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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Dipartimento di Tecnica e Gestione dei Sistemi Industriali
TESI DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN INGEGNERIA GESTIONALE
PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC METHODS
APPLIED TO CONJOINT ANALYSIS
Relatore: Ch.mo Prof. Luigi Salmaso
Correlatore: Ch.mo Prof. Devin Caughey
Correlatore: Ch.mo Prof. Teppei Yamamoto
Laureando: Paolo Balasso
Anno accademico 2015/2016
Index
INTRODUCTION OF CONJOINT ANALYSIS
data input and procedure
RATING CA
INTRODUCTION
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
PARAMETRIC CONJOINT ANALYSIS
Limits and shortcomings
Application to analyze a new patent
NONPARAMETRIC CONJOINT ANALYSIS
Average Marginal Treatment Effect
FWER Simulation
Parametric Bootstrap
Application to Food and Beverage Sector
Market Share EstimationSales forecasting
Applications
Partial-worths Estimation
Type of Conjoint analysis
CONJOINT ANALYSIS
RATING CA
INTRODUCTION
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
8 6 5
Data
required
Parametric
Statistic
procedures
METRIC CONJOINT
ANALYSIS
CHOICE-BASED
CONJOINT ANALYSIS
Ratings or
rankings
Choices within
profiles
K-way-Anova,
Multiple regression
Multinomial
logit analysis
Nonparametric
Statistic
procedures
Average Marginal
component Effect(AMCE)
Permutation methods
Parametric methods
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
Anti-theft patent for bicycles
Rating marketing experiment applied to a company interested in evaluating his patent: an anti-theft product for bike
with an innovative characteristic was developed.
Full integrated
Integration: it is a characteristic that keeps the GPS device safe
from the burglar
3 attributes were taken into account:
External/camouflaged
External/visible
Difficult, technician needed
Maintenance/installation, this is a characteristic about
charging the battery with three levels:
Difficult, no technician needed
Easy
Sound alarm, presence of sound alarm with two levels:
Yes – the alarm is present
No – the alarm is not present
The goal: to figure out if a full integration and the insertion of an alarm could be a competitive
advantage that allowed to get a higher market share.
Types of integrations:
Parametric methods
Multiple regression
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 6,05156 0,06942 < 2e-16 ***
Full-integrated 1,17682 0,08503 < 2e-16 ***
External-Camouflaged 0,32760 0,09350 0,000495 ***
Complex-technician -0,64635 0,08063 6,19e-15 ***
Complex-no-technician -0,10417 0,10587 0,325571
Sound-alarm-yes 0,48672 0,07449 1,42e-10 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0,001 ‘**’ 0,01 ‘*’ 0,05 ‘.’ 0,1 ‘ ’ 1
Market Share prediction
Partial utilities
Regression outcomes
Parametric methods-Example
Assumptions and diagnostics
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
“Most statistical tests rely upon certain assumptions about the variables used in the analysis. When
these assumptions are not met the results may not be trustworthy, resulting in a Type I or Type II
error, or over- or under-estimation of significance or effect size(s)”.
Osborne, Jason & Elaine Waters , North Carolina State University and University of Oklahoma
This is confirmed by the following
diagnostic procedure
Data indicate the assumptions of normality and
homoschedasticity may be violated.
Nonparametric methods
A new permutation method
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
Run regression by respondent and
store the obtained estimates
This approach does not require normality or homoschedasticity but only a more relaxed assumption
that is exchangeability. This method is proposed by Finos in "Permutation tests for between-unit fixed
effects in multivariate generalized linear mixed models”(2014)
(Intercept)
Full-integ
External-
Camouflaged
Complex-
technician
Complex-no-
technician
Sound-
alarm-yes
Sign Test 0.00e-16 0.00e-16 2,26E-10 7,05E-12 1,562E-03 4,74E-09
Wilcoxon 3,61E-06 3,78E-06 6,98E-06 4,16E-06 1,18E-02 6,66E-06
P values
Parametric methods-Example
Market share – Parametric bootstrap
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
In order to add uncertainty into the model we have run a simulation in which, for each loop, the beta vector is
computed by taking into account the estimates and the standard errors of the betas.
