This document provides guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of bacteremia. It discusses appropriate blood culture collection, interpreting positive blood culture results, and organism-specific management recommendations. For Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia, it recommends narrowing antibiotic therapy based on susceptibility testing, considering IV to PO conversion if criteria are met, and that 7 days of therapy may be sufficient for uncomplicated cases. It also provides guidance on extended spectrum beta-lactamases, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas bacteremia, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.
This document discusses community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and management based on risk stratification. Key points include:
- CAP is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Atypical pathogens and respiratory viruses are also common.
- Clinical features may include cough, fever, tachypnea, and findings on chest exam. Chest x-ray is needed to confirm pneumonia.
- Treatment depends on patient risk factors and severity, ranging from outpatient oral antibiotics for low risk to intravenous antibiotics plus macrolide for high risk or
This document discusses post-COVID 19 syndromes, their features, and management. It covers a wide range of potential sequelae affecting the lungs, heart, brain, kidneys, endocrine system, and other organs. Management involves monitoring for and treating persistent symptoms through specialized post-COVID clinics with a multidisciplinary care approach. Common long-term issues include fatigue, respiratory symptoms, cardiac involvement, neurological or psychiatric symptoms, and general functional decline.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. It is caused by environmental triggers like dust, pollen, or viruses. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and tests like spirometry. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and controlling symptoms using long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for acute symptoms. The goal of treatment is to help patients live normal, active lives with minimal asthma symptoms or flare-ups.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by chronic inflammation. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Key risk factors include cigarette smoking and air pollution. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests showing airflow limitation, and ruling out other conditions. Management focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy for severe disease.
Asthma and COPD share some similarities in their pathophysiology such as airway obstruction, inflammation, and progressive loss of lung function. However, they also have key differences. Asthma typically causes intermittent airflow obstruction that is often reversible, along with eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling. COPD usually results in progressive and irreversible airflow limitation due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis involving neutrophilic inflammation and systemic consequences. While the presence of reversibility does not distinguish the two, their underlying inflammatory processes and structural lung changes differ substantially.
This document summarizes a presentation on acute and chronic bronchitis. It begins by defining acute bronchitis as inflammation of the large bronchi caused by bacterial or viral infection. It then compares acute and chronic bronchitis, noting their differences in pathogens, onset, duration, age groups affected, and clinical presentation. The document discusses the epidemiology and risk factors of acute bronchitis. It covers the infectious and non-infectious causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, patient education, and prognosis. The presentation aims to provide an overview of acute and chronic bronchitis for healthcare professionals.
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermentation of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. It has bactericidal activity by binding to the bacterial cell wall and inhibiting peptidoglycan formation. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Clinically, it is used to treat potentially serious gram-positive infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, and skin infections. It has a longer half-life than vancomycin and is mainly excreted unchanged in urine. Potential adverse reactions include anaphylaxis, hematologic effects, and nephro- and neurotoxicity.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
This document discusses community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and management based on risk stratification. Key points include:
- CAP is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Atypical pathogens and respiratory viruses are also common.
- Clinical features may include cough, fever, tachypnea, and findings on chest exam. Chest x-ray is needed to confirm pneumonia.
- Treatment depends on patient risk factors and severity, ranging from outpatient oral antibiotics for low risk to intravenous antibiotics plus macrolide for high risk or
This document discusses post-COVID 19 syndromes, their features, and management. It covers a wide range of potential sequelae affecting the lungs, heart, brain, kidneys, endocrine system, and other organs. Management involves monitoring for and treating persistent symptoms through specialized post-COVID clinics with a multidisciplinary care approach. Common long-term issues include fatigue, respiratory symptoms, cardiac involvement, neurological or psychiatric symptoms, and general functional decline.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. It is caused by environmental triggers like dust, pollen, or viruses. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and tests like spirometry. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and controlling symptoms using long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for acute symptoms. The goal of treatment is to help patients live normal, active lives with minimal asthma symptoms or flare-ups.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by chronic inflammation. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Key risk factors include cigarette smoking and air pollution. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests showing airflow limitation, and ruling out other conditions. Management focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy for severe disease.
Asthma and COPD share some similarities in their pathophysiology such as airway obstruction, inflammation, and progressive loss of lung function. However, they also have key differences. Asthma typically causes intermittent airflow obstruction that is often reversible, along with eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling. COPD usually results in progressive and irreversible airflow limitation due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis involving neutrophilic inflammation and systemic consequences. While the presence of reversibility does not distinguish the two, their underlying inflammatory processes and structural lung changes differ substantially.
