the Dongjiang River in mainland China. Some concerns are raised about water quality and quantity due to climate change impacts. The document also discusses alternatives to importing water such as local supplies, desalination, and water management strategies used in other places like Israel.
development of water resources in INDIA and neighboring countriesJisha John
Ancient India had various water resources like wells, tanks, canals and small dams for irrigation. During Chandragupta's time, irrigation systems were mostly state owned but private systems also existed. Farmers paid taxes depending on irrigated area and crop yields. Ancient works like the Grand Anicut dam in Tamil Nadu built in the 1st century AD helped boost irrigation in the region by diverting river water. Lessons from history show the importance of efficient water management and providing equitable distribution of water resources to maximize agricultural production.
The Yellow River Delta in China is a major agricultural and industrial area that faces challenges from coastal erosion, declining freshwater flows, and pollution. It has experienced decreasing sediment loads and shifting river channels. Sustainable management of wetlands and balancing water demands between sectors is crucial for the delta's future.
Himalayan rivers –perspective on regional collaboration jagat k. bhusalJagat K. Bhusal
The document summarizes information about the Himalayan rivers and their importance for the regional countries of Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Tibet, and Bangladesh. It discusses the geography and hydrology of each country, including their reliance on the Himalayan rivers for water resources, agriculture, hydropower potential, and other factors. In particular, it notes that the Himalayan rivers provide irrigation for the highly populated Indo-Gangetic plain and that regional cooperation could help harness the rivers' hydropower potential to benefit vast populations in the region.
Bellandur Lake is located in Bengaluru, India and is the largest lake in the city. It has a catchment area of approximately 148 square kilometers and used to be an important source of water for the city and surrounding areas. However, rapid urbanization has led to untreated sewage and other pollutants being dumped into the lake, degrading its water quality. The lake now receives over 550 million liters of sewage per day and reached a peak pollution level in 2015 when large amounts of toxic froth formed on the lake's surface and even caught fire.
The Three Gorges Dam in China displaced over 1.2 million people to create a massive hydroelectric project. It is the world's largest dam and created a 600 km reservoir, but also caused widespread environmental degradation and difficulties relocating people. While it aims to control floods, generate power, and enable river transportation, critics argue it has exacerbated droughts, pollution, landslides and done little for most who lost homes and livelihoods to the project.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physico-chemical and isotopic characteristics of the Bagmati and Bishnumati Rivers and shallow groundwater along their corridors in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal over a two-year period. Samples were analyzed for stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δD and δ18O) and selected physico-chemical parameters to investigate the potential interrelationship between river water and shallow groundwater. Isotopic and chemical results suggested shallow groundwater and river water are interconnected, with river water composing 30%-50% of some shallow groundwater samples based on isotopic mixing calculations. The study provides useful insights into hydrogeological processes at the river-aquifer interface that
1. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
CWRA 55th
Annual Conference – Winnipeg, MB Page 1
West Route Project of South to North Water Transfer, China’s Strategic
Water Resources Engineering
Yingwu Tan1
, Shiqiang Ye*2
, Qian Cui3
and Hao Tan4
ABSTRACT
China’s topography is complicated and presents three obvious steps from the
Tibetan highlands at the western end to the eastern coastal plain. The southern
region is rich in water resources but poor in farmland, while northern and
northwestern regions have limited rainfall, suffer frequently from droughts, but
are rich in farmland. As a strategic measure to solve the uneven distribution of
water resources in China, the South to North Water Transfer has long been
studied, which links the larger rivers, such as the Yangtze River and Yellow
River. It includes three projects: West, Middle and East Routes.
Among the three projects, the hardest, largest and most beneficial one is the
West Route Project located in the “World Roof”, the Tibetan highlands. It is
expected to divert water from the Tongtianhe, Yalunjiang and Daduhe Rivers into
the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The total water diverted will be 17 billion
m3
annually. In this paper, we will present the principles of engineering planning
and design, study history, and planning schemes as well as social, economical
and environmental issues relevant to this large project in this remote, high and
cold region. Some technical and engineering difficulties will be emphasized.