Rating of product j
and respondent i
in simulation s
Dummy variable:
0 or 1
Coefficients that will be extracted
from generated normal distributions
for each simulation
Error terms that will be extracted
from a generated normal distribution
for each simulation
Calculate for each
simulation the MKS
of the products
Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE)
Advantages
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
Weaker assumptions than other usual methods
Randomizing the profiles across respondents
AMCE does not require normality and homoschedasticity
The randomized design substitutes the fractional and
orthogonal designs typical of other approaches which
confounds the interaction effects
AMCE allows to decide the distribution of the treatment
components actually used in the experiment
It allows to create a design that simulates the real world
distribution of the treatment
Shortcomings
Its statistic properties need to be tested further
Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE)
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS If the FWER is equal to alpha(in this case set to 0,05) the test can be considered exact.
Note that the value are higher especially when interactions are considered
Correction for multiplicity are useful to reduce the FWER, thus other simulations were
conducted by implementing Bonferroni, Holm, Hochberg, Benjamini-Hochberg and
Benjamini Yekutieli adjustments
Family Wise Error Rate (FWER) is the probability of making one or more I type
errors on the whole of the considered hypotheses (Marcus et al., 1976).
Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE)
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
Adjustment
procedures of
FWER
main effects
Adjustment
procedures of
FWER
interaction
effects
Bonferroni-Holm Benjamini-Hoch Benjamini-Yekut
Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE)
INTRODUCTION
RATING CA
CHOICE-BASED
CA
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
CONJOINT ANALYSIS APPLIED TO FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR
Attribute Level Estimate Std. Err z value Pr(>|z|) Significance Holm adjust.
consistency Plain 0.0392 0.005 69.273 4,29E-08 *** 8,58E-06
consistency Crunchy 0.0899 0.006 141.066 3,46E-41 *** 1,38E-38
organic No -0.1567 0.005 -277.191 4,11E-165 *** 3,29E-162
price $5.99 -0.0896 0.006 -147.767 2,07E-45 *** 1,04E-42
price $8.99 -0.1605 0.006 -257.044 1,04E-141 *** 6,27E-139
Taste chocolate 0.1678 0.006 268.345 1,28E-154 *** 8,96E-152
taste Coconut 0.0769 0.006 121.243 7,85E-30 *** 2,36E-27
taste strawberries 0.0563 0.008 65.856 4,53E-07 *** 4,53E-05
Choice-based marketing experiment where an American industry of granola is interested to figure out
what kind of product may get the highest market share and how the levels of each attribute affect the
choice of purchasing the product.
Price $3.99, $5.99, $8.99
Organic yes,no
Consistency chewy, plain, crunchy
Taste cereal, chocolate, coconut, strawberries
Attribute Level
From the simulation Holm adjustment seems to be a good control
for the Family Wise Error Rate
MARKET SEGMENTATION
Market Segmentation
INTRODUCTION
CHOICE-BASED
CA
CONCLUSIONS
The general goal of market segmentation is to find groups of customers that differ in important ways
associated with product interest, market participation, or response to marketing efforts. One way is
to use priori segmentations as proposed in the paper “Market Segmentation with Choice-Based
Conjoint Analysis “, Wayne S.
Steps:
Collect priori segmentation information for each respondent
Choose a statistical approach to perform to CA data(in our case AMCE)
Run the method for each priori cluster and deal with multiplicity adjustment(Holm)
Interpret the results
Level Holm adj.-Healthy Holm adj.-Unhealthy
plain 9,89E-04 1,98E-09
crunchy 1,16E-10 1,76E-34
no 0,00E+00 1,55E-51
$5.99 2,42E-10 6,94E-41
$8.99 2,92E-31 1,96E-117
chocolate 3,74E-29 3,85E-134
coconut 2,26E-08 1,33E-19
strawberries 5,54E-173 4,75E-07
MARKET
SEGMENTATION
RATING CA
GUIDELINES FOR CA APPLICATIONS
Finally we try to provide a best practice guideline for a Conjoint Analysis experiment
Holm adjustment
for Multiplicity
Collect data
from respondents using profiles with a
rondomized design
Choice-based CA
with AMCE or
Mnlogit model
Market Share
Tools or service Procedures
Cost for each response: 99c
Opensource Software
Opensource Software
Sales forecasting
B2B
B2C
www.revolutionanalytics.com/companies-using-r
CONCLUSIONS: NEW CONTRIBUTION TO CA
AMCE method
Nonparametric method used to validate
estimators of parametric approaches
Nonparametric
Approaches
Bootstrap method used to consider the
uncertainty in market share estimations
It requires weaker assumptions and allows to
get more reliable outcomes
Balasso paolo tesi di laurea magistrale in ingegneria gestionale

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Balasso paolo tesi di laurea magistrale in ingegneria gestionale

  • 1. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Facoltà di Ingegneria Dipartimento di Tecnica e Gestione dei Sistemi Industriali TESI DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN INGEGNERIA GESTIONALE PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC METHODS APPLIED TO CONJOINT ANALYSIS Relatore: Ch.mo Prof. Luigi Salmaso Correlatore: Ch.mo Prof. Devin Caughey Correlatore: Ch.mo Prof. Teppei Yamamoto Laureando: Paolo Balasso Anno accademico 2015/2016
