The document discusses synthetic cathinones, commonly known as "bath salts". It summarizes that MDPV was the most common ingredient in bath salts and acts as a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects. It causes physical and mental effects like increased heart rate and euphoria. Long term use can lead to addiction and negative health effects. In 2011, the DEA placed an emergency ban on MDPV and other synthetic cathinones found in bath salts.
The document discusses various topics related to drug trends and media influence, including the impacts of television and social media on children, alcohol expectancy theory, emerging drugs like "bath salts" containing MDPV, and states that have banned bath salts. It provides statistics on children's screen time, describes the physical and psychological effects of MDPV, and lists states that have made bath salts containing MDPV and mephedrone illegal.
Synthetic Cathinone Drugs of Abuse Undergraduate LectureRyan Gregg
This is a presentation about the "bath salts" synthetic cathinone drugs of abuse given as part of an upper-level undergraduate psychology course at Temple University titled "Investigation of Addiction Disorders". I was invited to give this presentation by the course director, Dr. Rani Vasudeva. This class involved both an introductory and final discussion with questions listed in the second and final slide, which was both lively and enjoyable to be a part of. Special thanks for Dr. Vasudeva for the opportunity to teach in her course.
This presentation aims to describe and compare the new designer drugs, #KratomEffects or sometimes referred to as "legal highs" (kratom, bath salts and k2, among others) to the opiates and cocaine from the good old days.
The document discusses methamphetamine, including its effects on the brain and body, how it is used, health risks, and treatments for addiction. Methamphetamine releases dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, causing euphoria. It has been used medically but is now illegal except in some nasal decongestants and diet drugs. Use can cause increased heart rate, anxiety, weight loss and dental problems. Behavioral therapies and contingency management are used to treat addiction, but no medications currently counteract its effects.
The document discusses "bath salts", a term used for synthetic drugs containing cathinone stimulants like MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. These chemicals were sold legally as "bath salts", "jewelry cleaner", etc. and caused feelings of euphoria but also psychosis and violence. While banned in 2011, manufacturers evaded restrictions by altering chemical structures. The growing abuse and health risks of these unknown substances raised concerns about lack of protection from legal highs.
This presentation contains my work on Designer drugs.
Since 2009 designer drugs are growing in popularity, from spice to DMT, the number one choice for many recreational users are designer drugs.
These drugs benefit from a quasi-legal status and sometimes the harm and effects are often over-looked.
The aim of this presentation is to inform Parents, teachers, drug workers and anyone else who may encounter these drugs and their users.
This presentation is free for you to review and learn from but please do not take any bits directly from it without consulting me first.
Presentation on Bath Salts & Spice - Synthetic Drugs. Synthetic Drugs are very dangerous and are legal in many states. This PowerPoint explains why we need to work to make these street drugs illegal to manufacture, distribute, possess and use.
Death has occurred on the first use and are available legally to kids of any age. Help us pass laws to make synthetic drugs illegal.
The document discusses various topics related to drug trends and media influence, including the impacts of television and social media on children, alcohol expectancy theory, emerging drugs like "bath salts" containing MDPV, and states that have banned bath salts. It provides statistics on children's screen time, describes the physical and psychological effects of MDPV, and lists states that have made bath salts containing MDPV and mephedrone illegal.
Synthetic Cathinone Drugs of Abuse Undergraduate LectureRyan Gregg
This is a presentation about the "bath salts" synthetic cathinone drugs of abuse given as part of an upper-level undergraduate psychology course at Temple University titled "Investigation of Addiction Disorders". I was invited to give this presentation by the course director, Dr. Rani Vasudeva. This class involved both an introductory and final discussion with questions listed in the second and final slide, which was both lively and enjoyable to be a part of. Special thanks for Dr. Vasudeva for the opportunity to teach in her course.
This presentation aims to describe and compare the new designer drugs, #KratomEffects or sometimes referred to as "legal highs" (kratom, bath salts and k2, among others) to the opiates and cocaine from the good old days.
The document discusses methamphetamine, including its effects on the brain and body, how it is used, health risks, and treatments for addiction. Methamphetamine releases dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, causing euphoria. It has been used medically but is now illegal except in some nasal decongestants and diet drugs. Use can cause increased heart rate, anxiety, weight loss and dental problems. Behavioral therapies and contingency management are used to treat addiction, but no medications currently counteract its effects.
The document discusses "bath salts", a term used for synthetic drugs containing cathinone stimulants like MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. These chemicals were sold legally as "bath salts", "jewelry cleaner", etc. and caused feelings of euphoria but also psychosis and violence. While banned in 2011, manufacturers evaded restrictions by altering chemical structures. The growing abuse and health risks of these unknown substances raised concerns about lack of protection from legal highs.
This presentation contains my work on Designer drugs.
Since 2009 designer drugs are growing in popularity, from spice to DMT, the number one choice for many recreational users are designer drugs.
These drugs benefit from a quasi-legal status and sometimes the harm and effects are often over-looked.
The aim of this presentation is to inform Parents, teachers, drug workers and anyone else who may encounter these drugs and their users.
This presentation is free for you to review and learn from but please do not take any bits directly from it without consulting me first.
Presentation on Bath Salts & Spice - Synthetic Drugs. Synthetic Drugs are very dangerous and are legal in many states. This PowerPoint explains why we need to work to make these street drugs illegal to manufacture, distribute, possess and use.
Death has occurred on the first use and are available legally to kids of any age. Help us pass laws to make synthetic drugs illegal.
Cathinone (power-point to accompany report) Kevin B Hugins
Cathinone is a naturally occurring monoamine alkaloid found in the leaves of the Catha edulis tree. The ingestion of cathinone causes stimulation and euphoria. Use of Catha edulis, or “khat” by man can be traced back to ancient Egypt. Current use of khat is primarily in Africa and the Middle East. Cathinone exerts its effects by mimicking monoamine neurotransmitters. An entire class of substituted cathinones has been synthesized. The effect and reasons for use of these can be medicinal, recreational, or detrimental. This paper will address the biology of Catha edulis, its history and use by humans, and the biological activity cathinone exerts upon them. Next it will explain the biosynthesis of cathinone within Catha edulis followed by the chemical synthesis of cathinone and substituted cathinones in the lab. Finally it will discuss some of the chemical applications and consequences of the use of substituted cathinones in recent years.
The document provides information about methamphetamine, including its history, chemical properties, slang terms, and clinical uses. It discusses how methamphetamine was first synthesized in the late 1800s and was used medically to treat conditions like asthma, obesity, and narcolepsy. It was also given to soldiers during wars. The document outlines trends in illegal methamphetamine manufacturing and distribution in the US since the 1960s and provides over 100 slang terms used to refer to the drug.
This document provides information about crystal meth (methamphetamine) for teens, including what it is, why people use it, physical and mental health effects of its use, dangers of meth labs, and how to help a friend who may be using. It describes crystal meth's many street names and explains that it is a powerful stimulant. The document outlines both short-term and long-term physical effects on users, including increased heart rate and risk of stroke. It also notes the environmental and health risks of meth labs and how to respond if encountering one.
