This document discusses the Plackett-Burman method for optimizing media in industrial processes. It begins by introducing media optimization and some traditional methods. It then describes the Plackett-Burman design, which allows for testing multiple variables simultaneously using a minimal number of experiments. The method involves designing experiments that test variables at high and low levels. The effects of each variable are then calculated and analyzed using statistical tests to identify the most important factors to optimize. Key advantages of the Plackett-Burman method are that it allows evaluation of many variables with fewer experiments than traditional methods.
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
This lecture note describes the process of Effluent Treatment (ET). Emphasis is give to the biological aspects of ET. Free to reuse, remix, modify and share for non-commercial and commercial purposes.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE)
DOE is invented by Sir Ronald Fisher in 1920’s and 1930’s.
The following designs of experiments will be usually followed:
Completely randomised design(CRD)
Randomised complete block design(RCBD)
Latin square design(LSD)
Factorial design or experiment
Confounding
Split and strip plot design
FACTORIAL DESIGN
When a several factors are investigated simultaneously in a single experiment such experiments are known as factorial experiments. Though it is not an experimental design, indeed any of the designs may be used for factorial experiments.
For example, the yield of a product depends on the particular type of synthetic substance used and also on the type of chemical used.
ADVANTAGES OF FACTORIAL DESIGN.
Factorial experiments are advantageous to study the combined effect of two or more factors simultaneously and analyze their interrelationships. Such factorial experiments are economic in nature and provide a lot of relevant information about the phenomenon under study. It also increases the efficiency of the experiment.
It is an advantageous because a wide range of factor combination are used. This will give us an idea to predict about what will happen when two or more factors are used in combination.
DISADVANTAGES
It is disadvantageous because the execution of the experiment and the statistical analysis becomes more complex when several treatments combinations or factors are involved simultaneously.
It is also disadvantageous in cases where may not be interested in certain treatment combinations but we are forced to include them in the experiment. This will lead to wastage of time and also the experimental material.
2(square) FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT
A special set of factorial experiment consist of experiments in which all factors have 2 levels such experiments are referred to generally as 2n factorials.
If there are four factors each at two levels the experiment is known as 2x2x2x2 or 24 factorial experiment. On the other hand if there are 2 factors each with 3 levels the experiment is known as 3x3 or 32 factorial experiment. In general if there are n factors each with p levels then it is known as pn factorial experiment.
The calculation of the sum of squares is as follows:
Correction factor (CF) = (𝐺𝑇)2/𝑛
GT = grand total
n = total no of observations
Total sum of squares = ∑▒〖𝑥2−𝐶𝐹〗
Replication sum of squares (RSS) = ((𝑅1)2+(𝑅2)2+…+(𝑅𝑛)2)/𝑛 - CF
Or
1/𝑛 ∑▒𝑅2−𝐶𝐹
2(Cube) FACTORIAL DESIGN
In this type of design, one independent variable has 2 levels, and the other independent variable has 3 levels.
Estimating the effect:
In a factorial design the main effect of an independent variable is its overall effect averaged across all other independent variable.
Effect of a factor A is the average of the runs where A is at the high level minus the average of the runs
Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
This lecture note describes the process of Effluent Treatment (ET). Emphasis is give to the biological aspects of ET. Free to reuse, remix, modify and share for non-commercial and commercial purposes.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE)
DOE is invented by Sir Ronald Fisher in 1920’s and 1930’s.
The following designs of experiments will be usually followed:
Completely randomised design(CRD)
Randomised complete block design(RCBD)
Latin square design(LSD)
Factorial design or experiment
Confounding
Split and strip plot design
FACTORIAL DESIGN
When a several factors are investigated simultaneously in a single experiment such experiments are known as factorial experiments. Though it is not an experimental design, indeed any of the designs may be used for factorial experiments.
For example, the yield of a product depends on the particular type of synthetic substance used and also on the type of chemical used.
ADVANTAGES OF FACTORIAL DESIGN.
Factorial experiments are advantageous to study the combined effect of two or more factors simultaneously and analyze their interrelationships. Such factorial experiments are economic in nature and provide a lot of relevant information about the phenomenon under study. It also increases the efficiency of the experiment.
It is an advantageous because a wide range of factor combination are used. This will give us an idea to predict about what will happen when two or more factors are used in combination.
DISADVANTAGES
It is disadvantageous because the execution of the experiment and the statistical analysis becomes more complex when several treatments combinations or factors are involved simultaneously.
It is also disadvantageous in cases where may not be interested in certain treatment combinations but we are forced to include them in the experiment. This will lead to wastage of time and also the experimental material.
2(square) FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT
A special set of factorial experiment consist of experiments in which all factors have 2 levels such experiments are referred to generally as 2n factorials.
If there are four factors each at two levels the experiment is known as 2x2x2x2 or 24 factorial experiment. On the other hand if there are 2 factors each with 3 levels the experiment is known as 3x3 or 32 factorial experiment. In general if there are n factors each with p levels then it is known as pn factorial experiment.
The calculation of the sum of squares is as follows:
Correction factor (CF) = (𝐺𝑇)2/𝑛
GT = grand total
n = total no of observations
Total sum of squares = ∑▒〖𝑥2−𝐶𝐹〗
Replication sum of squares (RSS) = ((𝑅1)2+(𝑅2)2+…+(𝑅𝑛)2)/𝑛 - CF
Or
1/𝑛 ∑▒𝑅2−𝐶𝐹
2(Cube) FACTORIAL DESIGN
In this type of design, one independent variable has 2 levels, and the other independent variable has 3 levels.