  • 2. Index INTRODUCTION OF CONJOINT ANALYSIS data input and procedure RATING CA INTRODUCTION CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS PARAMETRIC CONJOINT ANALYSIS Limits and shortcomings Application to analyze a new patent NONPARAMETRIC CONJOINT ANALYSIS Average Marginal Treatment Effect FWER Simulation Parametric Bootstrap Application to Food and Beverage Sector Market Share EstimationSales forecasting Applications Partial-worths Estimation
  • 3. Type of Conjoint analysis CONJOINT ANALYSIS RATING CA INTRODUCTION CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS 8 6 5 Data required Parametric Statistic procedures METRIC CONJOINT ANALYSIS CHOICE-BASED CONJOINT ANALYSIS Ratings or rankings Choices within profiles K-way-Anova, Multiple regression Multinomial logit analysis Nonparametric Statistic procedures Average Marginal component Effect(AMCE) Permutation methods
  • 4. Parametric methods INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS Anti-theft patent for bicycles Rating marketing experiment applied to a company interested in evaluating his patent: an anti-theft product for bike with an innovative characteristic was developed. Full integrated Integration: it is a characteristic that keeps the GPS device safe from the burglar 3 attributes were taken into account: External/camouflaged External/visible Difficult, technician needed Maintenance/installation, this is a characteristic about charging the battery with three levels: Difficult, no technician needed Easy Sound alarm, presence of sound alarm with two levels: Yes – the alarm is present No – the alarm is not present The goal: to figure out if a full integration and the insertion of an alarm could be a competitive advantage that allowed to get a higher market share. Types of integrations:
  • 5. Parametric methods Multiple regression INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 6,05156 0,06942 < 2e-16 *** Full-integrated 1,17682 0,08503 < 2e-16 *** External-Camouflaged 0,32760 0,09350 0,000495 *** Complex-technician -0,64635 0,08063 6,19e-15 *** Complex-no-technician -0,10417 0,10587 0,325571 Sound-alarm-yes 0,48672 0,07449 1,42e-10 *** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0,001 ‘**’ 0,01 ‘*’ 0,05 ‘.’ 0,1 ‘ ’ 1 Market Share prediction Partial utilities Regression outcomes
  • 6. Parametric methods-Example Assumptions and diagnostics INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS “Most statistical tests rely upon certain assumptions about the variables used in the analysis. When these assumptions are not met the results may not be trustworthy, resulting in a Type I or Type II error, or over- or under-estimation of significance or effect size(s)”. Osborne, Jason & Elaine Waters , North Carolina State University and University of Oklahoma This is confirmed by the following diagnostic procedure Data indicate the assumptions of normality and homoschedasticity may be violated.
  • 7. Nonparametric methods A new permutation method INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS Run regression by respondent and store the obtained estimates This approach does not require normality or homoschedasticity but only a more relaxed assumption that is exchangeability. This method is proposed by Finos in "Permutation tests for between-unit fixed effects in multivariate generalized linear mixed models”(2014) (Intercept) Full-integ External- Camouflaged Complex- technician Complex-no- technician Sound- alarm-yes Sign Test 0.00e-16 0.00e-16 2,26E-10 7,05E-12 1,562E-03 4,74E-09 Wilcoxon 3,61E-06 3,78E-06 6,98E-06 4,16E-06 1,18E-02 6,66E-06 P values
  • 8. Parametric methods-Example Market share – Parametric bootstrap INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS In order to add uncertainty into the model we have run a simulation in which, for each loop, the beta vector is computed by taking into account the estimates and the standard errors of the betas. Rating of product j and respondent i in simulation s Dummy variable: 0 or 1 Coefficients that will be extracted from generated normal distributions for each simulation Error terms that will be extracted from a generated normal distribution for each simulation Calculate for each simulation the MKS of the products
  • 9. Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE) Advantages INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS Weaker assumptions than other usual methods Randomizing the profiles across respondents AMCE does not require normality and homoschedasticity The randomized design substitutes the fractional and orthogonal designs typical of other approaches which confounds the interaction effects AMCE allows to decide the distribution of the treatment components actually used in the experiment It allows to create a design that simulates the real world distribution of the treatment Shortcomings Its statistic properties need to be tested further
  • 10. Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE) INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS If the FWER is equal to alpha(in this case set to 0,05) the test can be considered exact. Note that the value are higher especially when interactions are considered Correction for multiplicity are useful to reduce the FWER, thus other simulations were conducted by implementing Bonferroni, Holm, Hochberg, Benjamini-Hochberg and Benjamini Yekutieli adjustments Family Wise Error Rate (FWER) is the probability of making one or more I type errors on the whole of the considered hypotheses (Marcus et al., 1976).
