Yes, most village processing groups are processing regularly. Out of a total of 23 village processing groups in the southern zone of Tanzania, 17 (74%) were found to be processing regularly in 2009. While 6 groups (26%) were not processing regularly, the majority had established regular processing.
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Breakout Session 4: Food Safety
Peter J. Cotty, University of Arizona and Ranajit Bandyopadhyay presentation
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on July 25, 2019 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Delivering new sorghum and finger millet innovations for food security and im...ILRI
Presented by Prof. Masresha Fetene, Principal Investigator, Addis Ababa University at the Launching of Bio-Innovate Programme, ILRI, Nairobi, 16 March 2011.
IITA R4D activities in southern Africa,Leadership & setting strategic direction of research programs,Cowpea production and commercialization challenges,Soybean utilization,Maize germplasm for southern Africa
Dryland Cereals - Presentation for Discussion with Donors and Partners - June...CGIAR
This document provides an overview of the CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Cereals, which focuses on improving food security, nutrition, and economic growth for vulnerable populations in dryland regions. The program targets four cereals - barley, finger millet, pearl millet, and sorghum - in key producing regions in Africa and Asia. It will deliver improved varieties and management practices for these cereals through seven product lines and five strategic components. The expected impacts over 10 years include a 16% increase in dryland cereal production, $1.3 billion in income benefits, and improved nutrition for over 34 million people.
Analysis of pesticide use in cocoa production in obafemi owode local governme...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes pesticide use by cocoa farmers in Obafemi Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. It finds that cocoa production is important economically but has declined due to pests and diseases. Pesticides are necessary to control these issues but can also pose health risks. The study examines pesticide use levels and related socioeconomic factors through surveys of 50 cocoa farmers. It identifies common pesticides used, factors influencing use levels, and problems associated with pesticide use. The study aims to provide recommendations to improve pesticide use and cocoa productivity while mitigating health risks to farmers.
The world is flat. In this era of globalization, countries are forging partnerships to remain competitive in terms of trade, revenue, inputs and security. The same is needed for sustaining agriculture also. We look at how such partnerships can be leveraged for promoting Indian agribusiness ventures to new horizons and domains through trade opportunities at Africa, EU etc.
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Breakout Session 4: Food Safety
Peter J. Cotty, University of Arizona and Ranajit Bandyopadhyay presentation
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on July 25, 2019 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Delivering new sorghum and finger millet innovations for food security and im...ILRI
Presented by Prof. Masresha Fetene, Principal Investigator, Addis Ababa University at the Launching of Bio-Innovate Programme, ILRI, Nairobi, 16 March 2011.
IITA R4D activities in southern Africa,Leadership & setting strategic direction of research programs,Cowpea production and commercialization challenges,Soybean utilization,Maize germplasm for southern Africa
Dryland Cereals - Presentation for Discussion with Donors and Partners - June...CGIAR
This document provides an overview of the CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Cereals, which focuses on improving food security, nutrition, and economic growth for vulnerable populations in dryland regions. The program targets four cereals - barley, finger millet, pearl millet, and sorghum - in key producing regions in Africa and Asia. It will deliver improved varieties and management practices for these cereals through seven product lines and five strategic components. The expected impacts over 10 years include a 16% increase in dryland cereal production, $1.3 billion in income benefits, and improved nutrition for over 34 million people.
Analysis of pesticide use in cocoa production in obafemi owode local governme...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes pesticide use by cocoa farmers in Obafemi Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. It finds that cocoa production is important economically but has declined due to pests and diseases. Pesticides are necessary to control these issues but can also pose health risks. The study examines pesticide use levels and related socioeconomic factors through surveys of 50 cocoa farmers. It identifies common pesticides used, factors influencing use levels, and problems associated with pesticide use. The study aims to provide recommendations to improve pesticide use and cocoa productivity while mitigating health risks to farmers.
The world is flat. In this era of globalization, countries are forging partnerships to remain competitive in terms of trade, revenue, inputs and security. The same is needed for sustaining agriculture also. We look at how such partnerships can be leveraged for promoting Indian agribusiness ventures to new horizons and domains through trade opportunities at Africa, EU etc.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) 15th Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Forum and Product Exhibition Seminar Series on August 15, 2019 at BAR Grounds, cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
This document summarizes strategies for pre- and post-harvest management of aflatoxin in food crops. It discusses how aflatoxin contamination occurs before and after crop maturity due to factors like insect damage, drought, and humidity. It then outlines management strategies including host plant resistance, insect control, biocontrol use of Aflasafe, and post-harvest practices like drying, storage, and sorting. Aflasafe application in multiple countries has shown reductions in aflatoxin of over 80% at harvest and in storage. The conclusion emphasizes applying an integrated approach of Aflasafe use along with best agricultural and storage practices.
6.4 agri food industry and its unsustainabilityvezzoliDSS
The document discusses the unsustainability of the current agri-food system and food production-consumption chain. It identifies several key issues:
1. Farmers are under pressure and losing power as food production has become industrialized and consolidated in few large processors and retailers.
2. Unhealthy consumption trends in industrialized nations include overconsumption of processed foods and declining meal preparation times.
3. The system has high environmental impacts from intensive agriculture, long transport distances, and large food losses from the farm to consumer. Biodiversity and natural resources are threatened.
4. Ensuring access to healthy, affordable food for all people worldwide while respecting cultural traditions and establishing fair trade relationships poses socio
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) 14th Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Forum and Product Exhibition Seminar Series on August 31, 2018 at Megatrade Hall 2, SM Megamall, Mandaluyong City
The document summarizes presentations and technologies seen at Agritech 2015 in Tel Aviv, Israel. It describes Israeli companies and research organizations showcasing agricultural machinery, sensors for monitoring cow health, fruit and vegetable packaging solutions, banana tissue culture, drought-resistant crops, and post-harvest technologies like edible coatings to extend shelf life. It also notes observations in Israel like widespread use of drip irrigation, mechanized farming, and growing crops in high salinity soil near the Dead Sea.
Level of oil palm production mechanization in selected local government areas...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the level of mechanization in oil palm production and processing in Oyo and Osun States, Nigeria. It reveals that pre-planting operations like land preparation, planting, and post-planting activities receive very little mechanization, relying mainly on manual labor. Harvesting is completely done by hand as well. Palm oil extraction has about 30% mechanization from a few mills. Kernel cracking and palm kernel oil extraction have 50% mechanization. The overall level of mechanization, especially in early stages, is concluded to be very low. Agricultural engineers need to develop appropriate machinery to address this.