Basic training on the types of drugs concerned with the private rehab sector.
This slide show was written by Dylan Kerr . It contains no private information.
Bath salts are emerging drugs that contain synthetic forms of cathinone, a stimulant found in the khat plant. The crystals resemble Epsom salts, giving them their name. Common synthetic cathinones include MDPV and mephedrone. Bath salts cause euphoria, increased sociability and sex drive, but also paranoia, agitation, and psychotic behavior. They act like cocaine and raise dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Their effects typically last 4-6 hours. Three synthetic cathinones are now illegal in the US. Bath salts were easily obtained and appealed to teens, though laws have since targeted them.
This document discusses methamphetamine, including its history, production, effects, and harms. It was first synthesized in 1893 but was not widely used until it replaced ephedrine for asthma treatments. During WWII, it was given to soldiers to promote wakefulness. Today, it is a highly addictive stimulant that is manufactured illegally and abused by millions worldwide. Short-term effects include increased heart rate and energy, but long-term use can cause neurological damage and medical issues. Pregnant women who use meth also risk negative outcomes. The document outlines the physical and psychological impacts of methamphetamine use.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
The document discusses designer drugs, which are substances created to mimic the effects of illegal drugs but evade controlled substance laws. It defines designer drugs and explains that they have similar psychotropic effects to illegal drugs, are not FDA approved, and are produced underground. The document then summarizes several common designer drugs like GHB, opioids, amphetamines, cannabinoids, and PCP, outlining their structures, street names, effects, and risks. It notes that designer drugs pose health hazards since their dosages are unknown.
- What it is.
- How & Why people use it.
- Effects: (Physiological; Psychological; Behavioural).
- Short-term risks.
- Long-term consequences.
- Risk Reduction: (Strategies; Behaviours).
- Working with intoxication.
- Why now? Again!
- Community responses.
- Supports & Resources.
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. It comes as a white powder or clear crystal chunks that are smoked or injected. The drug has a long history but became popular in the US in the 1950s. It is produced illegally by extracting ingredients from cold medicines and combining them with toxic chemicals. Short term effects include increased activity and heart rate, while long term use can cause physical and mental health issues. Meth is addictive and illegal, with prison sentences and fines for possession.
This document provides information about methamphetamine (meth), including what it is, how it's ingested, common signs of meth use, and how to identify a potential meth lab. Meth comes in various forms and is often snorted, smoked, or injected for its euphoric and energizing effects. Long term meth use can cause physical and psychological harm. Clandestine meth labs are dangerous and produce toxic waste. The document outlines physical and behavioral signs that may indicate meth use or production and advises contacting authorities instead of confronting a suspected user or lab.
The document discusses the opioid epidemic in the United States, focusing on the role of OxyContin. It describes how OxyContin became widely prescribed due to a shift in pain treatment philosophy in the 1980s, an aggressive marketing campaign by Purdue Pharma claiming the drug had a low addiction risk, and changes in physician prescribing habits. However, OxyContin proved to be highly addictive, and increased opioid prescriptions correlated with rising overdose rates. Purdue Pharma was later found to have misleadingly marketed OxyContin and paid fines, but the epidemic had already taken hold across the nation. The FDA and state governments have since implemented measures to curb inappropriate opioid prescribing and monitor distribution.
Pseudoephedrine is an over-the-counter decongestant that is also used to make methamphetamine illegally. Regulations have been implemented to restrict pseudoephedrine sales and track purchases in order to curb meth production. These regulations led to a 50% decline in meth lab seizures between 2005-2006 according to the Drug Enforcement Agency. Additional measures are needed to further address the problem such as drug reformulations and stricter penalties.
Heroin is a highly addictive illegal drug derived from poppy plants. It is often injected, which carries additional health risks. Heroin use leads to severe physical and psychological addiction. Withdrawal from heroin is extremely painful and uncomfortable. Long-term heroin use takes a major toll on the body and often results in death due to overdose or health complications from addiction.
Surviving College: Booze, Drugs, & Neurobiology Morgan Johnson
This document summarizes information about commonly abused substances among college students such as alcohol, marijuana, MDMA, opioids, and stimulants. It describes the acute and long-term effects of these substances on health and neurobiology. It also discusses trends in substance abuse such as increasing prescription opioid overdose deaths. Laws regarding synthetic marijuana in Texas are outlined, classifying it as a Penalty Group 2A controlled substance. Throughout, health risks of each substance are emphasized.
This document provides a brief primer on the complex relationship between substance abuse and mental illness. It discusses several categories of commonly abused substances, including alcohol/cross-tolerant drugs, cannabinoids, stimulants, hallucinogens, opioids, inhalants, and others. For each category, it outlines the typical signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal, and how substance use can cause, compound, or mimic mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, mania, and psychosis. The document aims to help readers understand how substances are grouped based on their similar effects, and recognize substance-induced versus underlying mental illness.
This is a presentation I did last year in Chicago for Cook County juvenile probation officers. It is an update on patterns of drug abuse by adolescents. Among other things, it acquaints viewers with the problem of street drug misrepresentation. Not only are the same street drugs sold in different forms, but drugs that look the same may contain completely different drugs.
Methamphetamine, also known as meth or crystal meth, is a highly addictive stimulant. The document discusses methamphetamine use in the United States. It notes that in 2008, approximately 13 million Americans over 12 had used meth, with 529,000 being regular users. While use has declined somewhat since 2008, meth remains prevalent and damaging. Both short and long-term use can have serious health effects on the body and mind. Treatment focuses on behavioral therapies and incentives to stop use and prevent relapse.
Prescription painkillers like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and propoxyphene are highly addictive opioids that produce both pain relief and euphoria. Their abuse has grown significantly among teens who believe them safer than street drugs. However, long-term use can lead to physical dependence and dangerous withdrawal symptoms. Powerful opioids like OxyContin are sometimes abused as substitutes for heroin. In some areas, addiction to OxyContin has driven up crime rates.
Va calc spice bath salts 2011 04-14 finalgwalton008
This document summarizes information about synthetic drugs of abuse including synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice" or "K2"), synthetic cathinones ("bath salts"), and their active ingredients. It describes their pharmacology, psychoactive effects, side effects, routes of administration, legal status, and increasing prevalence of use according to poison control centers. Concerns are raised about the health risks of these increasingly popular synthetic drugs.
This document provides information on herbal incense products and bath salts. It notes that there are hundreds of herbal incense products being smoked for their cannabis-like effects, and that manufacturers constantly change ingredients to avoid legal restrictions. It discusses specific products like "Smiles" that contain synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones, and describes their effects, health risks, and legal status.