Estimating the effect:
In a factorial design the main effect of an independent variable is its overall effect averaged across all other independent variable.
Effect of a factor A is the average of the runs where A is at the high level minus the average of the runs
Introduction to Design of Experiments by Teck Nam Ang (University of Malaya)Teck Nam Ang
This set of slides explains in a simple manner the purpose of experiment, various strategies of experiment, how to plan and design experiment, and the handling of experimental data.
Experimental methods are widely used in industrial settings and research activities. In industrial settings, the main goal is to extract the maximum amount of unbiased information regarding the factors affecting production process form few observations, whereas in research, ANOVA techniques are used to reveal the reality. Drawing inferences from the experimental result is an important step in design process of product. Therefore, proper planning of experimentation is the precondition for accurate conclusion drawn from the experimental findings. Design of experiment is powerful statistical tool introduced by R.A. Fisher in England in the early 1920 to study the effect of different parameters affecting the mean and variance of a process performance characteristics
Taguchi's orthogonal arrays are highly fractional orthogonal designs. These designs can be used to estimate main effects using only a few experimental runs.
Consider the L4 array shown in the next Figure. The L4 array is denoted as L4(2^3).
L4 means the array requires 4 runs. 2^3 indicates that the design estimates up to three main effects at 2 levels each. The L4 array can be used to estimate three main effects using four runs provided that the twthree-factoro factor and three factor interactions can be ignored.
Key Features of The Italian Restaurants.pdfmenafilo317
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Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
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Piccola Cucina is regarded as the best restaurant in Brooklyn and as the best Italian restaurant in NYC. We offer authentic Italian cuisine with a Sicilian touch that elevates the entire fine dining experience. We’re the first result when someone searches for where to eat in Brooklyn or the best restaurant near me.
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
3. 1. Introduction
• Process of optimization of media is done before the media
preparation to get maximum yield at industrial level
• Process of optimization of media should be target oriented
means either for biomass production or for desire production
• On small scale it is easy to devise a medium containing pure
compounds
• But in case of large scale process for satisfactory growth of
microorganisms it can be unsuitable.
3
4. The optimization of a medium should meet the following seven
criteria:
1. Produce maximum yield of product or biomass per gram of substrate
used
2. Produce the maximum concentration of product or biomass
3. Permit the maximum rate of product formation
4. Give the minimum yield of undesired products
5. Has consistent quality
6. Be readily available throughout the year
7. It will cause minimal problems during media making and sterilization
8. It will cause minimal problems in other aspects of the production
process particularly in aeration and agitation, extraction, purification
and waste treatment.
4
5. 2. Methods of optimization of media
1. Classical Method
2.The Plackett-Burman Design
5
6. • Medium optimization by the classical method involve
changing one independent variable such as nutrient,
antifoam, pH, temperature, etc.
• For large number of variables to be optimize this method
can be much more time consuming
• Industrially the aim is to perform the minimum number
of experiments to determine optimal conditions.
• Other alternative strategies must therefore be considered
which allow more than one variable to be changed at a
time.
6
3. Classical Method
7. 7
4. The Plackett-Burman Design
• When more than five independent variables are to be
investigated, the Plackett-Burman design may be used to find
the most important variables in a system, which are then
optimized in further studies
• This technique allows for the evaluation of X-I variables by X
experiments
• X must be a multiple of 4, e.g. 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, etc.
• Factors not assigned to a variable or factors which do not have
any effect can be designated as a dummy variable
• Dummy variable can be used to know the variance of an effect
(experimental error).
8. 8
Table 1: Plackett-Burman design for seven variables (A -G) at high
and low levels in which two factors, E and G, are designated as
'dummy' variables. (From Principles of Fermentation Technology,-
Peter F. Stanbury, Allen Whitaker, Stephen J. Hall, Second Edition)
9. • Horizontal row represents a trial and each vertical column
represents the H (high) and L (low) values of one variable in all
the trials
• The effects of the dummy variables are calculated in the same
way as the effects of the experimental variables.
• If there are no interactions and no errors in measuring the
response, the effect shown by a dummy variable should be O.
• If the effect is not equal to 0, it is assumed to be a measure of
the lack of experimental precision plus any analytical error in
measuring the mesponse.
9
11. The stages in analysing the data (Table 1 and 2) are as
follows:
1. Determining the difference between the average of the H
(high) and L (low) responses for each independent and
dummy variable.
Difference = ΣA (H) – ΣA (L)
The effect of an independent variable on the response is the
difference between the average response for the four
experiments at the high level and the average value for four
experiments at the low level.
Thus the effect of
11
12. 12
2. To estimate the mean square of each variable (the variance of effect).
For A the mean square will be =
3. The experimental error can be calculated by averaging the mean
squares of the dummy effects of E and G.
Thus, the mean square for error =
13. 4. The final stage is to identify the factors which are showing large
effects. In the example this was done using an F-test for
Factor mean square.
Error mean square.
• When Probability Tables are examined
it is found that Factors A, B and F
show large effects which are very
significant.
• Whereas C shows a very low effect
which is not significant and D shows
no effect.
• A, B and F have been identified as the
most important factors.
14. • Stanbury, Peter F., Allan Whitaker, and Stephen J.
Hall. Principles of fermentation technology. Elsevier, 2013.
14
5. Reference