Alternatives to improve field AI delivery system to enhance beef and dairy sy...ILRI
Presented by Asrat Tera at the IPMS Workshop on Alternatives for Improving Field AI Delivery System to Enhance Beef and Dairy Production in Ethiopia, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 24-25 August 2011
Assessment of grain storage technologies for effective marketing in sustainin...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed grain storage technologies used by traders in Southwest Nigeria to support the country's food security program. The study surveyed 120 rural and urban traders across 3 states. It found that traders preferred recommended modern storage technologies except silos. Only sacks were preferred from traditional storage methods. Key factors influencing the use of modern technologies included attributes of the technologies and communication. There were significant relationships between usage and quantity of grains stored, experience, and education level, but not age or income. Rural and urban traders did not differ significantly in their usage of recommended technologies. The study recommended improving outreach to traders through training and communication channels to promote better storage practices.
Overview of International Livestock Research (ILRI) activities in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Siboniso Moyo at a Consultative Meeting on Strengthening CGIAR - EARS partnerships for effective agricultural transformation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 4–5 December 2014
The document discusses India's advantages in agriculture such as diverse climates and abundant arable land, and its leading global production of many fruits and vegetables. It outlines issues with the current supply chain such as fragmented land holdings and lack of infrastructure and post-harvest technology. It proposes solutions like contract farming, cluster approaches, and implementing supply chain management practices to improve competitiveness through quality, cost reductions, and supplying products just in time.
The document discusses a study on the perception of quality in yam landraces among value chain actors in yam producing areas of Nigeria. It finds that Faketsa, Igum, Opoko, and Ushu are the most commonly cultivated varieties for pounded yam and yam flour production. Yam flour is typically processed from fresh yams through washing, peeling, cutting, drying, and grinding. Smoothness and mouldability are key factors in accepting pounded yam and yam fufu. The study recommends further research on Faketsa's qualities for pounded yam and yam flour to aid variety selection for these products.
Impact of Phragmanthera capitata (Sprenge.) Balle on pod and beans production...Innspub Net
Theobroma cacao L. known as cocoa plant is a cash crop for all producing countries, and a significant source of income for agricultural families. In Cameroon, cocoa production is threatened by parasitic vascular plants belong to Loranthaceae. Among those parasitic vascular plants Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle is the most abundant species. This parasitic plant causes severe damages to cocoa plants in Nkoemvone seed fields. The main purpose of this research was to find out if Phragmanthera capitata attack has an impact on the number and weight of pods produced. The experiment was done on two cocoa clones SNK 64 and UPA 143 from 2016 to 2018.Student t test was used to compare the production of pods, the weight of pods; the number of beans produced per pod as well as their weight between parasitized and non-parasitized cocoa plants. A total of 1280 cocoa plants belonging to all cocoa clones in the area were randomly selected and divided into two groups, parasitized and non-parasitized cocoa plants. The study results indicated the number of cocoa plants without pods in parasitized cocoa plants (468 cocoa plants , 73.12% in 2016; 468 cocoa plants, 73.12% in 2017 and 479 cocoa plants, 74.84% in 2018; c2= 0.650; ddl = 2 and p = 0.7312) is higher than the number of cocoa plants without pods in non-parasitized ones (265 cocoa plants, 41.41% in 2016; 243 cocoa plants 37.96% in 2017 and 231 cocoa plants, 36.09% in 2018; c2= 3.925; ddl = 2 and p = 0.139). Concerning the number of beans produced by pods, the results revealed that there is no significant difference between parasitized cocoa and non-parasitized ones.
The document summarizes discussions from an ICAR industry meet on agricultural technologies and partnerships. It outlines strategies to reduce agricultural risks through ecological, financial, social and technical approaches. It also describes various public-private partnership models and technologies that have increased farm incomes and production, including hybrid crops, dairy and fisheries techniques, value addition processes, renewable energy, and diagnostics. The document advocates for further commercialization, entrepreneurship training, and international collaborations to accelerate agricultural growth.
1. The study evaluated the quality attributes of cookies flavored with Aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) as a substitute for vanilla. 2. Results showed that increasing the substitution level of Aidan for vanilla increased proximate nutrients but decreased carbohydrates and energy. 3. Cookies with 75% Aidan substitution had similar taste and crispness to the 100% vanilla cookie but were most acceptable overall to consumers.
The document provides guidance on conducting sales calls with different types of customers. It outlines questions to ask and information to gather from painting contractors, institutions/commercial customers, and owners/specifiers. For each customer type, the document lists questions in several categories: what type of work they need, products used, organization structure, future plans, and more. The guidance is meant to help sales representatives thoroughly understand customer needs and identify opportunities to improve sales performance.
The document discusses the causes and measurement of poverty in the United States. It defines poverty thresholds as income levels below which a family cannot meet its basic needs, which vary by family size. Factors that contribute to poverty include lack of education, unemployment, low wages, discrimination, economic shifts eliminating manufacturing jobs, increased rates of single-parent households, and lack of skills needed in a changing economy. The document encourages students to research in-demand skills and degrees for the next decade to avoid economic hardship.
The document outlines a concept for an ideal village that includes the following key elements:
1) A school that also functions as an internet kiosk to provide education and connectivity to residents.
2) Residential housing located near the school.
3) A water filtration system that vaporizes water to remove impurities and uses waste heat from a power machine to operate.
4) A medical center equipped with basic amenities to serve residents.
This document summarizes key locations and institutions in the village of Troyany. It describes the village as small but beautiful, and highlights the summer stage where memorable events are held. It also mentions the Palace of Culture for entertainment, a school, sports ground, library, shop, river with fish and birds, post office, medical center, agricultural office, grain elevator, kindergarten, and feed milling plant as important places in the village. The document expresses pride in the Bulgarian heritage of the village and love for Troyany.
1. The document discusses poverty in India through the stories of two families - Ram Saran, a daily wage laborer in Jharkhand, and Lakha Singh, a landless farmer in Uttar Pradesh.
2. It outlines the multi-dimensional nature of poverty, which includes lack of food, healthcare, education, and stable income or employment.