Cathinone (power-point to accompany report) Kevin B Hugins
Cathinone is a naturally occurring monoamine alkaloid found in the leaves of the Catha edulis tree. The ingestion of cathinone causes stimulation and euphoria. Use of Catha edulis, or “khat” by man can be traced back to ancient Egypt. Current use of khat is primarily in Africa and the Middle East. Cathinone exerts its effects by mimicking monoamine neurotransmitters. An entire class of substituted cathinones has been synthesized. The effect and reasons for use of these can be medicinal, recreational, or detrimental. This paper will address the biology of Catha edulis, its history and use by humans, and the biological activity cathinone exerts upon them. Next it will explain the biosynthesis of cathinone within Catha edulis followed by the chemical synthesis of cathinone and substituted cathinones in the lab. Finally it will discuss some of the chemical applications and consequences of the use of substituted cathinones in recent years.
The document provides information about methamphetamine, including its history, chemical properties, slang terms, and clinical uses. It discusses how methamphetamine was first synthesized in the late 1800s and was used medically to treat conditions like asthma, obesity, and narcolepsy. It was also given to soldiers during wars. The document outlines trends in illegal methamphetamine manufacturing and distribution in the US since the 1960s and provides over 100 slang terms used to refer to the drug.
This document provides information about crystal meth (methamphetamine) for teens, including what it is, why people use it, physical and mental health effects of its use, dangers of meth labs, and how to help a friend who may be using. It describes crystal meth's many street names and explains that it is a powerful stimulant. The document outlines both short-term and long-term physical effects on users, including increased heart rate and risk of stroke. It also notes the environmental and health risks of meth labs and how to respond if encountering one.
Basic training on the types of drugs concerned with the private rehab sector.
This slide show was written by Dylan Kerr . It contains no private information.
Bath salts are emerging drugs that contain synthetic forms of cathinone, a stimulant found in the khat plant. The crystals resemble Epsom salts, giving them their name. Common synthetic cathinones include MDPV and mephedrone. Bath salts cause euphoria, increased sociability and sex drive, but also paranoia, agitation, and psychotic behavior. They act like cocaine and raise dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Their effects typically last 4-6 hours. Three synthetic cathinones are now illegal in the US. Bath salts were easily obtained and appealed to teens, though laws have since targeted them.
This document discusses methamphetamine, including its history, production, effects, and harms. It was first synthesized in 1893 but was not widely used until it replaced ephedrine for asthma treatments. During WWII, it was given to soldiers to promote wakefulness. Today, it is a highly addictive stimulant that is manufactured illegally and abused by millions worldwide. Short-term effects include increased heart rate and energy, but long-term use can cause neurological damage and medical issues. Pregnant women who use meth also risk negative outcomes. The document outlines the physical and psychological impacts of methamphetamine use.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
The document discusses designer drugs, which are substances created to mimic the effects of illegal drugs but evade controlled substance laws. It defines designer drugs and explains that they have similar psychotropic effects to illegal drugs, are not FDA approved, and are produced underground. The document then summarizes several common designer drugs like GHB, opioids, amphetamines, cannabinoids, and PCP, outlining their structures, street names, effects, and risks. It notes that designer drugs pose health hazards since their dosages are unknown.
- What it is.
- How & Why people use it.
- Effects: (Physiological; Psychological; Behavioural).
- Short-term risks.
- Long-term consequences.
- Risk Reduction: (Strategies; Behaviours).
- Working with intoxication.
- Why now? Again!
- Community responses.
- Supports & Resources.
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. It comes as a white powder or clear crystal chunks that are smoked or injected. The drug has a long history but became popular in the US in the 1950s. It is produced illegally by extracting ingredients from cold medicines and combining them with toxic chemicals. Short term effects include increased activity and heart rate, while long term use can cause physical and mental health issues. Meth is addictive and illegal, with prison sentences and fines for possession.
This document provides information about methamphetamine (meth), including what it is, how it's ingested, common signs of meth use, and how to identify a potential meth lab. Meth comes in various forms and is often snorted, smoked, or injected for its euphoric and energizing effects. Long term meth use can cause physical and psychological harm. Clandestine meth labs are dangerous and produce toxic waste. The document outlines physical and behavioral signs that may indicate meth use or production and advises contacting authorities instead of confronting a suspected user or lab.
The document discusses the opioid epidemic in the United States, focusing on the role of OxyContin. It describes how OxyContin became widely prescribed due to a shift in pain treatment philosophy in the 1980s, an aggressive marketing campaign by Purdue Pharma claiming the drug had a low addiction risk, and changes in physician prescribing habits. However, OxyContin proved to be highly addictive, and increased opioid prescriptions correlated with rising overdose rates. Purdue Pharma was later found to have misleadingly marketed OxyContin and paid fines, but the epidemic had already taken hold across the nation. The FDA and state governments have since implemented measures to curb inappropriate opioid prescribing and monitor distribution.
Pseudoephedrine is an over-the-counter decongestant that is also used to make methamphetamine illegally. Regulations have been implemented to restrict pseudoephedrine sales and track purchases in order to curb meth production. These regulations led to a 50% decline in meth lab seizures between 2005-2006 according to the Drug Enforcement Agency. Additional measures are needed to further address the problem such as drug reformulations and stricter penalties.
Heroin is a highly addictive illegal drug derived from poppy plants. It is often injected, which carries additional health risks. Heroin use leads to severe physical and psychological addiction. Withdrawal from heroin is extremely painful and uncomfortable. Long-term heroin use takes a major toll on the body and often results in death due to overdose or health complications from addiction.
Surviving College: Booze, Drugs, & Neurobiology Morgan Johnson
This document summarizes information about commonly abused substances among college students such as alcohol, marijuana, MDMA, opioids, and stimulants. It describes the acute and long-term effects of these substances on health and neurobiology. It also discusses trends in substance abuse such as increasing prescription opioid overdose deaths. Laws regarding synthetic marijuana in Texas are outlined, classifying it as a Penalty Group 2A controlled substance. Throughout, health risks of each substance are emphasized.
This document provides a brief primer on the complex relationship between substance abuse and mental illness. It discusses several categories of commonly abused substances, including alcohol/cross-tolerant drugs, cannabinoids, stimulants, hallucinogens, opioids, inhalants, and others. For each category, it outlines the typical signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal, and how substance use can cause, compound, or mimic mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, mania, and psychosis. The document aims to help readers understand how substances are grouped based on their similar effects, and recognize substance-induced versus underlying mental illness.
This is a presentation I did last year in Chicago for Cook County juvenile probation officers. It is an update on patterns of drug abuse by adolescents. Among other things, it acquaints viewers with the problem of street drug misrepresentation. Not only are the same street drugs sold in different forms, but drugs that look the same may contain completely different drugs.
Methamphetamine, also known as meth or crystal meth, is a highly addictive stimulant. The document discusses methamphetamine use in the United States. It notes that in 2008, approximately 13 million Americans over 12 had used meth, with 529,000 being regular users. While use has declined somewhat since 2008, meth remains prevalent and damaging. Both short and long-term use can have serious health effects on the body and mind. Treatment focuses on behavioral therapies and incentives to stop use and prevent relapse.
Prescription painkillers like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and propoxyphene are highly addictive opioids that produce both pain relief and euphoria. Their abuse has grown significantly among teens who believe them safer than street drugs. However, long-term use can lead to physical dependence and dangerous withdrawal symptoms. Powerful opioids like OxyContin are sometimes abused as substitutes for heroin. In some areas, addiction to OxyContin has driven up crime rates.