This document summarizes a presentation on acute and chronic bronchitis. It begins by defining acute bronchitis as inflammation of the large bronchi caused by bacterial or viral infection. It then compares acute and chronic bronchitis, noting their differences in pathogens, onset, duration, age groups affected, and clinical presentation. The document discusses the epidemiology and risk factors of acute bronchitis. It covers the infectious and non-infectious causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, patient education, and prognosis. The presentation aims to provide an overview of acute and chronic bronchitis for healthcare professionals.
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermentation of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. It has bactericidal activity by binding to the bacterial cell wall and inhibiting peptidoglycan formation. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Clinically, it is used to treat potentially serious gram-positive infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, and skin infections. It has a longer half-life than vancomycin and is mainly excreted unchanged in urine. Potential adverse reactions include anaphylaxis, hematologic effects, and nephro- and neurotoxicity.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
The document is a slide set from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) for teaching about the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It contains over 100 slides and is restricted for academic and educational use only, requiring approval for commercial use.
Fungal pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by fungi. It is most common in immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms are similar to bacterial and viral pneumonia and include cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves culturing respiratory fluids or detecting fungal antigens. Treatment consists of antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and voriconazole. Prognosis depends on underlying conditions and can be as high as 90% mortality in immunocompromised patients if not treated promptly.
This document discusses drug-induced pulmonary diseases. It notes that the lungs are uniquely susceptible to toxins due to their large surface area and direct exposure to the atmosphere. Over 350 drugs can cause lung injuries through various mechanisms involving the airways, lung tissue, blood vessels and nerves. Specific drugs are noted to cause apnea through central nervous system depression or respiratory muscle weakness. Bronchospasm is the most common effect and can result from cholinergic drugs, allergens, oxidant damage and other mechanisms. Treatment focuses on supportive care, avoidance of triggers, and use of preventative medications depending on the specific cause.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their classifications. It describes bronchopneumonia as a patchy pneumonia localized around bronchioles and surrounding alveoli. Lobar pneumonia involves consolidation of an entire lobe and is often caused by pneumococcus. Interstitial pneumonia shows inflammation predominantly in alveolar walls. The document outlines etiologies, pathogenesis, histopathology, and clinical features of different pulmonary infections.
This document discusses the case of a 13-year-old boy with chronic lung disease who presented with worsening cough and difficulty breathing. He has a history of recurrent lung infections and symptoms since childhood. Differential diagnoses considered include post-infective bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and childhood interstitial lung diseases. Investigations showed bronchiectasis and pseudomonas infection. The document reviews approaches to evaluating the etiology of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, managing bronchiectasis and its exacerbations, and discusses other conditions like bronchiolitis obliterans and childhood interstitial lung diseases.
This is A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias,
This PPT covers: Introduction, Generic Name/Trade name, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological class, Pharmacodynamics, Metabolism, therapeutic uses, Dosage, Adverse Effect, Precautions & Drug interaction and Contraindication
This PPT Under supervisors Drs in FUE Pharmacy
Written By a Pharmacy Student Ahmed Yehia Abu El-Naga
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
COPD is a common preventable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive. It is caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoking. COPD places a significant disease burden and is projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. The diagnosis is established through spirometry showing airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Disease severity is assessed based on symptoms, degree of airflow limitation, exacerbation frequency, and comorbidities. Treatment involves smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy including bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and management of exacerbations and complications. Prognosis can be estimated using the BODE index.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It affects 300 million people worldwide and poses a large socioeconomic burden. The disease severity can range from intermittent to persistent daily symptoms. Common triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, and exercise. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function testing, and allergy testing. Treatment involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators for relief of acute symptoms, and anti-inflammatory controllers like inhaled corticosteroids to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of COPD
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Drugs used in ischaemic heart disease 2Pravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat ischemic heart disease. It compares classes of calcium channel blockers and describes how they work by blocking calcium channels. Verapamil, diltiazem, and dihydropyridines like amlodipine are discussed. Other anti-anginal drugs mentioned include trimetazidine, ranolazine, ivabradine, and dipyridamole. The document also reviews drug combinations used for angina, noting that beta blockers should not be combined with verapamil or diltiazem.
This document summarizes a seminar on dyspnea and respiratory failure. It defines dyspnea as subjective breathlessness and lists its potential causes such as cardiac, respiratory, or psychogenic issues. It describes different grading scales used to classify breathlessness. Types of dyspnea include orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Respiratory failure is defined as impaired gas exchange shown by low oxygen and potentially high carbon dioxide levels. It discusses the mechanisms, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and management of both dyspnea and respiratory failure.