3. The government of India has implemented various anti-poverty programs focused on employment generation, food security, and self-employment schemes. However, reducing poverty remains a significant challenge due to disparities between rural and urban areas.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) 15th Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Forum and Product Exhibition Seminar Series on August 15, 2019 at BAR Grounds, cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
This document summarizes strategies for pre- and post-harvest management of aflatoxin in food crops. It discusses how aflatoxin contamination occurs before and after crop maturity due to factors like insect damage, drought, and humidity. It then outlines management strategies including host plant resistance, insect control, biocontrol use of Aflasafe, and post-harvest practices like drying, storage, and sorting. Aflasafe application in multiple countries has shown reductions in aflatoxin of over 80% at harvest and in storage. The conclusion emphasizes applying an integrated approach of Aflasafe use along with best agricultural and storage practices.
6.4 agri food industry and its unsustainabilityvezzoliDSS
The document discusses the unsustainability of the current agri-food system and food production-consumption chain. It identifies several key issues:
1. Farmers are under pressure and losing power as food production has become industrialized and consolidated in few large processors and retailers.
2. Unhealthy consumption trends in industrialized nations include overconsumption of processed foods and declining meal preparation times.
3. The system has high environmental impacts from intensive agriculture, long transport distances, and large food losses from the farm to consumer. Biodiversity and natural resources are threatened.
4. Ensuring access to healthy, affordable food for all people worldwide while respecting cultural traditions and establishing fair trade relationships poses socio
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) 14th Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Forum and Product Exhibition Seminar Series on August 31, 2018 at Megatrade Hall 2, SM Megamall, Mandaluyong City
The document summarizes presentations and technologies seen at Agritech 2015 in Tel Aviv, Israel. It describes Israeli companies and research organizations showcasing agricultural machinery, sensors for monitoring cow health, fruit and vegetable packaging solutions, banana tissue culture, drought-resistant crops, and post-harvest technologies like edible coatings to extend shelf life. It also notes observations in Israel like widespread use of drip irrigation, mechanized farming, and growing crops in high salinity soil near the Dead Sea.
Level of oil palm production mechanization in selected local government areas...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the level of mechanization in oil palm production and processing in Oyo and Osun States, Nigeria. It reveals that pre-planting operations like land preparation, planting, and post-planting activities receive very little mechanization, relying mainly on manual labor. Harvesting is completely done by hand as well. Palm oil extraction has about 30% mechanization from a few mills. Kernel cracking and palm kernel oil extraction have 50% mechanization. The overall level of mechanization, especially in early stages, is concluded to be very low. Agricultural engineers need to develop appropriate machinery to address this.
Alternatives to improve field AI delivery system to enhance beef and dairy sy...ILRI
Presented by Asrat Tera at the IPMS Workshop on Alternatives for Improving Field AI Delivery System to Enhance Beef and Dairy Production in Ethiopia, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 24-25 August 2011
Assessment of grain storage technologies for effective marketing in sustainin...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed grain storage technologies used by traders in Southwest Nigeria to support the country's food security program. The study surveyed 120 rural and urban traders across 3 states. It found that traders preferred recommended modern storage technologies except silos. Only sacks were preferred from traditional storage methods. Key factors influencing the use of modern technologies included attributes of the technologies and communication. There were significant relationships between usage and quantity of grains stored, experience, and education level, but not age or income. Rural and urban traders did not differ significantly in their usage of recommended technologies. The study recommended improving outreach to traders through training and communication channels to promote better storage practices.
Overview of International Livestock Research (ILRI) activities in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Siboniso Moyo at a Consultative Meeting on Strengthening CGIAR - EARS partnerships for effective agricultural transformation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 4–5 December 2014
The document discusses India's advantages in agriculture such as diverse climates and abundant arable land, and its leading global production of many fruits and vegetables. It outlines issues with the current supply chain such as fragmented land holdings and lack of infrastructure and post-harvest technology. It proposes solutions like contract farming, cluster approaches, and implementing supply chain management practices to improve competitiveness through quality, cost reductions, and supplying products just in time.
The document discusses a study on the perception of quality in yam landraces among value chain actors in yam producing areas of Nigeria. It finds that Faketsa, Igum, Opoko, and Ushu are the most commonly cultivated varieties for pounded yam and yam flour production. Yam flour is typically processed from fresh yams through washing, peeling, cutting, drying, and grinding. Smoothness and mouldability are key factors in accepting pounded yam and yam fufu. The study recommends further research on Faketsa's qualities for pounded yam and yam flour to aid variety selection for these products.
Impact of Phragmanthera capitata (Sprenge.) Balle on pod and beans production...Innspub Net
Theobroma cacao L. known as cocoa plant is a cash crop for all producing countries, and a significant source of income for agricultural families. In Cameroon, cocoa production is threatened by parasitic vascular plants belong to Loranthaceae. Among those parasitic vascular plants Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle is the most abundant species. This parasitic plant causes severe damages to cocoa plants in Nkoemvone seed fields. The main purpose of this research was to find out if Phragmanthera capitata attack has an impact on the number and weight of pods produced. The experiment was done on two cocoa clones SNK 64 and UPA 143 from 2016 to 2018.Student t test was used to compare the production of pods, the weight of pods; the number of beans produced per pod as well as their weight between parasitized and non-parasitized cocoa plants. A total of 1280 cocoa plants belonging to all cocoa clones in the area were randomly selected and divided into two groups, parasitized and non-parasitized cocoa plants. The study results indicated the number of cocoa plants without pods in parasitized cocoa plants (468 cocoa plants , 73.12% in 2016; 468 cocoa plants, 73.12% in 2017 and 479 cocoa plants, 74.84% in 2018; c2= 0.650; ddl = 2 and p = 0.7312) is higher than the number of cocoa plants without pods in non-parasitized ones (265 cocoa plants, 41.41% in 2016; 243 cocoa plants 37.96% in 2017 and 231 cocoa plants, 36.09% in 2018; c2= 3.925; ddl = 2 and p = 0.139). Concerning the number of beans produced by pods, the results revealed that there is no significant difference between parasitized cocoa and non-parasitized ones.
The document summarizes discussions from an ICAR industry meet on agricultural technologies and partnerships. It outlines strategies to reduce agricultural risks through ecological, financial, social and technical approaches. It also describes various public-private partnership models and technologies that have increased farm incomes and production, including hybrid crops, dairy and fisheries techniques, value addition processes, renewable energy, and diagnostics. The document advocates for further commercialization, entrepreneurship training, and international collaborations to accelerate agricultural growth.
1. The study evaluated the quality attributes of cookies flavored with Aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) as a substitute for vanilla. 2. Results showed that increasing the substitution level of Aidan for vanilla increased proximate nutrients but decreased carbohydrates and energy. 3. Cookies with 75% Aidan substitution had similar taste and crispness to the 100% vanilla cookie but were most acceptable overall to consumers.
