Bad Trips Hasith V.
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The document provides an overview of four major psychedelic drugs: PCP, MDMA, ketamines, and nitrous oxide. It discusses their history, effects, and current legal status. Two of the drugs, PCP and ketamines, are NMDA receptor antagonists that produce dissociative effects. The document also covers the discovery and use of MDMA in psychotherapy before it was scheduled and banned for recreational use.
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1. Tobacco refers to plants in the Nicotiana genus and products prepared from cured tobacco leaves.
2. The most common commercial tobacco is Nicotiana tabacum, while Turkish tobacco comes from Nicotiana rustica which is more potent.
3. Nicotine is the main active alkaloid in tobacco. It is a stimulant but can also cause nausea, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and addiction.
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This projects was carried out By Mehndi hassan ,
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do not forget to like or follow .
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This document discusses pyridine alkaloids, including trigonelline and tobacco alkaloids. It notes that trigonelline is found in plants like fenugreek and is water soluble. Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is addictive and can stimulate or block ganglia depending on dose. Nicotine acts in the brain and sympathetic nervous system. While nicotine may have some cognitive benefits, smoking has significant health risks and is the leading cause of preventable death. Nicotine withdrawal includes irritability and difficulty concentrating. Nicotinic acid is produced commercially from nicotine and is an important vitamin known as niacin that prevents the disease pellagra.
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1. Tobacco refers to plants in the Nicotiana genus and products prepared from cured tobacco leaves.
2. The most common commercial tobacco is Nicotiana tabacum, while Turkish tobacco comes from Nicotiana rustica which is more potent.
3. Nicotine is the main active alkaloid in tobacco. It is a stimulant but can also cause nausea, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and addiction.
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This document discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell in humans. It describes the different types of chemoreceptors in the body and focuses on those related to taste and smell. It explains the basic tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue and how taste is transduced. It also describes the organs and cells involved in smell, including olfactory receptors in the nose, and how odors are transduced. Neural pathways that transmit signals from taste buds and olfactory receptors to the brain are outlined.
Vestibular System
The vestibular system in the inner ear detects motion and orientation of the head to maintain balance. It contains semicircular canals that detect rotational head movement and otolith organs that detect linear acceleration. Signals from the vestibular system are integrated with other sensory inputs in the brainstem and cerebellum to coordinate eye movements and posture. Damage to the vestibular system can cause vertigo and loss of balance.
Auditory System
The auditory system allows humans to perceive sound. Sound waves enter the outer ear and vibrate the eardrum, transmitting vibrations through three small bones to fluid in the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea convert vibrations into nerve signals about sound frequencies and intensities. The brain processes these signals to perceive qualities like pitch and loudness. Damage to hair cells or nerves can cause hearing loss while cortical damage may impact speech understanding.
Chemical Senses
This document discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell in humans. It describes the different types of chemoreceptors in the body and focuses on those related to taste and smell. It provides details on the organs, cells, neural pathways and mechanisms of taste and smell transduction. It also compares taste and smell systems between humans and other animals.
Memory Games
The document discusses different techniques for improving memory, including recognizing images, remembering faces, associating new information with existing memories, and creating mental images and stories to connect items. It describes experiments that showed creating elaborate encodings by connecting new information to existing knowledge helps move information from short-term to long-term memory better than repetition alone.
Cognition
The document discusses the history and key concepts of cognitive science, including how different sensory systems process information and how perception is constructed. It covers early pioneers like Ebbinghaus who studied memory and Pavlov who demonstrated classical conditioning. Pavlov's work showed how a neutral stimulus could elicit a response through repeated pairing with an unconditional stimulus. Later, theorists like Watson focused on observable behaviorism while cognitive psychology emphasized that perception depends on internal representation and mental structures.
Memory2
This document summarizes molecular mechanisms of learning and memory, including procedural and declarative memory systems, and models like Aplysia and cerebellum that are used to study these mechanisms at the neuronal and molecular level. It discusses various forms of learning like habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning; and memory mechanisms like long-term potentiation and long-term depression that involve modification of synaptic strength through molecular cascades and changes in gene expression.
Memory
1. Memory involves multiple brain structures working together, including the hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, striatum, thalamus, and neocortex.
2. Visual information is first processed in the visual cortex, then held in short-term memory in the frontal lobes.
3. The hippocampus stores new information from short-term memory for weeks or months before transferring it to the cerebral cortex for long-term storage.
4. Recalling long-term memories routes information from the cerebral cortex back to the frontal lobes for temporary storage in working memory.
Pain presentation
The document discusses pain and the nervous system's response to harmful stimuli. It describes two waves of pain - the initial sharp pain from A-delta fibers and the longer-lasting dull pain from C-nerve fibers. It outlines the ascending pathway where pain signals travel from nociceptors to the dorsal horn and then to the brain. Chronic pain can persist after injury healing or for unknown reasons, and can be caused by various physical and neurological conditions.
Movement I
This document summarizes the spinal control of movement. It discusses how motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles and are wired into reflex loops in the spinal cord. The spinal cord also contains central pattern generators that provide rhythmic patterns for activities like walking. Skeletal muscle contraction is enabled by the sliding filament model where actin and myosin interact through a cross-bridge cycle powered by ATP hydrolysis. Motor neurons and calcium signaling control muscle contraction and relaxation.
Movement II
The brain controls movement through a hierarchy with three levels - strategy, tactics, and execution. The highest level of strategy is in the neocortex and basal ganglia. Tactics are handled by the motor cortex and cerebellum. Execution occurs via signals from the brainstem and spinal cord to muscles. Sensory feedback is essential at each level. Voluntary movement involves cortical areas planning strategies that activate the basal ganglia and cerebellum to initiate and coordinate movement signals sent to the spinal cord.
Animal Senses
The document discusses several animal senses that differ from human senses, including echolocation, electroreception, chemoreception, vision beyond the visible light spectrum, infrared vision, magnetoreception, and head tracking in chickens. Echolocating animals like bats use echo location to navigate and hunt by emitting calls and interpreting the returning echoes. Electroreception allows some aquatic animals to detect electric fields for navigation and hunting prey. Various animals have enhanced chemoreception, vision, infrared detection and magnetoreception abilities compared to humans.
Brain Bee Facts
Yeah, i'm too lazy to open up adobe...
enjoy!
(I hear NSHS has a record number of students attending this year!)
[which means that ass kicking is mandatory]
Vision Lucky
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human visual system. It describes the main components of the eye, including the retina, cornea, lens, iris, and optic nerve. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, and how photoreceptors in the retina convert light into neural signals sent to the brain via the optic nerve. It then discusses visual processing in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex, including retinotopic mapping and different pathways for color, motion, and shape processing.
The Teenage Brain
1) The brain continues developing through adolescence and early adulthood, with significant changes occurring in brain structure and function during this period.
2) Puberty triggers a cascade of hormonal changes that influence brain development in both direct and indirect ways. Areas of the brain involved in self-regulation and risk-taking, such as the prefrontal cortex, are among the last to fully mature.
3) Adolescents tend to engage in more risk-taking behaviors than children or adults, which may be explained by an imbalance between the earlier maturation of the brain's reward system versus the later maturation of self-control regions.
Development
The human nervous system begins developing at 3 weeks when the neural plate starts to thicken and fold in to form the neural tube. Critical periods of development occur when neurons determine their specific functions. By birth, the brain contains around 100 billion neurons that develop through processes of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis to form neural circuits and connections influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
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