Va calc spice bath salts 2011 04-14 finalgwalton008
This document summarizes information about synthetic drugs of abuse including synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice" or "K2"), synthetic cathinones ("bath salts"), and their active ingredients. It describes their pharmacology, psychoactive effects, side effects, routes of administration, legal status, and increasing prevalence of use according to poison control centers. Concerns are raised about the health risks of these increasingly popular synthetic drugs.
This document provides information on herbal incense products and bath salts. It notes that there are hundreds of herbal incense products being smoked for their cannabis-like effects, and that manufacturers constantly change ingredients to avoid legal restrictions. It discusses specific products like "Smiles" that contain synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones, and describes their effects, health risks, and legal status.
The document provides an overview of four major psychedelic drugs: PCP, MDMA, ketamines, and nitrous oxide. It discusses their history, effects, and current legal status. Two of the drugs, PCP and ketamines, are NMDA receptor antagonists that produce dissociative effects. The document also covers the discovery and use of MDMA in psychotherapy before it was scheduled and banned for recreational use.
Deadly adulterants new dangers of illicit drugsMrsunny4
The “cutting” or “adulteration” of street drugs is common practice in the manufacturing, distribution and selling of illicit drugs, all in the name of increased profit.
This document provides information on bath salts and K2/spice. It describes bath salts as synthetic stimulants often found in retail products containing chemicals like mephedrone and MDPV that produce effects similar to cocaine and MDMA. K2 is a mixture of herbs sprayed with synthetic THC compounds and marketed as incense that produces marijuana-like effects when smoked. Both are dangerous and have unpredictable effects. While some ingredients are now controlled, the legal status of bath salts and K2 can vary as manufacturers modify ingredients to circumvent laws.
Synthetic cathinones ("bath salts") and cannabinoids ("spice") pose emerging public health threats. They produce effects similar to illegal drugs like cocaine and marijuana but are marketed as "bath salts", "plant food", or "incense" to avoid regulation. While little was known about them initially, reports show they can cause agitation, hallucinations, and even death. Most states have now controlled or criminalized them in response.
The document discusses various types of emerging synthetic drugs, including synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, and novel psychedelics. It describes the issues with these drugs, such as their availability, marketing, and health effects. Specifically, it outlines the history and effects of MDPV, a synthetic cathinone, noting that it is highly addictive and compulsive. The document stresses that legislation struggles to keep up with new psychoactive substances and that health professionals should focus on the drug classes rather than specific drug names when treating patients.
This document provides an overview of street drugs that paramedics should be familiar with, including opiates like heroin, hyper-dynamic drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine. It discusses the background, slang terms, methods of use, signs and symptoms of overdose, and basic treatment approaches for each drug. It also covers potential long-term health effects, interactions between drugs, and issues around dependence, detoxification and withdrawal.
1. The document describes the development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry screening method to identify various designer drugs and other substances of abuse.
2. The developed method allows for the simultaneous detection and identification of 18 compounds, including stimulants and hallucinogens, with an emphasis on pharmaceuticals misused for their psychotropic effects.
3. The method utilizes LC-MS/MS with time of flight analysis for chromatographic separation and unequivocal identification of each substance based on their mass spectra.
Synthetic cannabinoids were originally developed for medical research but have recently been used recreationally due to their similar effects to THC. They are often sold as herbal incense sprayed with cannabinoid chemicals that are more potent than THC and have caused adverse health effects. Analyzing these compounds requires specialized analytical techniques like mass spectrometry. Large outbreaks of health issues have been reported associated with compounds like ADB-PINACA, XLR-11, and MAB-CHMINACA.
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
These substances of abuse were originally developed and used as medicines but were discontinued and made illegal due to serious side effects. MDMA was created by a German company and binds to hormone transporters. PCP was first used as a veterinary and human anesthetic but was discontinued due to side effects experienced by patients. Valium was synthesized in 1959 and affects the GABA receptors in the brain, reducing nerve cell activity but also has severe long term effects on the body with prolonged use. Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid 100 times stronger than morphine that is commonly used as an illegal drug adulterant due to its low cost and ability to quickly enter the brain due to its lipid solubility.
Designer Drugs Testing Solutions for EmployersNMS Labs
Designer Drugs Testing Solutions for Employers
Presented February 1, 2012
by Dr. Barry K. Logan, PhD, DABFT
NMS Labs National Director of Forensic Services
This document provides an overview of various drugs and their effects. It discusses several classes of drugs including narcotics, hallucinogens, depressants, stimulants, and anabolic steroids. For each drug class, it outlines some prominent drugs in that class like opiates, marijuana, cocaine, and describes their physiological and psychological effects. It also discusses drug analysis techniques used to identify unknown drug substances.
MDMA, also known as ecstasy, is a psychoactive drug that increases serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. It was originally developed as an antibleeding drug but became popular recreationally in the late 1960s. MDMA causes a euphoric and empathetic mood state but can also cause serotonin depletion, cognitive impairment, and addiction in some users. While relatively low risk in terms of overdoses, MDMA use still poses health risks like elevated body temperature and potential neurotoxicity. It is classified as a schedule 1 controlled substance with no accepted medical use.
The chemistry of MDMA and various other phenethylaminesRyan Hemming
The document provides an overview of phenethylamines, a class of compounds that includes MDMA. It discusses their chemical structure, with substitutions that can alter effects. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 but its psychoactive properties were unknown. Alexander Shulgin rediscovered phenethylamines in the 1960s and synthesized over 200, documenting effects. Recreational use of most phenethylamines is now illegal. The document outlines their appearance as solids and methods of intake as pills or powders, which are not always pure and can be cut with other substances.
Tobacco contains the addictive chemical nicotine. Around 17.3 million Filipino adults are current smokers, with 14.6 million being male smokers. Smoking can cause various health issues like lung cancer, heart disease, and low birth weight in infants. It is also financially draining due to increased healthcare costs.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. Synthetic cathinones are related to the parent compound cathinone.
Since the mid-2000s, unregulated ring-substituted cathinone derivatives
have appeared in the European and American recreational drugs market.
The most commonly available synthetic cathinones sold on the recreational
market in the period up to 2011 appear to be 3, 4-
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), mephedrone, and methylone.
These products are usually encountered as highly pure white or brown
powders. Cathinone derivatives are claimed to have effects similar to those
of cocaine, amphetamine or MDMA (ecstasy), but little is known of their
detailed pharmacology.
3.
4. The term ‘bath salts’ refer to commercially available products that have as part of their
composition a legal stimulant (synthetic cathinone) called 3, 4-
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, or MDPV.