The document provides guidance on conducting sales calls with different types of customers. It outlines questions to ask and information to gather from painting contractors, institutions/commercial customers, and owners/specifiers. For each customer type, the document lists questions in several categories: what type of work they need, products used, organization structure, future plans, and more. The guidance is meant to help sales representatives thoroughly understand customer needs and identify opportunities to improve sales performance.
The document discusses the causes and measurement of poverty in the United States. It defines poverty thresholds as income levels below which a family cannot meet its basic needs, which vary by family size. Factors that contribute to poverty include lack of education, unemployment, low wages, discrimination, economic shifts eliminating manufacturing jobs, increased rates of single-parent households, and lack of skills needed in a changing economy. The document encourages students to research in-demand skills and degrees for the next decade to avoid economic hardship.
The document outlines a concept for an ideal village that includes the following key elements:
1) A school that also functions as an internet kiosk to provide education and connectivity to residents.
2) Residential housing located near the school.
3) A water filtration system that vaporizes water to remove impurities and uses waste heat from a power machine to operate.
4) A medical center equipped with basic amenities to serve residents.
This document summarizes key locations and institutions in the village of Troyany. It describes the village as small but beautiful, and highlights the summer stage where memorable events are held. It also mentions the Palace of Culture for entertainment, a school, sports ground, library, shop, river with fish and birds, post office, medical center, agricultural office, grain elevator, kindergarten, and feed milling plant as important places in the village. The document expresses pride in the Bulgarian heritage of the village and love for Troyany.
1. The document discusses poverty in India through the stories of two families - Ram Saran, a daily wage laborer in Jharkhand, and Lakha Singh, a landless farmer in Uttar Pradesh.
2. It outlines the multi-dimensional nature of poverty, which includes lack of food, healthcare, education, and stable income or employment.
3. The government of India has implemented various anti-poverty programs focused on employment generation, food security, and self-employment schemes. However, reducing poverty remains a significant challenge due to disparities between rural and urban areas.
The document summarizes the story of a 6-year-old boy from a poor village in China who overcame difficulties to found Winalite, a successful company that produces sanitary napkins and other products. Some key details are that he started a small business as a child that grew successfully, he is now the chairman and founder of Winalite, which has a large production capacity and was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. The company utilizes a multi-level marketing model to achieve global growth.
The document discusses various social and economic factors related to poverty in India. It outlines groups that are most vulnerable to poverty such as scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, rural agricultural laborers, and urban casual laborers. It also discusses various government programs and schemes aimed at poverty alleviation in India such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, and Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana. The poverty line in India is based on minimum levels of consumption needed for basic needs such as food, clothing, and medical care.
An undeveloped village can become developed if it has facilities like good roads, transportation, electricity, irrigation, educational and health centers, modern farming methods, sufficient water and fuel, hygiene, shops, small manufacturing, banks, market access, storage, communication, government offices, and labor. Developing villages helps realize rights like equality, freedom from exploitation, religion, education, information, and constitutional remedies. Examples of rural development programs include building roads, highways, treating leprosy and tuberculosis, addressing cataract blindness, empowering the poor, reclaiming lands, improving crops and incomes, credit programs, renewable energy, and local dispute resolution.
This document contains photos and descriptions from a trip to a village in Thailand. It shows various aspects of daily life, including villagers making crafts and tools like hats, fans, and spoons from coconut shells. Photos also depict religious symbols, homes made of wood that appear unstable, farming activities like drying clothes and fishing, and livestock like chickens, ducks, cows, and dogs. The document provides a glimpse into the lives and customs of people in the Thai village.
This document discusses poverty and the organization Free The Children. It defines poverty as having little money or resources. Free The Children was founded in 1995 to help prevent child labor and support rural communities through projects providing education, healthcare, jobs, clean water, and sanitation. Some key points made are:
- Free The Children operates in countries like Sierra Leone, Kenya, China and Sri Lanka.
- Their "Adopt A Village" program builds schools, wells, and provides medical care and jobs.
- They have built over 650 schools educating 55,000 children daily and offer volunteer trips.
- An annual "We Day" event motivates youth to take action on issues through Free The Children campaigns.
This document defines unemployment and discusses its various types, causes, costs, measurement, and solutions. It defines unemployment as a situation where capable and willing workers cannot find employment. The main types of unemployment discussed are frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal unemployment. Causes of unemployment mentioned include population growth, lack of job opportunities, seasonal factors, and slow industry development. Costs of unemployment include individual financial issues and societal underutilization of resources. Unemployment is typically measured by calculating the unemployment rate as a percentage of the unemployed workforce versus the total labor force. Proposed solutions include changing investment patterns, encouraging small businesses, subsidizing employment, and reorienting education.
This document discusses linen and laundry services in hospitals. It provides information on the importance of linen, types of linen used, laundry workflow, objectives of laundry services, types of laundry systems, activities involved, facilities and equipment required. It outlines staffing patterns, linen requirements, policies and procedures for effective linen and laundry management in hospitals. The key points are that linen services aim to provide clean linen for patient comfort and safety while preventing infections, different areas have specific linen needs, and setting up proper facilities, equipment, staffing and processes is important for meeting linen demands.
Similar to Exploring best options for the inclusion of rural poor in cassava value chain: lessons from small-scale cassava processing in East and Southern Africa
The document discusses the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) project, which aims to promote the use of hermetic storage bags (PICS bags) for storing cowpeas in West and Central Africa. The project plans to reach 50% of cowpea storage in the region using non-chemical hermetic methods by 2012. It outlines the project's approach of training farmers, demonstrating the technology, and ensuring bag availability. It also provides examples of project activities in Nigeria, including demonstrations held in villages, and research to evaluate the technology's effectiveness under farmers' conditions.
This document discusses adding value to research through integrated crop-livestock research. It notes that crop-livestock farmers make up the majority of rural poor and integrated systems can improve sustainability, food/nutrition security and income. The document outlines how research can add value by better utilizing crop residues for livestock feed. It provides examples of research experiments looking at the effects of sheep stocking rates and nitrogen fertilizer on maize yields, and the impact of cowpea population on manure quality. The document proposes an evaluation scheme to select crops for food-feed and analyze crop residue quality/use. It recommends establishing a research group and partnership to better coordinate multi-disciplinary crop-livestock research going forward.