  • 11. Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE) INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS Adjustment procedures of FWER main effects Adjustment procedures of FWER interaction effects Bonferroni-Holm Benjamini-Hoch Benjamini-Yekut
  • 12. Average Marginal Component Effect (AMCE) INTRODUCTION RATING CA CHOICE-BASED CA MARKET SEGMENTATION CONCLUSIONS CONJOINT ANALYSIS APPLIED TO FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR Attribute Level Estimate Std. Err z value Pr(>|z|) Significance Holm adjust. consistency Plain 0.0392 0.005 69.273 4,29E-08 *** 8,58E-06 consistency Crunchy 0.0899 0.006 141.066 3,46E-41 *** 1,38E-38 organic No -0.1567 0.005 -277.191 4,11E-165 *** 3,29E-162 price $5.99 -0.0896 0.006 -147.767 2,07E-45 *** 1,04E-42 price $8.99 -0.1605 0.006 -257.044 1,04E-141 *** 6,27E-139 Taste chocolate 0.1678 0.006 268.345 1,28E-154 *** 8,96E-152 taste Coconut 0.0769 0.006 121.243 7,85E-30 *** 2,36E-27 taste strawberries 0.0563 0.008 65.856 4,53E-07 *** 4,53E-05 Choice-based marketing experiment where an American industry of granola is interested to figure out what kind of product may get the highest market share and how the levels of each attribute affect the choice of purchasing the product. Price $3.99, $5.99, $8.99 Organic yes,no Consistency chewy, plain, crunchy Taste cereal, chocolate, coconut, strawberries Attribute Level From the simulation Holm adjustment seems to be a good control for the Family Wise Error Rate
  • 13. MARKET SEGMENTATION Market Segmentation INTRODUCTION CHOICE-BASED CA CONCLUSIONS The general goal of market segmentation is to find groups of customers that differ in important ways associated with product interest, market participation, or response to marketing efforts. One way is to use priori segmentations as proposed in the paper “Market Segmentation with Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis “, Wayne S. Steps: Collect priori segmentation information for each respondent Choose a statistical approach to perform to CA data(in our case AMCE) Run the method for each priori cluster and deal with multiplicity adjustment(Holm) Interpret the results Level Holm adj.-Healthy Holm adj.-Unhealthy plain 9,89E-04 1,98E-09 crunchy 1,16E-10 1,76E-34 no 0,00E+00 1,55E-51 $5.99 2,42E-10 6,94E-41 $8.99 2,92E-31 1,96E-117 chocolate 3,74E-29 3,85E-134 coconut 2,26E-08 1,33E-19 strawberries 5,54E-173 4,75E-07 MARKET SEGMENTATION RATING CA
  • 14. GUIDELINES FOR CA APPLICATIONS Finally we try to provide a best practice guideline for a Conjoint Analysis experiment Holm adjustment for Multiplicity Collect data from respondents using profiles with a rondomized design Choice-based CA with AMCE or Mnlogit model Market Share Tools or service Procedures Cost for each response: 99c Opensource Software Opensource Software Sales forecasting B2B B2C www.revolutionanalytics.com/companies-using-r
  • 15. CONCLUSIONS: NEW CONTRIBUTION TO CA AMCE method Nonparametric method used to validate estimators of parametric approaches Nonparametric Approaches Bootstrap method used to consider the uncertainty in market share estimations It requires weaker assumptions and allows to get more reliable outcomes

Editor's Notes

  1. Buongiorno, vi parlerò degli approcci parametrici e non parametrici applicati alla conjoint analysis, tema che ho sviluppato per circa 3 mesi al MIT di Boston
  2. Dopo aver brevemente introdotto questo metodo statistico, parlerò degli approcci parametrici, molto comuni e utilizzati dalle aziende, quindi dei loro limiti e svantaggi, per poi focalizzarmi sui metodi non parametrici. Ca può essere utilizzata per l’analisi del business, permette infatti di fare previsioni, stimare vendite , market share, partial worth o utilità parziali.