Currently illegal in New Jersey and illegal nationally (3 synthetic cathinones [MDPV,
Mephedrone and Methylone] were placed on temporary emergency ban October 21,
2011 by the DEA). They are sold mostly on the internet, but can also be found in select
shops locally. They're known by a variety of names, including “Red Dove,” “Blue Silk,”
“Zoom,” “Bloom,” “Cloud Nine,” “Ocean Snow,” “Lunar Wave,” “Vanilla Sky,” “Ivory
Wave,” “White Lightning,” “Scarface” “Purple Wave,” “Blizzard,” “Star Dust,” “Lovey,
Dovey,” “Snow Leopard,” “Aura,” and “Hurricane Charlie.” While they have become
popular under the guise of selling as ‘bath salts’, they are sometimes sold as other
products such as insect repellant, or plant food with names like “Bonsai Grow” among
others.
Much like the marketing of Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice/K2) as incense, MDPV has
been market as “bath salts” and just like Spice/K2 MDPV is specifically labeled “not for
human consumption.”
5. There are other drugs with a similar chemical structure to MDPV.
These include α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP). Little is known about
this compound, but it has been detected by laboratories in Germany as an
ingredient in "ecstasy" tablets seized by law enforcement authorities.
4'-methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP) is a stimulant drug. It is very
structurally similar to α-PPP. MPPP was sold in Germany as a designer
drug in the late 1990s and early 2000s,although it has never achieved the
same international popularity as its better-known relations α-PPP and
MDPV.
3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP) is a stimulant
designer drug. It was sold in Germany in the late 1990s and early 2000s as
an ingredient in imitation ecstasy (MDMA) pills. It shares a similar chemical
structure with α-PPP and MDPV.
6. Because of the emerging nature of these drugs, most specifically MDPV to the
US marketplace, there seems to be confusion regarding MDPV and other drugs
such as Mephedrone (4-MMC) being used in bath salts.
Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), or 4-
methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and
cathinone classes. Slang names include “meph,” “drone,” and “MCAT.”
It is reportedly manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone
compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the form of
tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar
effects to MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine.
In July, 2010, the DEA listed Mephedrone a “drug and chemical of concern.”
7. Cosmic Blast, marketed as a jewelry cleaner, is a stimulant/hallucinogen that is being
marketed in the same way bath salts were. Drug sellers don’t seem to care about US drug
law in that samples of Cosmic Blast that have been tested in toxicology laboratories have
been known to contain. MDPV.
It can also contain Naphyrone (which became popular in the UK after their ban of
Mephedrone recently).
Naphyrone also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a drug derived from
pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects and has
been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug).
Anecdotal reports of Naphyrone are it can stay in your body for long periods and since it is
a reuptake inhibitor of Serotonin, which is implicated in body heat regulation, body
temperatures can soar upwards of 107-108 degrees.
8. Pentedrone, also known as 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one or α-methylamino-
valerophenone, is a designer drug with presumably stimulant effects, which has been found
since 2010 as an ingredient in a number of "bath salt" mixes sold as legal highs.
Alpha-PVP - α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (alpha-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone,α-PVP, O-2387,alpha-PVP) is a
stimulant compound developed in the 1960s and related to pyrovalerone. The mechanism of action is
unknown for α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone. α-PVP is believed to act similarly to the designer drug MDPV, which
acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), although no substantial research on this
compound has been conducted.
3,4-DMMC - 3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone is a stimulant drug first reported in 2010 as a designer drug
analogue of mephedrone, apparently produced in response to the banning of mephedrone, following its
widespread abuse in many countries in Europe and around the world.
9. MDPV was developed in the 1960s, and has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue, but
caused problems of abuse and dependence.
1969: Boehringer Ingelheim files a patent application for MDPV.
2005: MDPV appears as a recreational drug; first mention on Drugs-Forum.
2007: First seizure of MDPV as a recreational drug, by customs officials in the German state of
Saxony. The drug had been shipped from China.
2008: First seizure of MDPV in the United States.
2009: MDPV made illegal in Denmark.
2010: MDPV made a controlled drug in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Australia and Finland. First
reports of the widespread retail marketing of 'bath salts' containing MDPV in the US. The US
considers both Mephedrone (July, 2010) and MDPV (December, 2010) "a drug and chemical of
concern".
2011: MDPV sale and possession are banned in 31 US States, with legislation being
introduced in many other states.
10. MDPV is a powerful stimulant that functions as a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitor (NDRI). It has stimulatory effects on the central nervous system and
cardiovascular system.
1. physical: rapid heartbeat, increase in blood pressure, vasoconstriction,
sweating.
2. mental: euphoria, increases in alertness & awareness, increased wakefulness
and arousal, anxiety, agitation, perception of a diminished requirement for food
and sleep.
MDPV reportedly has four times the potency of Ritalin and Concerta.
MDPV is sometimes labeled online as legal cocaine or legal amphetamines.
The effects have a duration of roughly 3 to 4 hours, with after effects such as
tachycardia, hypertension, and mild stimulation lasting from 6 to 8 hours. High doses
have been observed to cause intense, prolonged panic attacks in stimulant-intolerant
users, and there are anecdotal reports of psychosis from sleep withdrawal and
addiction at higher doses or more frequent dosing intervals.
11. Aggression
Agitation
Breathing difficulty
Bruxism (grinding
teeth)
Confusion
Dizziness
Extreme anxiety
sometimes
progressing to violent
behavior
Fits and delusions
Hallucinations
Headache
Hypertension (high
blood pressure)
Increased
alertness/awareness
Increased body
temperature, chills,
sweating
Insomnia
Kidney pain
Lack of appetite
Liver failure
Loss of bowel control
Muscle spasms
Muscle tenseness
Vasoconstriction
(narrowing of the blood
vessels)
Nausea, stomach cramps,
and digestive problems
Nosebleeds
Psychotic delusions
Pupil dilation
Renal failure
Rhabdomyolysis (release
of muscle fiber contents
[myoglobin] that could lead
to kidney problems)
Severe paranoia
Suicidal thoughts
Tachycardia (rapid
heartbeat)
Tinnitus
12. Yes. Until a drug is tested, it cannot be considered safe. MDPV and its ‘chemical cousins’
have not been tested by the FDA and thus little is known as to the harm potential. Some
anecdotal stories involving ‘bath salt’ usage and their potential for harm come in news
stories from across the nation, local emergency room reports and data collected from the
American Association of Poison Control Center.
In New Jersey, on March 16, 2011 a young man reportedly addicted to Bath Salts and also
suffering from Bipolar Disorder, killed his girlfriend at his home. This tragic death of a
Rutgers University student prompted three NJ legislatures to introduce a bill to ban the
active ingredients in these “bath salts”.
There have been reports that clients are reporting chest pains, increased blood pressure,
increased heart rate, agitation, hallucinations, extreme paranoia, and delusions and suicidal
thoughts. One online report from Louisiana has attempted to correlate 3 deaths with prior
usage of MDPV. Many of the anecdotal reports are saying these compounds found in “bath
salts” can quickly cause people to crave re-use of the substance, and are strongly addicting.
13. New research (December 14, 2011) by scientists at the National Institute on Drug
Abuse (NIDA) indicates that the active compounds in "bath salts" (mephedrone
and methylone) bind to monoamine transporters on the surface of some neurons.
This in turn leads to an increase in the brain chemical serotonin, and to a lesser
extent, dopamine, suggesting a mechanism that could underlie the addictive
potential of these compounds.