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) conducts agricultural research for development across Africa. [1] Over 70% of IITA's work has positively impacted the food security and livelihoods of over 500 million people. [2] IITA works to address challenges like low agricultural productivity and incomes, food insecurity, and malnutrition through research programs on staple and tree crops, integrated pest management, and more. [3] IITA partners with countries across Africa to develop improved varieties, management practices, and technologies to boost crop quality, yields, and farmer profits in a sustainable manner.
Introduction on Regional Research Networks (RRN),Key products of RRN,The case of Southern Africa Root & tuber crops Research network (SARRNET),Challenges and difficulties of setting up/running RRN
This document summarizes progress in developing cassava varieties resistant to Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) and Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) in eastern Africa. It discusses the importance of cassava as a food crop in Tanzania and the challenges of low yields from pests, diseases, and poor farming practices. It describes the symptoms and impacts of CMD and CBSD, as well as breeding efforts to develop resistant varieties through interspecific hybridization and selection. Promising resistant varieties identified through field trials are discussed. The need for further research on resistance mechanisms and genetic improvement through hybridization is also noted.
Coffee Banana Intercropping: An Intimate Relationship with Triple WinsDennis Ochola
Coffee-Banana Intercropping is a climate-smart agricultural practice based on indigenous knowledge. It increases farmer incomes, improves resilience to climatic impacts, and sequesters higher amounts of carbon as opposed to monocropping systems. The practice also has positive effects for rural women and household nutrition.
The document discusses aflatoxin contamination in Africa and strategies to manage it. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that infect crops like maize and groundnuts. Studies show high levels of aflatoxins in staple crops across Africa, which poses risks to health and trade. Researchers are developing approaches like breeding resistant crop varieties, using atoxigenic biocontrol agents, and integrating management across the value chain to reduce contamination. Regional partnerships are needed to implement solutions and improve food safety.
Development and improvement of cassava source populations,Major Disease/Pest Constraints of Cassava,Agronomic characteristics, pest reactions of promising micronutrient-rich clones,Polyploid breeding for enhanced micronutrient content,Yam Genetic Improvement
Developing alternatives to cotton pesticides in Benin (Dutch Embassy in Benin),Impact of different control methods on bollworm numbers and cotton yield in Northern Benin,Development of delivery systems,Feasibility for IPM of cashew pests (BMZ):new challenges in insect ecology.
Increasing economic opportunities through sustainable and competitive cassava production, processing, marketing and enterprise development.
Reduce the impact of virulent cassava mosaic disease
Increase the productivity of cassava
Develop and expand post-harvest processing and marketing
Obstacle of meristem culture on yam,Development of meristem culture protocol for yam germplasm management,Healthy seed tuber production system on yam through vine propagation,Further direction for innovation to stabilize vine propagation on yams
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Seed trade environment in Ghana - Daniel Otungeb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
This document discusses strategies for developing smart agriculture in Thailand using new technologies. It outlines several key challenges facing Thai agriculture, including rising population and food demands, climate change impacts, and labor shortages. It then proposes using information and communication technologies (ICT) like sensors, drones, and mobile apps to address issues in crop production, quality assessment, risk reduction, knowledge empowerment, and more. Specific solutions outlined include precision farming systems, quality traceability tools, early warning systems, and advisory services. It emphasizes the need for collaboration between different groups and an approach called "Village that Learn" to facilitate local knowledge sharing and lifelong learning. The overall aim is to create smarter farmers and officers through appropriate technology integration.
Major Cassava Pests and Diseases in Africa,Bitoic processes and interactions,Biological control of cassava green mite in Africa,Plant characteristics affecting predator abundance and biocontrol of cassava green mite,Prey location behavior on hairy and glabrous plants,Plant characteristics affecting predator abundance and
biocontrol,How does soil fertility affect pest and disease incidence?
The document summarizes the work of Tropical Legumes II (TLII) to develop seed systems that maximize impact for poor farmers in drought-prone regions. TLII works with over 180 partners including research institutions, private sector companies, and farmer organizations. The goals are to increase production and productivity of grain legumes by 15% and have 30% of total area planted with improved varieties, potentially benefiting 57 million farmers. Activities focus on providing farmers access to drought-tolerant varieties, stimulating private sector involvement, and targeting projects to specific countries and crops. Impact will be measured through monitoring seed production, distribution, marketing, and other factors.
The document discusses banana breeding activities at IITA in three locations: Arusha, Tanzania; Sendusu/Namulonge, Uganda; and Ibadan, Nigeria. It focuses on breeding Mchare bananas in Arusha, Matooke bananas in Uganda, and plantains in Ibadan. The breeding objectives are to develop varieties with increased yield, earliness, plant stature, quality, and resistance to diseases and pests like black sigatoka and weevils. Conventional breeding is slow, so the program is adopting techniques like genomics, marker-assisted selection, and hybridization to speed up the process. Achievements include the development of 27 NARITA
This document provides information about the Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) Cassava Compact workshop held from January 22-24 at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. It summarizes the background of cassava production in sub-Saharan Africa, objectives of the compact, priority technologies, activities, outcomes, and collaborators. The objectives are to rapidly intensify cassava production through higher productivity, increased market demand, and an enabling policy environment to support private sector investment in cassava and processing. Expected outcomes include a 40% increase in cassava production and yields, and raising smallholder farmer incomes. Key collaborators are various national agricultural research institutions and the private sector
Similar to Exploring best options for the inclusion of rural poor in cassava value chain: lessons from small-scale cassava processing in East and Southern Africa (20)
(1) IITA is the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, established in 1967 and headquartered in Ibadan, Nigeria with 21 stations in 30 countries. (2) IITA adopted DataCite DOIs in 2017 through the British Library Consortium to create a trusted institutional data repository meeting FAIR data principles. (3) IITA mints DOIs through an automatic Python script integrating with its Cassavabase database, and manually through its Fabrica portal, to increase data visibility, citation, and improve data management practices.
This document summarizes Samwel Muiruri Kariuki's research at IITA Kenya on inducing early flowering in cassava. The document discusses two methods: using LED light supplementation to induce flowering within 4 months, compared to 10 months without light; and developing a CMV-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system to edit cassava genes in a virus-activated manner. Preliminary results show light supplementation significantly increased the number of flowering plants compared to the control. The researcher is working to assemble constructs using a CMV promoter to drive Cas9 expression and test them in Nicotiana benthamiana transformations. The goal is to create a virus-inducible gene editing system for cassava.
The document discusses methods for producing yam mother plants and cuttings for propagation. It describes selecting healthy mother plants with balanced nutrient content and avoiding nitrogen fertilizer before taking cuttings. Cuttings should contain a node, leaf, and stem pieces and be treated with fungicide before planting. With good management, cuttings can root within 10 days without hormones.
