BANANA XANTHOMONAS WILT RESEARCH AT IITA
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The recommended measures for BXW management involve a mixture of approaches combining exclusion,eradication,host resistance,and protection.Field Diagnostics,Understanding BXW transmission for appropriate management,Rapid Technique for Screening Banana Cultivars for Resistance to Xanthomonas Wilt
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BANANA XANTHOMONAS WILT RESEARCH AT IITA
- 1. BANANA XANTHOMONAS WILT RESEARCH AT IITA Fen Beed, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Leena Tripathi, Jaindra Tripathi, Komi Fiaboe, DJ Kim, Lava Kumar, Hein Bouwmeester, Muris Korkaric, Valentine Nakato, Idd Rathamani, Piet van Asten, Maina Mwangi, Steffen Abele, Jim Lorenzen International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 2. Key activities • Diagnostics • Disease surveillance • Epidemiology • Disease management • Host plant resistance International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 3. Field Diagnostics International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 4. Increase awareness • To farmers? What do I do? International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 5. Increase awareness to farmers of disease symptoms and methods of control luganda runyankole International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 6. Field Mobile plant clinics • direct help to growers • surveillance of common and emerging diseases • gathers demand for control technologies • determines impact of control technologies International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 7. Mobile plant clinics Monitoring of common and emerging diseases and efficacy of control methods International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 8. Disease surveillance: IITA / NARO / Grameen • Pilot disease surveillance study using SMS phone technology and community knowledge workers for BXW and BBTD • Provide 2 way communication between science (diagnosis and control) and practice (grower’s observations and needs) • Collate survey data (incidence and surveillance) for use by government for contingency planning to control diseases and safeguard trade • To be out-scaled to increased number of districts and to cover all banana diseases (and hopefully for other crops towards providing a bidirectional extension service operated by e.g. NAADS) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 9. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 10. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 11. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 12. Diagnostics: Semi-selective media Semi-selective media Non-selective YPGA Selective CCA Selective YTS-CC Mwangi et al. 2007 Tripathi et al. 2007 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 13. Molecular Diagnostics • PCR detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum in banana. – Specific and sensitive primers • PCR was used to monitor the movement of Xcm along banana pseudostem of a mother plant and its associated suckers. Adikini et al. 2008 Adikini 2009, Master Thesis International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 14. Field to lab samples for diagnostics • Sample collection • FTA • 2 minute extraction • PhytoPass sticks • Silica gel International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 15. Banana Xanthomonas Wilt in Kagera district, Tanzania International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 16. Status of BXW • Survey of BXW incidence - C3P project • Developing GIS based tool for forecasting disease spread patterns, diagnosing epidemic phase and response framework guide • C3P data presented as GIS output to predict impact of BXW on risk to food security and income generation Uganda: annual losses of 70 - 200 million US $ 2-3 % of GDP Uganda: annual losses of 70 - 200 Burundi and Rwanda: million US $ predicted 100 million US $ 2-3 % of GDP Burundi and Rwanda: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 17. Understanding BXW transmission for appropriate management Main insects involved: Honey bee, stingless bees, wasps, drosophilids, Chloropids (internally and externally) Inoculum Source: bunch (ooze, nectar, sap, fruits) Transmission: male bud and female inflorescence Distance: transmission of low inoculum quantities at 250m with only 0.4% diseased plants Bee Propolis: Presence of bacteria and chemical compound against Xcm Drosophilids on sick fingers Stingless bees Honey Bees Wasps Symptom due to insects and small birds International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 18. Understanding BXW transmission for appropriate management Alternative crops: flowering of palm trees affects bees’ presence/absence Escaping factors: Nectar presence, quantity/quality; bract and flower persistence Altitude: No differences found in insect composition and abundance between 1000masl and 2000masl in DRC Latent inoculation: banana can successfully grow to maturity when only relatively low inoculum is transmitted and also through vertical transmission Coloration: virulent but orange Xcm colonies are obtained from latent cases Field recovery: sick fields can be recovered if new infections are avoided Recovering Field in DRC International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 19. IITA’s contribution to NARO led ASARECA project with collaborators from Kenya and DRC • Generate knowledge on wilt escape trait in relation