“Our data demonstrate that designer methcathinone analogs are substrates for
monoamine transporters, with a profile of transmitter-releasing activity
comparable to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'ecstasy').”
“Given the widespread use of mephedrone and methylone, determining the
consequences of repeated drug exposure warrants further study.”
14. Analysis of the ratio of the AUC for dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT)
indicated that mephedrone was preferentially a serotonin releaser, with a
ratio of 1.22:1 (serotonin vs. dopamine).
Additionally, half-lives for the decrease in DA and 5-HT were calculated for
each drug. Mephedrone had decay rates of 24.5 minutes and 25.5 minutes,
respectively.
MDMA had decay values of 302.5 minutes and 47.9 minutes, respectively,
while amphetamine values were 51 minutes and 84.1 minutes, respectively.
Taken together, these findings show that mephedrone induces a massive
increase in both DA and 5-HT, combined with rapid clearance. The rapid
rise and subsequent fall of DA levels could explain some of the addictive
properties that mephedrone displays in some users.
15. On October 21, 2011, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
exercised its emergency scheduling authority to control three synthetic stimulants
(Mephedrone , 3,4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and Methylone) used to
make products marketed as “bath salts” and “plant food”.
Except as authorized by law, this action makes possessing and selling these
chemicals, or the products that contain them, illegal in the United States.
These chemicals will be controlled for at least 12 months, with the possibility of a six
month extension, while the DEA and the United States Department of Health and
Human Services (DHHS) further study whether these chemicals should be
permanently controlled.
In this press release, DEA Administrator Michele M. Leonhart stated “these
chemicals pose a direct and significant threat, regardless of how they are marketed,
and we will aggressively pursue those who attempt their manufacture and sale.”
The “Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act” (now a law as of July
9, 2012) extends temporary bans from 18 months in total, to 36 months in total.
16. The “Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act” (2012) is
proposing to extend temporary bans from 18 months in total, to 36 months in
total.
The Senate on May 24, 2012 passed the “Food and Drug Administration
Safety and Innovation Act” which has in it, a synthetic drug section (Title XI,
Subtitle D – Section 1152).
This act, passed by both houses of Congress, bans 31 different synthetic
drugs. The
first version of this bill passed by the house had 17 synthetic cathinones (and
cathinone substitutes) listed. However, this section was reduced significantly
when pass through the Senate, and the final bill appears to have gone from 17
to 2: MDPV and Mephedrone.
The FDA Safety and Innovation Act was signed into law by President Obama
on July 9, 2012.
17. In 2010 there were 304 calls about MDPV (bath salt) products according to the American Association of
Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS).
As of January 28, 2013 poison centers reported 2,654 calls for all of 2012 (6,136 calls in 2011). This shows
the trend of how popular this class of drug has become, but it also shows that since the national ban,
decreased usage, in the form of poison control center calls, is evident (2,654 calls in all of 2012 and
6,136 calls in the same time period of 2011, or more than double the calls in 2011 than there were in 2012).
Since the temporary ban in October 21, 2011 and the permanent ban in July, 2012, November 2011 saw 231
calls reported, December 2011 - 222 calls, January 2012 - 231 calls, February 2012 - 230 calls, March 2012 –
266 calls, April 2012 saw 286 calls, May 2012 saw 293 calls and a spike in June 2012 which saw 422 calls,
July 2012 with 366 calls, August 2012 with 174 calls, September 2012 with 120 calls, October 2012 with 102
calls, November 2012 with 86 calls, and December 2012 with 78 calls.
This is clear evidence that the national and state bans are having an impact on the use of, and medical
necessity reasons to contact emergency rooms, for the chemicals that comprise “bath salts”. A continued
watch of this emerging trend, since the national ban was enacted can be found at http://www.aapcc.org as
they update their statistics periodically.
21. As of July 9, 2012, here are the known states to have banned Bath Salts; banning either Mephedrone, MDPV, Methylone
and/or other cathinones (this list has literally grown rapidly, so please understand if a state has not been listed here that
recently passed a ban):
Alabama (MDPV, Mephedrone)
Arkansas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
Arizona
Connecticut
Delaware (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone)
Florida (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, BK-PMMA)
Georgia (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
Hawaii (MDPV, Mephedrone)
Idaho (MDPV, Mephedrone)
Indiana
Illinois (MDPV)
Iowa
Kansas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
Kentucky (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone)
Louisiana (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
Maine (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi (MDPV, Mephedrone)
Missouri (MDPV, Mephedrone, MPBP [4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone])
22. As of July 9, 2012, here are the known states to have banned Bath Salts; banning either Mephedrone, MDPV,
Methylone and/or other cathinones (this list has literally grown rapidly, so please understand if a state has not
been listed here that recently passed a ban):
New Jersey (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
New Mexico (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
New York (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
North Carolina (MDPV, Mephedrone)
North Dakota (Mephedrone only)
Ohio (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
Oklahoma (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
Oregon (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
Pennsylvania (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
South Carolina (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone)
South Dakota
Tennessee (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
Texas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
Utah (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
Virginia (MDPV, Mephedrone)
Washington (MDPV, Mephedrone, and synthetic cannabinoids, analogues) – Effective November 3, 2011
West Virginia (MDPV, Mephedrone)
Wisconsin (MDPV, Mephedrone)
Wyoming (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
23. On April 29th
, 2011 MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone and 3 other synthetic cathinones were
banned in New Jersey.
This ban in New Jersey was caused by very swift action by the legislature and Division of
Consumer Affairs. On March 16, 2011, it was announced Assembly Deputy Speaker John
McKeon (D-Essex), Assemblywoman Linda Stender (D-Union), and state Senator John
Girgenti (D-Passaic) sponsored the legislation introduced into the Assembly and Senate,
that led to the ban on MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone and the 3 other synthetic stimulants 6
weeks later. The 6 banned substances are:
1. 3,4 – Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
2. 4 – Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone, 4-MMC)
3. 3,4 – Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone, MDMC)
4. 4 – Methoxymethcathinone (Methedrone, bk-PMMA, PMMC)
5. 4 – Fluoromethcathinone (Flephedrone, 4-FMC)
6. 3 – Fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC)
24. Because of the state ban on April 29, 2011, this currently means in New Jersey MDPV
and many of its derivatives and analogues (or chemical cousins to use the term from a
previous slide), are no longer accessible.
In other states where bans have not been in place, the product is being sold as ‘bath
salts’ and labeled “Not For Human Consumption”, thus there are no age restrictions on
the purchase of these products (as you have with other legal, intoxicating substances
such as alcohol).
Governor Christie made this temporary action permanent by signing Pamela's Law,
banning the sale and possession of the 6 aforementioned synthetic cathinones.
Pamela's Law was named after Pamela Schmidt, a 22-year-old Rutgers student who is
believed to have been murdered by her boyfriend, Bill Parisio, who is said to have been
under the influence of “bath salts” at the time of the March incident.
However, toxicology results of Mr. Parisio taken shortly after the murder showed there
were none of these synthetic cathinones in his system.