The document discusses conserving the Ibadan Malimbe, an endemic bird species found only in Nigeria that is endangered. It describes the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's (IITA) efforts to conserve the species, which include hosting an Important Bird Area, monitoring the bird population, restoring habitat, and raising awareness. IITA's research has found declining numbers of Ibadan Malimbe due to forest isolation, clearance for agriculture and development, competition with other species, and increased nest destruction, threatening the estimated 2,500 remaining individuals.
This document summarizes a study on identifying the preferences of cassava product ("gari") end users in Benue State, Nigeria. The study found that farmers preferred cassava varieties with heavy, long roots that are not rotten or woody, while processors preferred varieties with white, dry peeled roots and less water in the mash. Marketers and consumers preferred gari that is shiny, dry, heavy, sweet with no lumps or smooth and white in color. The preferences identified will help breeders develop new cassava varieties that meet the needs of all end users.
This document reports on a study that analyzed the chemical, functional, and pasting properties of flours produced from four varieties of unripe plantain. The objectives were to determine the chemical composition, functional properties, pasting properties, and color parameters of the different plantain flours. Materials and methods included obtaining four varieties of plantain, producing the flours using various processing steps, and analyzing the flours for moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, starch, sugar, minerals, functional properties using various tests, pasting properties using a rapid visco analyzer, and color parameters. The results showed differences between varieties in the measured properties, with some varieties having higher nutritional or functional qualities. The conclusions were that the
The document studied the effect of different drying methods on the carotenoid content of yellow maize varieties. It found that air drying maize grains under shade at 20°C was the most effective method for retaining carotenoids, as it exposed the grains to milder environmental conditions compared to sun drying and oven drying. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in carotenoid levels between drying methods and maize varieties. Air drying was recommended over other methods to preserve high pro-vitamin A content in maize grains.
This document summarizes a survey of dried plantain chip processors in Ondo State, Nigeria. It describes the background and methods used in the survey. Key findings include that most processors are women between the ages of 25-40 who view chip processing as difficult work. Common challenges included the time-consuming nature, pest infestation during storage, and weather issues during drying. The conclusion recommends addressing animal contamination during drying and limiting the use of toxic preservatives to improve product quality and safety.
The document examines the effect of crop diversification on food and nutrition security among smallholder farming households in Nigeria. It analyzes data from the 2015 Nigerian General Household Survey on 2,041 households. It finds that crop diversification has a positive impact on dietary diversity, increasing it by 10.9%, but negatively impacts subjective food security. However, households with greater crop diversification had a 53.8% higher likelihood of being food secure. The study thus concludes that while crop diversification improves nutrition, broader support is still needed for farming households to ensure food security.
The document summarizes a study on the apparent retention of carotenoids in ogi flour made from different provitamin A maize genotypes. It finds that PVA SYN HGBC0 showed the highest carotenoid and provitamin A retention after processing ogi flour, making it the best genotype studied for producing nutritious ogi. The study aims to establish how processing affects carotenoid levels in ogi, an important food in Nigeria, to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in children.
The document assessed the level of consumption of pro-vitamin A cassava products among rural households in Nigeria. It found low levels of consumption of products like tapioca, flakes, and vitamin-fortified baked goods. Consumption varied by state, with Akwa Ibom having the highest levels. It recommends increasing production of value-added products and nutritional education campaigns to boost consumption and reduce vitamin A deficiency.
Professor Janice Olawoye had a 38-year career as a Professor of Rural Sociology at the University of Ibadan, where she served in various administrative roles including Head of Department and Dean. She supervised 30 PhDs and many other students and published over 70 papers. Professor Olawoye also consulted for international development organizations and worked with IITA on workshops, advisory boards, and fellowship programs. She is married with four sons and six grandchildren.
inqaba Biotec is Africa's leading genomics company that aims to catalyze Africa's prosperity through genomics. It offers core services including oligonucleotide synthesis, DNA sequencing using ABI3130XL, ABI3500XL, and Illumina MiSeq platforms, SNP genotyping, bioinformatics, and molecular diagnostic solutions. inqaba Biotec works to address challenges African researchers face regarding logistics, technical know-how, cost, and support through its partnerships and local services. Its vision is to remain a leading genomics company in Africa.
Janice E. Olawoye presented on adaptation to climate change and indigenous and formal mitigation strategies. She discussed how climate change negatively impacts people through changes in weather patterns, threats to food security and health. Indigenous communities have adapted through practices like multiple cropping and migration. However, increased frequency and intensity of climate events requires more formal strategies like afforestation, drought-resistant crops, and early warning systems. Adaptation is needed to support livelihoods as traditional strategies are no longer sufficient. Gender must also be considered in climate policies and projects to address women's increased burdens. Individual actions like conserving resources and research can contribute to addressing this challenge.
The document discusses managing climate-driven biological risks through a One Health approach. It outlines strategies such as developing early warning and rapid response systems through a farmer interface app connected to pest forecasting tools. The document also discusses building capacity, especially among youth, on modeling species distributions under climate change scenarios. Climate change is expected to impact insect distributions and life cycles, threatening food security. An integrated approach considering human, animal, and ecosystem health is needed to address emerging risks.
The document discusses the importance of agriculture and food security research given changing weather patterns due to climate change. It notes that 30 students went to a bar, 20 to banks, leaving 10 for farming, but questions who will farm as the work is difficult. It encourages more research to develop crops that can grow in different seasons and conditions to ensure future food security for young people as climate change may impact current agricultural practices. The document concludes by emphasizing the critical role of farmers in providing food and calls for supporting the 22nd symposium of the International Association of Research Scholars in Agricultural and Food Sciences.
This study examined farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria and the resulting agrarian transformation among cassava farming households. The study found that 68% of cassava farmers were negatively affected by conflicts with herders. Many farmers who experienced conflicts took up non-farm employment as a way to sustain their livelihoods. The study recommends community-based interventions to reduce conflicts and their effects on de-agrarianization of the agricultural system.
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Exploring best options for the inclusion of rural poor in cassava value chain: lessons from small-scale cassava processing in East and Southern Africa
1. Women and children are here,
where are the men?