to cultivars, seasonality and agroecology • GIS based tool for forecasting disease spread patterns, diagnosing epidemic phase and response framework guide • Developing improved cost effective tools for lab and field diagnosis of BXW • Variability of Xanthomonas campetsris pv. musacearum • Fallow period before replanting in BXW infested field • Assess and manage risk of cross border BXW spread through trade • Improving disinfecting technologies for pruning tools International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 20. Technologies to support replanting Adjustments in planting practices can help to avoid effect of Xcm in residues and soil Corm cured for 2-3 days after paring is less susceptible Unpared corm Pared corm have wounds, are more suscept TC plants Top soil Subsoil No root injuries avoid Less Xcm Mwangi et al. 2007 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 21. Effect of Potassium Nutrition on BXW • Increased potassium availability for banana reduced disease incidence. Use of potassium rich mulch are recommended for testing in field conditions BXW symptoms on FHIA 17 grown on 0.1K (a), 0.5K (b), 1K (c) and 2K (d) and on a Kayinja grown on 0.1K (f), 0.5K (g), 1K (h) b c d e and 2K (i). Controls (e) and (j) were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Atim et al. 2008 f g h i j International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 22. Germplasm Screening • Screening of germplasm for resistance to BXW started in Uganda in 2003 • No resistance varieties International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 23. Rapid Technique for Screening Banana Cultivars for Resistance to Xanthomonas Wilt • An in vitro screening method was developed using small tissue culture grown plantlets. • Significant differences was observed in susceptibility among the various banana cultivars. • No significant difference in pathogenicity was observed between the pathogen isolates. Tripathi et al. 2008 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 24. Characterization of diversity of Xcm • Genetic homogeneity among Ugandan isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum revealed by RAPD analysis. • No significant difference in pathogenicity. Odipio 2008, M.Sc. Thesis Odipio et al. 2009 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 25. Development of BXW resistant varieties • PFLP (plant ferredoxin-like protein) or HRAP (HR assisting protein) from sweet pepper. – Collaboration with NARO & AATF – Licence/FTO for genes – Hundred of lines generated – Molecular analysis • PCR & Southern blotting • RT-PCR & Northern blotting – Promising results under lab. conditions – Planning for CFT R4D Review 2008 Namukwaya et al. 2008 Tripathi et al. 2009 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 26. CONCLUSIONS • The recommended measures for BXW management involve a mixture of approaches combining exclusion, eradication, host resistance, and protection. • Although much of the emphasis on BXW has focused on management options based on information on other bacterial wilt diseases, more basic and strategic information on the pathogen is required. • Some countries such as Uganda and Tanzania have achieved remarkable success in containing the impact of the disease through a mix of various management approaches. • The development of disease resistant banana cultivars remains a high priority because farmers are reluctant to employ labor-intensive disease control measures. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 27. Acknowledgements • Partners/Collaborators • Funding support – NARO- Uganda – Gatsby Charitable – KARI- Kenya Foundation – ARD- Tanzania – CRS – INERA- DR Congo – USAID – IRAZ/ISABU- – BecA/CIDA Burundi – DFID – ISAR- Rwanda – AATF – Makerere University – CIALCA – Academia Sinica, – IITA Taiwan – Bioversity – FAO – ARIs – AATF International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 28. IITA’s contribution to NARO led ASARECA project with collaborators from Kenya and DRC • Generate knowledge on wilt escape trait in relation to cultivars, seasonality and agroecology • GIS based tool for forecasting disease spread patterns, diagnosing epidemic phase and response framework guide • Developing improved cost effective tools for lab and field diagnosis of BXW • Variability of Xanthomonas campetsris pv. musacearum • Fallow period before replanting in BXW infested field • Assess and manage risk of cross border BXW spread through trade • Improving disinfecting technologies for pruning tools Dynamic reporting – use of updated PRA? International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 29. • To extension, researchers & policy makers International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 30. A PRA is a dynamic document that states current knowledge and how this relates to risk A PRA poses key questions on extension, research and policy needs A PRA provides the framework for contingency planning International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 31. A PRA provides an assessment of: • efficacy of control options, varieties, husbandry practices • gaps in knowledge and the uncertainty these presents • risk of entry, establishment and spread across PRA area • consequence, in terms of economics, environmental and social impact International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 32. Questions, comments, discussion? International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org