25. Because national public health officials have MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone on
their radar, it has been placed on a 12 month temporary national ban that started on
October 21, 2011.
In December, 2010, the DEA made a brief statement: “Currently, MDPV is not a
scheduled drug under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, if intended for
human consumption, MDPV can be considered an analogue of a schedule I drug under
the CSA (Title 21 United States Code 813). Therefore, law enforcement cases involving
MDPV can be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act of the CSA.” However, all
“bath salts” clearly state “Not for Human Consumption”.
What this means is that (if in your state) MDPV is not a scheduled drug currently, if the
intention is to use it for human consumption, its structural similarity to illegal drugs of
abuse means that it could be considered by law enforcement officials as a controllable
substance analogue (under the Federal Analogue Act).
26. Just because a federal ban is enacted on a drug, it does
not mean local authorities will take action on this drug.
States still need to enact legislation to ban the substances
in order for state (then local) authorities to take action.
Federal bans will go after larger distributors, but it will be
locally determined as to whether users and smaller, local
distributors (such as non-chain convenience stores and
gas stations) will be sought after without a state ban.
27. This is from a recent study out of the United
Kingdom.
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and related cathinones were
controlled in the United Kingdom on 16 April 2010.
An analysis of presentations to the emergency department of patients with
acute toxicity related to the use of mephedrone demonstrated that there
was a peak in presentations prior to and a significant fall in presentations
following the control of mephedrone.
This suggests that the control of mephedrone in the United Kingdom may
have been effective in reducing the acute harm associated with the drug.
28. Redwood Toxicology Laboratory shows currently they have detection for MDPV and Mephedrone. They
do not have detection for α-PPP, MPPP or MDPPP in urine drug screens. The cost for the 2 panel is $40
($30 if you do enough volume and have your entire drug screen business with Redwood Lab.), and $55
($40) for the 14 panel test. There is reportedly a 48-72 hour detection window, depending on dosing.
Redwood has a 2 panel drug test (MDPV, Mephedrone) and a 14 panel drug test which tests for the
following drugs:
1. BZP (Benzylpiperazine)
2. Butylone (β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylpropylamine, bk-MBDB)
3. Cathinone (Khat or Benzoylethanamine)
4. Ethylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone, MDEC, bk-MDEA)
5. MBDB (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine, Methyl-J, “Eden”)
6. mCPP (meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine)
7. MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, tenamfetamine)
8. MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, MDEA, MDE, “Eve”)
9. MDPV (Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, Cloud 9, Ivory Wave, White Lightning)
10. MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, “E”, “X”)
11. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone [4-MMC], 4-methylephedrone, “Meph”, “MCat”)
12. Methcathinone (α-methylamino-propiophenone, may be confused with mephedrone)
13. Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone, bk-MDMA, MDMC, “M1”)
14. TFMPP (3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, “Legal X”)
29. This bad … Man arrested after being found standing over goat, wearing women's underwear
http://bit.ly/mr2xny
May 3, 2011. CHARLESTON, W.Va. – An Alum Creek man has been arrested after neighbors
allegedly found him standing over the dead body of a boy’s stolen pet pygmy goat while wearing
women's underwear.
The goat was named Bailey, was on a leash attached to a tree in the front yard. The small white-
and-gray goat wore a pink collar.
The 19 year old man told deputies he had been high on bath salts for the last three days, said a
detective with the sheriff's office.
Two of the three people who were with the boy who’s pet pygmy goat was abducted, went to the
suspect's home to look for the goat and found the front door open. They went inside the house,
and one went into the middle bedroom where she found the suspect in a bra and woman's panties
standing three feet from the goat's body. The suspect then ran out of the house wearing only a
muscle shirt and thong underwear.
Bath salts are ‘cross dress, kill a little boy’s pet pygmy goat, then run in public’ bad.
31. The Anecdotal “Evidence” …
May 3, 2011. CHARLESTON, W.Va. – An Alum Creek man has been arrested after neighbors
allegedly found him standing over the dead body of a boy’s stolen pet pygmy goat while wearing
women's underwear. This was our trendsetter http://bit.ly/mr2xny.
May and June, 2012 – A veritable outbreak of Zombie type behaviors with people the media reported
that were supposedly on bath salts (mostly in Florida … fill in your own thoughts on this):
1. Florida Man (Rudy Eugene) Eats 75% of Another Man’s Face
2. NJ Man Flings His Own Intestines at Police Who Try to Arrest Him
3. Man on Bath Salts Bites a Chunk of Person’s Face in Domestic Dispute
4. Man on Bath Salts Threatens to Eat Police Who Try to Arrest Him
Of course the most infamous of these is link #1, where the mother actually talked to the press to
announce that her now deceased son (they had to kill him as when the police tried to stop him from
eating the other man he merely growled at them) “was no zombie” and his former girlfriend stated he
was either drugged or possessed. Rudy Eugene was on marijuana only, not bath salts. He was also
found to have no human flesh in his stomach. However, the lab only tested for 6 chemicals, and as
we have seen there are more than 6 chemicals being used/labeled as “bath salts”.
It doesn’t help that Center for Disease Control has
a permanent internet website dedicated to how to best handle a Zombie Apocalypse.
32. More recent rash of bizarre and deadly bath salts incidents
June 18, 2012. Houston, Texas - A man was found in the middle of a
busy street
shouting incoherently at oncoming traffic that swerved to miss him.
Police finally got him out of the traffic when he “displayed signs of
excited delirium” before he stopped breathing. He was pronounced
dead at the hospital and had bath salts on him.
June 14, 2012. Miami, Florida - A
naked woman punched and choked her 3 year old son before the son was
. She then grabbed her dog and did the same before the police came
and tasered. She died from cardiac arrest as a result of the tasering
(and likely drugs).
33. June 15, 2012. Robinson, Illinois - A
naked man grabs onto random car hood while naked and surfs car hood fo
. The driver calls 911 and drives 4 miles to meet police who then
arrested the man, who had vials purportedly containing bath salts on
him. The driver was given a special commendation for delivering the
perp in under 30 minutes.
October 3, 2012. Tempe Arizona – A man was arrested
after being found naked while making out with the steering wheel of a U-Ha
. Investigators say when officers arrived on the scene, John Hurtado,
aged 20, was still inside the U-Haul truck, kissing the steering wheel.
Hurtado was reportedly rambling and acting irrationally. He was
apprehended and placed inside a squad car, where he began kissing
the cage. The U-Haul Truck has since filed a restraining order and
entered into counseling as it witnessed Hurtago cheating on it with the
police cruiser.
34. The Facts …
MDPV, Mephedrone, and other synthetic cathinones can cause serious psychiatric
symptoms in people who have never exhibited such symptoms prior to usage.
This can happen for some, while others will never experience these symptoms under the
influence of these chemicals. However, the prevalence of people having abreactions is
evident in Poison Control Center data, and in these types of anecdotal stories linked in the
previous slide.
For those who have pre-existing psychiatric problems, ingesting these substances can
further fracture and intensify these pre-existing psychiatric symptoms, which can be
expressed in violent ways by some.