…., the task is too difficult for them
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
2. Exploring best options for the inclusion of
rural poor in cassava value chain: lessons
from small-scale cassava processing in
East and Southern Africa
Abass Adebayo
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
3. Importance of cassava in ESA
An ideal crop for food security
Stable yield even during harsh weather
Stores well underground
Suitable for piecemeal harvesting – Household food security
Many varieties (improved) are tolerant to diseases
An export crop in the past (Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda)
An up-and-coming industrial raw material (Zambia, Tanzania,
Madagascar)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
4. Production and yield, 2008
50.0
Production (million MT)
40.0
Yield (tons/ha)
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
FAOSTAT, 2011
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
5. Yield (tons/ha)
South-Eastern Asia 18.4
Southern Asia 31.6
Eastern Asia 16.3
South America 13.5
Africa 10.1
Western Africa 11.4
Central Africa 9.0
Eastern Africa 8.8
Southern Africa
Low yield = Lack of global competitiveness
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
6. Postharvest Issues
Postharvest methods
Pounding
Storage of harvested roots
Processing
1. Boiling/Roasting/Frying
2. Hand grating/pounding of fresh roots
3. Fermentation
Heap fermentation
Soaking Drying
4. Pounding of dried chips to flour
5. Sun-drying
Storage of dried cassava
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
7. Postharvest constraints
High labor input Drying
Long processing time
Small output
High postharvest loss
High contamination: poor quality & safety Pounding
Women do the hard work
Knowledge of processing machinery
fabrication – developing
Scale-up problems for processing/ lack of
examples for the private sector to follow.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
8. Factors contributing to poor quality & safety of products
Use of contaminated water, or lack of it, for processing .
Most fermentation practices promote fungi growth with
potential aflatoxins contamination and discoloration
Soaking Drying
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
9. Occasional inadequate processing methods
o Short-cuts
o Repeated use of soak water
Contamination during storage
Unhygienic handling, transportation and trading practices
Storage in the attics Handling
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
10. Low yield + high labor for processing
+
Poor product quality & safety
= Low market
price
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
11. Profitability of traditional cassava production and
processing in Tanzania
Southern zone Eastern zone Lake zone
150.0
100.0
US$/farmer/year
50.0
0.0
-50.0 Production Processing Production and
-100.0 Processing
-150.0
-200.0
to limit losses, farmers do not use hired labor and they allocate
land for cassava production based on available family labor
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
12. Farmers’ coping strategy : Cassava for food and less for cash
90
80
Tanzania
70
% 60
50
40 Food
30 Sale
20
10
0
Southern zone Eastern zone Lake zone
higher proportion of farm output is for home consumption
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
13. IITA’s Value Chain interventions:
Value chain activities through special projects:
Some examples:
2003 -2007: Small scale cassava processing project - Phase I
2004/2005: CIAT/IITA – Starch Project and Livelihoods project
2009-2010: UPoCA
2009-2011: CAVA
2009 – 2013: Small scale cassava processing project - Phase II
Formulate value addition interventions that utilize collective
action to correct scale- and knowledge-related market failures
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
14. Set-up value chain models…..
…..to investigate and develop a sequence of inter-linked
agents and markets to transform cassava into products with
attributes for which consumers are prepared to pay.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
15. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
16. Setting-up the laboratory……. Development?
Step 1: Partnership formation: NARES, selected beneficiaries/
actors along the value chain
Step 2: Value chain analysis and benchmarking
Step 3: Introduction of technologies or innovations through training
of value chain actors
End 1
Collecting the data…..… Research
Step 4: Monitoring of the value chain performance
Step 5: Evaluation or impact measurement 2
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
17. Issues of interest…..
how cassava can be used as input for food, feed and industrial
raw material ;
what factors are associated with its passage through several
marketing or supply channels, including its transformation?
how much and at which stage of the channels value is added
to it;
how the value can be maximized at the least possible total
cost for the competitive advantage of every chain actor?
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
18. Technology introduction : Machinery
Train and backstop equipment manufacturers in
machinery design and fabrication
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
19. Collective action for small-scale processing :
Introduce improved processing methods and related
technologies
Mechanized chipping, grating, pressing, starch extraction, raised area
drying.
Grating/Chipping/
Pressing Raised area drying Starch settling
High quality grits/flour Delivery for industrial use
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
20. Work with industries to increase technical possibility of cassava
use in industrial processes
Bread and other Pastries Large scale bakeries
Training and
In-factory
testing
of cassava
…to diversify
market options
for cassava
Paper/packaging
farmers Biscuit
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
21. Standards/certification (CRP2)
Partnerships with national food regulatory agencies to establish the
mechanisms for verifying to consumers the quality, food safety, and/or
production methods of cassava products. The following standards are
now operational in at least 7 countries
1. Fresh (Sweet)Cassava Roots – Specification
2. Dried Cassava Chips– Specification
3. Cassava Crisps –Specification
4. Composite Flour- Specification
5. Cassava Flour – Specification
6. Cassava Starch – Specification
7. Assay for Total Cyanogens
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
22. Assessment of quality and safety of products from mechanized
and traditional processing
Microbial quality compliance test in Tanzania, 2010
Microbial tests Values Tolerance Comment
levels*
Total plate count, cfu/g 6.7 x 104 -
Total coliforms, cfu/g 1.1 x 103 -
E. coli, cfu/g 9.3 x 101 Shall be absent Not compliant
Yeast and mould, cfu/g 2.6 x 103 103
Salmonella, cfu/g Not detected Shall be absent
Vibrio cholerea, cfu/ g Not detected -
*EAS 740:2010 & TZS 466: 2010 :- Cassava Flour – Specification
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
23. Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin in traditional cassava flour and chips,
2008-2009
Products tested Brazzaville, Congo Tanzania
Aflatoxin B1 Fumonisin Aflatoxin B1
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Cassava chips 0.35a 0.008a 0.28a
Cassava flour 0.31a 0.009a
Cassava chips: 4 0.89b
month- storage
Maize 1.07b 0.42b -
On-going: Assessment of quality and safety of products from
traditional and mechanized processing in Tanzania, Madagascar and
Zambia
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
24. Application of food quality and safety management measures
that prevent microbial and chemical contaminants
(CRP2/CRP3-RTB)
Assessment of 21 processing units in Tanzania, Malawi and
Mozambique for quality management practices……
Process control
1. Both low and high in cyanide varieties are processed: mild
processing techniques - chipping and quick drying may pose
safety risks
2. Water from rivers is used without pre-treatment.
3. Processing machines: graters and chipper, are made of mild steel
4. Weevil infestation problems during storage
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
25. Assessment of processing units ……
Hygiene
1. Sun-drying during wet seasons provides ample time for
multiplication of spoilage microorganisms.