1
Chief Designer of the project, Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC),
Zhengzhou, China, tanyinwu@371.net
2
Ph.D Candidate, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; formerly Chief Geologist of
the project, YRCC, umyes@cc.umanitoba.ca
3
Vice-Chief Designer of the project, Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC),
Zhengzhou, China, cuiquan@371.net
4
Design Engineer, Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC), Zhangzhou, China
2. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
CWRA 55th
Annual Conference – Winnipeg, MB Page 2
1. THE MAIN FEATURES OF WATER RESOURCES IN CHINA
The total volume of water in China is about 2800 billion m3
/year, ranking sixth in
the world. But the available water for every Chinese person is only about one
fourth of the average amount used elsewhere in the world. Hence, China is a
country with a shortage of water. Nonetheless, China’s hydropower potential is
estimated in 378 GW, ranking first in the world, from which only 76.8 GW have
been developed so far (Zhu, 2001).
In Southern China, the Yangtze River (Changjiang River) and those rivers
situated south of it, yield an annual runoff that accounts for more than 80 percent
of the nation’s total. This area is known as the water rich area. On the contrary,
in Northern and Northwestern China, the Yellow (Huanghe), Huaihe and Haihe
River Basins yield about 12 percent of the total water resources. This area is
known as the water deficient area.
Furthermore, Northern and Northwestern China have rich agricultural and
mineral resources and, consequently, plays an important role in the national
economy. In these areas, the shortage of water has been a significant problem,
restricting the economic development and producing a great impact to the
environment. To cope with the shortage of water in these areas, the South to
North Water Transfer has been studied for decades.
2. GENERAL LAYOUT OF SOUTH TO NORTH WATER TRANSFER
The South to North Water Transfer consists of three main projects (Fu, 1998): 1.
Eastern Route Project (ERP). 2. Middle Route Project (MRP), 3. Western Route
Project (WRP). These projects will divert water from the lower, middle and upper
reaches of the Yangtze River to Northern and Northwestern China (Figure 1).
3. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
CWRA 55th
Annual Conference – Winnipeg, MB Page 3
Figure 1. Sketch Map of South to North Water transfer in China
2.1 Eastern Route Project (ERP)
The ERP will divert water from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the
provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Hebei. The lower reaches of the
Yangtze River are rich in water resources. It is estimated that the amount of
water entering the East Sea is about 956 billion m3
annually. The conveyance
channel will be 1150 km in total length from Jiangdu, Jiangsu Province on the
Yangtze River to the City of Tianjin. Ninety percent of this channel belongs to the
already existing channels, the Beijing-Hanzhou Grand Canal, which will be
upgraded to accommodate the new flow. Broadly speaking the ERP consists of
the conveyance channel, pumping stations and two Yellow River crossing
tunnels.
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Annual Conference – Winnipeg, MB Page 4
The Yellow River is the highest point of the conveyance channel. Therefore, it is
necessary to pump water from the Yangtze River to the south bank of the Yellow
River. In total, 13 pumping stations will be constructed for a total lift of 65 m.
Water crossing the Yellow River can flow northerly by gravity to the City of
Tianjin.
The characteristics of the pumping stations will include low lifting height of (2-6
m), large flow (15-40 m3
/s), and long operating time (5,000 hours/year). For
diverting 14.33 billion m3
/ year of water, 1.9 billion kW.h is needed.
The pumped water will cross the Yellow River through tunnels excavated under
the Yellow River. The two Yellow River crossing tunnels are 8.67 km in length,
including inverted section of 634 m. The diameter of each tunnel is 9.3 m.
The total investment for the ERP equals about 20 billion Chinese RenMingBi
(RMB). The diverted water will be allocated into living, industry and navigation
(6.656 billion m3
), and agriculture (7.676 billion m3
). Consequently, The ERP will
promote economic development and improve the environment of these areas.