There is no evidence of continued "zombiefication" of bath salt users after the drugs have
left their system. Thus any zombie like tendencies (i.e., aggression leading to the severe
mutilation of oneself or others) that could possibly exist, would only do so while under the
influence, and wouldn't persist after the effects of the drug have left a person's system.
Sorry, no Hollywood zombie apocalypse is evident with "bath salts" ingestion, only tragic consequences.
35. American Association of Poison Control Centers. (2011). Bath Salts Data Updated January 28, 2013. https://
aapcc.s3.amazonaws.com/files/library/Bath_Salts_Data_for_Website_1.09.2013.pdf
American Psychiatric Association Online (2011). Why "Bath Salts" Are Addictive.
http://alert.psychiatricnews.org/2011/12/why-bath-salts-are-addictive.html (accessed 12/28/11)
Bangor Daily News Online – Maine Politics. (2011). ‘Bath salts’ ban takes effect; state’s top cop seeks to halt
drug’s march into Maine.
http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/06/politics/lepage-signs-bill-creating-penalties-for-bath-salts/
DEA. (2011). Chemicals Used in "Bath Salts” Now Under Federal Control and Regulation. (DEA Will Study
Whether To Permanently Control Three Substances). http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr102111.html
DEA. (2010). Brief Statement Regarding Emerging Drug MDPV. http://www.justice.gov/dea/index.htm
DEA. (2010). Increasing abuse of bath salts. http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs43/43474/sw0007.doc
DEA. (2010). Methylenedioxypyrovalerone [(MDPV) (1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone]
http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/mdpv.pdf
DEA. (2010) 4-methylmethcathinone, Mephedrone, 4-MMC - Drugs and Chemicals of Concern.
http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/mephedrone.htm
36. Drugs Forum. Information regarding MDPV accessed on February 22, 2011.
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=MDPV
The Federal Government (2012). S. 3187: Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act – Synthetic Drugs
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s3187/text
FoxNews.com. (2011). Delaware Officials Ban Sale of 'Bath Salts’
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/30/delaware-officials-ban-sale-bath-salts/
Hadlock GC, Webb KM, McFadden LM, Chu PW, Ellis JD, Allen SC, Andrenyak DM, Vieira-Brock PL, German CL, Conrad KM, Hoonakker AJ, Gibb
JW, Wilkins DG, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE. (2011). 4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): Neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of
abuse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 339(2):530–536.
Huffington Post. (2011). Rutgers Student William Parisio, Accused In Pamela Schmidt's Murder, Used 'Bath Salts' To Get High.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/16/pamela-schmidt-dead_n_836536.html
Huffington Post. (2011). Bath Salts Drug Not Involved In Murder Leading To Pamela's Law Ban, NJ Prosecutor Says.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/02/nj-murder-bath-salts-drug-ban-william-parisio-pamela-schmidt_n_947159.html
Kehr, J.; Ichinose, F.; Yoshitake, S.; Goiny, M.; Sievertsson, T.; Nyberg, F.; Yoshitake, T. (2011). "Mephedrone, compared to MDMA (ecstasy) and
amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and serotonin levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats". British Journal of Pharmacology 164 (8):
1949–1958.
37. KMBC.com – Abuse of Fake ‘Bath Salts’ Sends Dozens to ER.
http://www.kmbc.com/news/26256067/detail.html
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011). Message from the Director on "Bath Salts" - Emerging and Dangerous
Products. http://www.nida.nih.gov/about/welcome/MessageBathSalts211.html
New Jersey Star Ledger. (2011). N.J. Senate, Assembly lawmakers to introduce bill banning 'bath salts' drug.
http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/nj_legislation_banning_bath_sa.html
Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2011). Statement from White House Drug Policy Director on Synthetic
Stimulants, a.k.a “Bath Salts”. http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/news/press11/020111.html
The Poison Review. (2011). NBC’s Today Show reports on ‘bath salts’.
http://www.thepoisonreview.com/2011/02/02/the-today-show-reports-on-bath-salts-mdpv/
Psychonaut Webmapping Research Group. (2009). MDPV Report. Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College
London: London, UK. http://www.nascsa.org/NEWS/PsychonautMDPVreport.pdf
NJ's Pamela's Law. (2010). http://e-lobbyist.com/gaits/text/288194 - NJ Law banning 6 Synthetic Cathinones
(MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, Methedrone, Flephedrone, and 3-FMC).
Redwood Toxicology Laboratories. (2011).
http://www.redwoodtoxicology.com/documents/services/3396_designer_stimulant_sellsheet.pdf
38. SeattleWeekly.com. (2011). Washington Permanently Bans Bath Salts and Synthetic Marijuana--and Some Chemicals
That Haven't Been Invented Yet.
http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2011/10/washington_permanently_bans_bath_salts_and_synthetic_marijuana.php
Synthetic Cathinones. (2011). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/synthetic-cathinones
Westfield Patch. (2011). http://westfield.patch.com/articles/christie-bans-bath-salts Christie Bans "Bath Salts“
Wikipedia: 3,4 DMMC. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone
Wikipedia: alpha-PVP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-PVP
Wikipedia: alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone
Wikipedia: Mephedrone. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephedrone
Wikipedia: MPPP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone
Wikipedia: MDPPP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone
39. Wikipedia: MDPV. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPV
Wikipedia: Substituted Cathinones. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_cathinone
WJHG.com – Florida makes sales and possession of bath salts illegal.
http://www.wjhg.com/home/headlines/Florida_makes_sales_and_possession_of_bath_salts_illegal_114
681959.html
Wood, D. M., Greene, S. L. & Dargan, P. I. (2011). Emergency department presentations in
determining the effectiveness of drug control in the United Kingdom: mephedrone (4-
methylmethcathinone) control appears to be effective using this model. Emergency Medical Journal.
http://emj.bmj.com/content/early/2011/10/27/emermed-2011-200747.abstract
Information from the slide “Synthetic Cathinones Effects Summary Sheet” was taken from: Martha
Hunt, M.A., CAMF, Health Promotion & Wellness, Naval Hospital Twentynine Palms, MCAGCC, Box
788250, Twentynine Palms, CA 92278. PowerPoint presentation entitled “Bath Salts or Designer
Cathinones”, August 9, 2011. Accessed September, 14, 2011.
40. A comprehensive article on synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”) is
available at: http://www.hdap.org/mdpv.html
A comprehensive article on synthetic cannabinoids (“spice/k2”) is
available at: http://www.hdap.org/spice.html.
Glenn Duncan LPC, LCADC, CCS, ACS is the Executive Director of
Hunterdon Drug Awareness Program, an outpatient and intensive
outpatient substance abuse program located in Flemington, NJ. Glenn
is also a national trainer and professional consultant, providing trainings
on both emerging drug trends, clinical supervision and other topics.
If you had questions that did not get answered, Glenn can be contacted
at info@clinicalsupervisor.net, gduncan@hdap.org, or you can contact
him on linked in at: http://www.linkedin.com/in/glennduncan.