2. Public service hammer mills contaminate cassava flour
3. Most processors lack good drainage systems
4. Processors do not have necessary cleaning and
sanitation tools.
5. No hand-washing facilities nor hygiene rules
6. Occasional weevil infestation during storage
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
26. Quality management guidelines for cassava and training of
processors
Quality management procedures or guidelines.
Control measures to prevent health hazards/quality defects
Good Manufacturing Practices
Good Hygienic Practices
Training on quality management
and compliance.
Processors and extension agents
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
27. Assessment of value chain and actors’ performance
Tanzania
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
28. Assessment of the technical efficiency and potential profitability
of the village processing units in Tanzania
Pilot site Labor use: Capacity Profitability- IRR
type man-day/ utilization/day of or NPV
processing-day operation(%)
Chips 4 59% 135%
Flour 1 19 48% -9806 US$
Flour 2 20 100% 77%
Starch 8 100% 91%
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
29. The challenges of small scale village processing, 2007-2008
Raw material supply
o Seasonal variation in availability and cost of fresh roots; non-
uniformity in quantity and quality.
Scale of technology
o Sun-drying was a major constraint - irregular processing, low
volumes & inconsistent quality
Poor image
o Cassava is a subject of many myths and half-truths
Infrastructure
o Limited access to water, bad roads, poor transport systems and
lack of processing equipment
Low purchasing power:
o Farmers can’t afford purchase ofAgriculture – Institut international low-cost credits
International Institute of Tropical machines; no d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
30. Determinants of profitability and overall success of village processing
units
o Ability to operate the plants at a high capacity utilization.
o Efficient use of inputs such as labor.
o Ability to maintain quality of products.
o Availability of sufficient raw material at low cost.
o Access to product market.
o Good managerial skills.
o Efficient support infrastructure (water, roads and
transport systems).
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
31. Potential market opportunities for cassava products
(tons/year)
HQCF Cassava Raw raw material
Country Chips for cassava supply
Feed equivalent as % of annual
production
Tanzania 47,500 45,000 370,000 6.0%
Madagasc 9,400 36,000 181,600 8.0%
ar
Zambia 7,720 45,000 210,900 22.0%
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
32. Processing machines
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Manual Chipper Powered Chipper
Grater Dewatering machine
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
33. Mechanized processing systems by zone
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
34. Categories of cassava value chain promoters
80
Number of 70
processing 60
machines 50
purchased 40
30
20
10
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
(Oct.)
Research Centers/Universities Dev. Agencies/NGOs
District Governments Private Sector/Farmers
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
35. Spread of mechanized village processing groups in Tanzania, 2010
2004:
< 8 village
processing groups
2010:
> 140 village
processing groups
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
36. Assessment of small scale village processing groups, 2009
Are the village processing groups processing regularly?
25
Southern zone of Tanzania, 2009
23
20
15 17
15
10
8 9
5 6 6 7 6
3 3 4
0
Mtwara Rural Newala Tandahimba Masasi
Village processing units (All) Processing regularly
Not processing regularly
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
37. Constraints of the village processing groups
Simply doing nothing
53 Village processing
No processing shed
units/groups
Market problems (none, far distance)
Machine problem (Old, poor, not installed)
No training
Poor skills (business, processing)
Competiton from fermented cassava
(makopa)
Water problems (expensive, limited access,
lack)
Group problems (disorganized, poor or lack
of commitment, bad or weak leadership)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
38. Assessment of mechanized processing versus traditional methods?
Profitability assessment using four different scenarios, 2009
350.0
300.0
250.0 81.3%
200.0 61.4%
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Selling price (US$/t) Costs (US$/t) % Profit
Local flour sold at factory gate HQCF delivered to end-users
Chips delivered to end-users Chips sold at factory gate
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
39. Market options for cassava in Tanzania, 2009
Cassava Products USD/ton
Rural villages Dried chips (Udaga) 27-133
Villages near cities Fresh cassava in the soil 10
Dried chips for animals 200
Dried chips for human 200-333
Cassava cuttings (500 pieces) 1
Processing centers
near the cities High Quality Cassava Chips 267
Farmers near Peeled roots at processing plant
processing centers gate 33
High Quality Cassava Flour
(HQCF) 333
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
40. Targeted scale-based market linkages among producers,
processors and end-users (CAVA)
Targeting market according to realizable capacities of the
smallholder actors in the value chain.
Village
End-users
Processors
Farmers
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
41. Training of 70 end-user industries in Malawi villages
Potential demand for hqcf = 488 tons/year
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
42. Training of end-user industries in Uganda villages
Potential demand for hqcf
= 1089 tons/year
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
43. Possible price for hqcf in Uganda on the basis
of 75% of the on-going price of wheat flour =
US$ 562-590/ton
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
44. On-going value chain activities & Future work
1. Linking smallholder producers to market (CRP2)
Standards/certification
o The impact of Standardization on product quality,
market access and livelihoods (On-going student study
with WU)
Conditions under which value chain innovations can lead to
tangible impacts on smallholders’ income and food security (In
collaboration with impact analysts - Nigeria, Tanzania,
Madagascar, Zambia)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
45. Additional studies
(a) Mechanisms by which change agents and smallholders
responded to the value chain innovations
(b) Conditions that favour adoption of the innovations
(c) Tangible impacts that accrued to the beneficiaries
(d) Conditioning factors and policies to promote stronger growth
in the processed cassava markets in ways that reduce
smallholder risks
(e) Best strategy for using hqcf to reduce the vulnerability of rural
and urban poor to the global cereal price volatility.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
46. HQCF supply chain development – Ongoing; with national
partners
Village processors & Local
Farmers End-Users
business groups Entrepreneurs
Out grower Intermediate
farmers processors 750 tons HQCF
per year
Out grower Intermediate Final
farmers processors processors
(Mechanical
Out grower Intermediate dryer)
farmers processors
Bread and biscuit bakers
Out grower Intermediate flour mills textile mills
farmers processors plywood & adhesive
factories breweries
supermarkets, etc
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
47. Selecting appropriate drying technologies
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
48. 2. Food quality and safety
Application of food quality and safety management
measures that prevent microbial and chemical contaminants
Unit operations responsible for mycotoxins contamination in
cassava products (On-going)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
49. 3. Prevention of food losses: the role of microbes in secondary
infection of CBSD infected roots
The role of microorganisms in post CBSD infection root
deterioration and effect on food quality and yield
o In collaboration with pathologists
4. Food Quality profiling of new germplasms including food yield and
starch properties
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org