2.2 Middle Route Project (MRP)
The MRP will divert water, in the near future, from the Danjiangkou Reservoir on
the Hanjiang River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, to Beijing. The water will be
conveyed through a channel built along the Funlu and Taihang mountains. The
annual water quantity to be diverted will be 14.4 billion m3
, with a total water
supply area of about 155,000 km2
. In the future, additional water will be diverted
from the Three Gorges Reservoir or nearby from the Yangtze River. The
construction of the MRP will commence in 2003. The main components of the
project are the heightening of the Danjiangkou dam, construction of the
conveyance channel and construction of crossing structure at the Yellow River.
5. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
CWRA 55th
Annual Conference – Winnipeg, MB Page 5
As the primary water source of the MRP, the capacity of the existing Danjiangkou
Reservoir has to be increased. Namely, the height of the dam will be increased
from its existing crest elevation of 162 m up to 176.6 m with the total storage
capacity consequently increased to 29.05 billion m3
.
The main trunk canal, with a total length of 1241.2 km, will pass through four
major river basins, including the Yangtze, Huaihe, Yellow and Haihe Rivers. The
diverted water can flow by gravity along the whole canal which will include
concrete lined and cement treated masonry facing reaches. The channel starts
at elevation 147.2 m, and ends at 49.5 m, its slopes are 1/25000 and 1/3000-
1/15000 for its south and north parts of the Yellow River, respectively.
The crossing of the Yellow River will be the most critical structure on the main
trunk canal. Two inverted siphon tunnels with internal diameters of 8.5 m and
length of 7.2 km will be constructed. The design discharge of the tunnels is 500
m3
/s.
The annual runoff of the Hanjiang River at Danjiangkou is 39.34 billion m3
. When
14.4 billion m3
of this runoff is diverted northerly, several compensatory projects
has to be built on its middle and lower reaches in order to meet the requirements
of irrigation, navigation, industry and living.
The total static investment for the MRP equals 40 billion Chinese RMB. The
MRP will mitigate the water resources crisis in Beijing, Tianjing and Northern
China. It will also increase the irrigated area by 0.6 million hectares, increase
water supply for municipal and industrial use by 6.4 billion m3
, and increase water
for agricultural use by 3.0 billion m3
. It will significantly improve the environment
and boost the economic development in these areas.
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3 WEST ROUTE PROJECT (WRP)
3.1 Objectives of WRP
Being an important water resource for Northwest and North China, the Yellow
River’s average annual runoff is only 58 billion m3
. Furthermore, from 1991 to
1997, its average annual natural runoff was only 44.8 billion m3
, i.e, a 23% drop
from the long-term average. On the other hand, the water demand increased
greatly from the yearly average of 12.2 billion m3
in 1950’s to 30.9 billion m3
in
1990’s, equaling to 69% of the average annual river runoff.
With the development of Western China, the demand of water resources grows
day by day, making the water scarcity in the Northwestern area more and more
serious. The combined water deficits, for both of upper and middle reaches of
the Yellow River, are estimated to be 4, 11, and 16 billion m3
in 2010, 2030 and
2050, respectively.
As one of China’s strategic measures in national economic development, the
WRP is expected to divert 16~17 billion m3
of water before 2050. The water will
be diverted from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of
the Yellow River, providing the basis for harmonious and sustainable
development in population, resources and environment in these regions.
3.2 History of studies
The research on the WRP began in 1952. The Yellow River Water Conservancy
Commission(YRCC) of the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) of China
organized over 1,000 persons to conduct investigations from 1958 to 1961 in a
area of 1.15 million km2
, involving the Nujiang, Lancangjiang, Jinshajiang,
Tongtianhe, Daduhe, Minjiang, Fujiang and Bailongjiang Rivers. These
preliminary investigations in such a large area provided engineers with an
assessment of options and difficulties of the project (Zhang, 1989).
7. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
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Annual Conference – Winnipeg, MB Page 7
According to the directions of the China State Planning Committee, the early
planning stage began in 1987 with an engineering scheme that diverts water
from the Tongtianhe, Yalongjiang and Daduhe Rivers, upper reaches and
tributaries of the Yangtze River, into the upper reaches of the Yellow River. This
study covered an area of 300,000 km2
, and lasted over 10 years. As a result, the
YRCC submitted to the MWR “the Comprehensive Study Report on the West
Route Project of South to North Water Transfer” in 1996, answering the
possibility of the water transfer project and putting forward the reasonability
analysis. The submission of this report was a milestone that indicated the
completion of the early engineering planning stage.”
The planning work of the WRP began in the second half of 1996. Six sub-reports:
transferable water resources, engineering schemes, geotechnics, investment/
benefit, EIA and allocation of transferred water, were completed by YRCC in
2000. The reports were evaluated and approved by specialists organized by the
Administration Bureau of South to North Water Transfer, MWR. Based on these
reports “the General Planning of the West Route Project and its Phase I” was
submitted by YRCC and approved by MWR in 2001, indicating the completion of
the research and planning stage of the project. The next stage, engineering
feasibility studies and preliminary engineering design of Phase I are under way
(Shen and Tan, 2001).
3.3 Transferable water and diversion schemes
The planning report has answered two questions: how much water is available to
be transferred, and how to divert this water (Tan, 1995).
According to the engineering planning, the amounts of water to be diverted are 8,
6.5, and 2.5 billion m3
from the Tongtianhe, Yalongjiang and Daduhe Rivers.
These values represent 65~70% of the available runoff at the dam sites, while
30~35% of the runoff will be released. From the point of view of the whole river
8. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
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Annual Conference – Winnipeg, MB Page 8
basins, the mean annual runoff are about 57.0, 60.4 and 49.5 billion m3
for
Tongtianhe, Yalongjiang and Daduhe Rivers basins, respectively. The combined
annual yield of these rivers is about 166.9 billion m3
and the total diverted water
is 17 billion m3
which represents about 10% of the runoff.
The WRP is situated in the Tibetan Plateau, an area called the “World Roof”
since its elevation is over 3000 m. Bayankala Mountain is the watershed division
between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The Yellow River is higher
than the Yangtze River with an elevation variation range of 80-450 m. For the
water transfer, two solutions have been considered: gravity and pumping. In
other words, high dams with long tunnels or pumping stations.
Advantages and disadvantages exist in both options. The main advantage of the
pumping scheme is that the length of the tunnel through the dividing mountain
can be shortened. The main disadvantage is that a large scale power source
system is required, such as a pump output of 4.0 billion m3
, lift of 428 m, the
installed capacity of 1.22 billion kW and annual energy consumption of 5.5 billion
kW.h. The high energy consumption and the long distance of the power
transmission result in more difficulties in construction, operation and
management in the highlands. On the other hand, the main advantage of the
gravity scheme is its flexibility as well as that the structures for water transfer are
relatively simple, which is good for construction, operation and management. Its
main disadvantage is that the tunnel for water transfer is long and deeply buried.
According to the present tunneling technique, the gravity scheme was adopted
after comparing the advantages and disadvantages.
3.4 General layout of WRP
After comparing many alternatives, the general layout of WRP consisting of
Da~Jia, A~Jia and Ce~Ya~Jia combined gravity routes were recommended for
three rivers and three phases of implementation (Figure 2). The Da~Jia, A~Jia
9. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
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and Ce~Ya~Jia gravity routes will transfer 4.0, 5.0 and 8.0 billion m3
of water,
respectively. The static investments of these routes will be 46.9, 64.1 and 193.0
billion Chinese RMB, correspondingly.
Figure 2. General Layout of West Route Project of Water Transfer
The current layout has the characteristics of lower altitude and maximum
concentration. This scheme lowers the project to about El.3,500 m. With forest
and farmland in the area, it is good for human activities, construction, operation
and management. In this scheme, if the Da~Jia route is executed first, a
significant portion of the later water conveyance route will be constructed
alongside the Da~Jia route. Since these routes are close together, basic
information and treatment measures can be shared and a lot of the cost for
reconnaissance and construction access for the later works can be saved.
10. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
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Based on the principle of executing from the low elevation to the high, from the
small to the large and from the easy to the difficult, the combined gravity route
(Da~Jia) from Daqu (tributary of Yalongjiang River) to Jiaqu (tributary of the
Yellow River) was selected as the first phase. This first phase includes 5 dams, 5
tunnels and an open channel 16.1 km long. The five embankment dams range
from 63-123 m in height. The water conveyance tunnel is 260 km long in total,
with 7 natural sections and the longest of which is 73 km. Construction of phase I
is planned to start in 2010.
A~Jia gravity route was selected as the second phase and Ce~Ya~Jia gravity
route as the third phase. The third phase work would be constructed after
completion of the first and second phase works in 2030.
3.5 Technical feasibility
The WRP possesses several distinctive characteristics. 1) The region is mostly
above EL.3,000 m with cold climate, low oxygen content, low atmospheric
pressure as well as ice problems that will be studied more during engineering
design and operation (Ye, et. al., 1999). 2) The area is sparsely populated with
2.4 persons per square kilometer. Communication is inconvenient, the area is
undeveloped. The exploitation of water resources is limited. 3) Minorities living
in the area have unique religious beliefs and customs. 4) Topographically, the
northern area is higher than the southern area. The riverbed of the upstream
Yellow River is higher than the riverbed of the diverted rivers. 5) The geological
conditions are complicated, and the project is located in a region of high
earthquake intensity.
These unique characteristics determine that the WRP will provide many
challenging engineering problems for its decision-makers, designers and
constructors, such as high dams and long, deeply buried tunnel. Biodiversity,
climatic and environmental issues, native Tibetan-related social and religion
11. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
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issues, and engineering development approach and its role in national economic
strategy will also be a challenge for the developers. A lot of work has to be done,
and international cooperation is expected.
3.6 Benefits of the project
The diversion 17 billion m3
of water into the Yellow River can increase its annual
amount runoff by nearly 1/3 of its average annual yield, and increase the
available water of this river by ½. This has tremendous social, environmental,
and economic benefits.
A few of these benefits are: to increase the irrigated area and grain output by 7
million tonnes; to fulfill the long-term demand of industries and municipalities
along the Yellow River, yielding GNP of 40 billion Chinese RMB; to increase
power generation by 4 billion kW; to dilute the water in the Yellow River, and to
improve water quality; to create workplaces in the undeveloped areas and
improve life quality for the local people; and to improve the ecological conditions
of Northwestern China.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The East, Middle and West Route Projects of the South to North Water Transfer,
together with the Yangtze, and Yellow Rivers as well as the Huaihe and Hai
Rivers, form a “4 transverse and 3 longitudinal” integrated and interconnected
water resources network in China. Among these three routes, the hardest,
largest and most beneficial one is the West Route Project located in the “World
Roof”, the Tibetan highlands (Li, 2001).
From national strategic point of view, the WRP will be constructed after MRP and
ERP. The full implement of WRP will take a long time. The engineering design
12. Water Management in a Changing “Climate” June 11 – 14, 2002
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and studies have a long way to go, will take decades to carry out, and present
many challenges.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to appreciate Rafael Murillo and Shawn Clark for their
kind assistance during the preparation of this paper.
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Fu, B. 1998. A look at the mega hydro-projects for transferring water from
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Li, G. 2001. Prospects and views on the west route project of water transfer from
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Shen, F. and Tan, Y. 2001. Planning outlines of the west route project of water
transfer from south to north, Yellow River, No.10 (in Chinese).
Tan , Y. 1995. Significant Function of Promoting the Economic Development in
Northwest China For West Route Water Transfer, Proceedings of the Second
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Ye, S., Liu, X. and Zhu, Q. 1999. Ice problems in the Yellow River, China, 10th
Workshop on River Ice, 126-134, Winnipeg.
Zhang, W. 1989. Synopsis of the west-route project of south-to-north water
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