  3. La conjoint analysis può essere suddivisa in 2 tipologie: metrica e choice-based che differenti tipi di input, rispettivamente rating o ranking e vettori di 1 e 0 che implicano una scelta e non scelta di un determinato profilo. Si possono applicare poi procedure statistiche parametriche: modello anova per la CA metrica e MLM choice based e mentre per gli approcci non parametrici metodi con permutazione e infine AMCE, modello sviluppato dai professori del MIT.
  4. Questa è l’applicazione di un approccio parametrico di CA nell’analisi di un business in cui un azienda era interessata a valutare la profittabilità di un suo brevetto. In particolare il prodotto era un dispositivo antifurto per biciclette. Abbiamo preso in considerazione 3 caratteristiche: integrazione, difficoltà di installazione e allarme sonoro.
  5. Questi sono i risultati della CA, in particolare questo è il grafico che mostra le utilità parziali per ogni caratteristica del prodotto. Vediamo che La presenza dell’allarme sonoro e la caratteristica completamente integrato sono ben considerate adl consumatore, Se poi facciamo una stima del market share vediamo quanto il prodotto in questione «Rocket» raggiunga con le sue caratteristiche innovative un buon market share, circa il 50%
  6. Tuttavia questo approcchio richiede delle assunzioni restrittive che se violate possono portare a stime erronee e quindi a prendere decisioni sbagliate. Qui vediamo che l’assunzione di uguaglianza delle varianze risulta violata. Questo viene confermato dalla procedura diagnostica ed in particolare nel primo grafico. Nel secondo grafico si vede invece come anche l’assunzione di normalità possa essere violata.
  7. Questo è un metodo che è stato creato per validare le stime ottenute dall’approccio parametrico. Bisogna applicare un’analisi di regressione su ogni rispondente. Si ottiene cosi una matrice in cui in ogni colonna si trovano tutti i coefficienti di tutti I rispondenti per una determinata caratteristica del mio prodotto. Bisogna poi applicare su ogni colonna il test di Wilcoxon e si ottengono cosi I p values. Dato che sono tutti significativi sotto il valore di 0,05, possiamo validare tutte le stime ottenute dal precedente modello.
  8. Utilizzerò le deviazioni standard e le stime dei coefficienti e dei residui per generare le utilità parziali e i residui per ogni simulazione. Per ogni simulazione calcolerò poi i valori previsti e quindi i market share. Dopo 1000, 2000 simulazioni questo è il grafico finale in cui non ho più una stima puntuale di market share per prodotto ma una distribuizione di probabilità che potrò utilizzare per creare differenti scenari.
  9. Non richiede assunzioni di omoschedasticità e normalità ma solo una randomizzazione dei dei profili tra i rispondenti che può essere visto come un vantaggio. Infatti mentre nei metodi classici di conjoint analysis viene somministrato ai rispondenti uno stesso set di profili di prodotto da cui si ricavano le le utilità parziali, in questo metodo i profili vengono randomizzati per rispondente permettendo di fare inferenza su un più vario set di profili. .Lo svantaggio di questo metodo sta invece nel fatto che è un metodo molto recente e richiede ulteriori validazioni
  10. E la probabilità che, nell’intera serie di ipotesi considerate, almeno un ipotesi vera sia rifiutata. Questo grafico mostra il FWER all’aumentare degli attributi e i livelli degli attributi. Se il colore è blue il valore è basso se il valore è marrone è alto. All’aumentare del numero dei fattori considerati il FWER aumenta. In particlare se considero anche le interazioni con gli attributi questo indicatore raggiunge rapidamente il valore unitario.
  11. Risulta necessario qui di applicare le procedure di correzione di molteplicità. Si nota come le prime 2 procedure Holm, Benjamini hochberg forniscano una buona correzione. La terza correzione invece Benjamini Yekutieli è troppo conservativa, non rifiutando mai H0, si nota infatti come il blue compaia su tutte le casistiche considerate.
  12. AMCE è il metodo statistico non parametrico di conjoint analysis che è stato inventato dai professori del mit lo scorso anno. Ho quindi applicato questo metodo statistico nell’analisi di un altro business del settore food and beverage, la granola. Si vede come tutti gli attributi considerati siano significativa e quindi come tutte queste caratteristiche influenzino la probabilità di acquistare il prodotto, anche dopo aver implementato aggiustamento di HOLM.
  13. New contributions to con