This document discusses cyanosis, defined as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to high amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. Cyanosis can be central, occurring in the tongue and oral cavity due to low oxygen saturation in the lungs, or peripheral, occurring in the extremities due to reduced blood flow and oxygen extraction. Causes of central cyanosis include congenital heart defects and lung diseases, while peripheral cyanosis can be caused by exposure to cold, heart failure, or shock. Mixed cyanosis involves both central and peripheral features. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging exams, while treatment focuses on the underlying condition causing the cyanosis.
The document discusses the importance of establishing rapport with the patient and obtaining a thorough history, including presenting complaints, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, social history, physical examination, and systems review when conducting a patient history and physical examination. The physical examination should focus on inspecting, palpating, and auscultating the respiratory system with different approaches for infants versus older children. A goal of the history and physical is to gather important clues and confirm diagnoses.
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs. It discusses the pathophysiology of angina pectoris and different causes of chest pain. It then describes various classes of antianginal drugs including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and other drugs. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of treatment approaches for angina pectoris and ischemic heart disease.
Dysentery is an intestinal inflammation that causes severe diarrhea with blood or mucus in the feces. It is most commonly caused by infection with Shigella bacteria or Entamoeba histolytica. The main symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, and dehydration. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to kill the infecting bacteria. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and avoiding untreated water to prevent fecal-oral transmission of the disease.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflamed airways that constrict in response to triggers. It can be extrinsic, caused by allergies to things like pollen, or intrinsic, brought on by non-allergic factors like infections or stress. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using medications to open airways like bronchodilators and preventers like corticosteroids, and humidified oxygen during severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
Antibiotic use in neonates. Protocols , Rationale, Antibiotic stewardship and newer agents, NICU microbiological profile. A grand presentation by Dr. Maskey in TUTH.
The document is a slide set from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) for teaching about the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It contains over 100 slides and is restricted for academic and educational use only, requiring approval for commercial use.
Fungal pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by fungi. It is most common in immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms are similar to bacterial and viral pneumonia and include cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves culturing respiratory fluids or detecting fungal antigens. Treatment consists of antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and voriconazole. Prognosis depends on underlying conditions and can be as high as 90% mortality in immunocompromised patients if not treated promptly.
This document discusses drug-induced pulmonary diseases. It notes that the lungs are uniquely susceptible to toxins due to their large surface area and direct exposure to the atmosphere. Over 350 drugs can cause lung injuries through various mechanisms involving the airways, lung tissue, blood vessels and nerves. Specific drugs are noted to cause apnea through central nervous system depression or respiratory muscle weakness. Bronchospasm is the most common effect and can result from cholinergic drugs, allergens, oxidant damage and other mechanisms. Treatment focuses on supportive care, avoidance of triggers, and use of preventative medications depending on the specific cause.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their classifications. It describes bronchopneumonia as a patchy pneumonia localized around bronchioles and surrounding alveoli. Lobar pneumonia involves consolidation of an entire lobe and is often caused by pneumococcus. Interstitial pneumonia shows inflammation predominantly in alveolar walls. The document outlines etiologies, pathogenesis, histopathology, and clinical features of different pulmonary infections.
This document discusses the case of a 13-year-old boy with chronic lung disease who presented with worsening cough and difficulty breathing. He has a history of recurrent lung infections and symptoms since childhood. Differential diagnoses considered include post-infective bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and childhood interstitial lung diseases. Investigations showed bronchiectasis and pseudomonas infection. The document reviews approaches to evaluating the etiology of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, managing bronchiectasis and its exacerbations, and discusses other conditions like bronchiolitis obliterans and childhood interstitial lung diseases.
This is A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias,
This PPT covers: Introduction, Generic Name/Trade name, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological class, Pharmacodynamics, Metabolism, therapeutic uses, Dosage, Adverse Effect, Precautions & Drug interaction and Contraindication
This PPT Under supervisors Drs in FUE Pharmacy
Written By a Pharmacy Student Ahmed Yehia Abu El-Naga
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
COPD is a common preventable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive. It is caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoking. COPD places a significant disease burden and is projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. The diagnosis is established through spirometry showing airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Disease severity is assessed based on symptoms, degree of airflow limitation, exacerbation frequency, and comorbidities. Treatment involves smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy including bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and management of exacerbations and complications. Prognosis can be estimated using the BODE index.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It affects 300 million people worldwide and poses a large socioeconomic burden. The disease severity can range from intermittent to persistent daily symptoms. Common triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, and exercise. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function testing, and allergy testing. Treatment involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators for relief of acute symptoms, and anti-inflammatory controllers like inhaled corticosteroids to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of COPD
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Drugs used in ischaemic heart disease 2Pravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat ischemic heart disease. It compares classes of calcium channel blockers and describes how they work by blocking calcium channels. Verapamil, diltiazem, and dihydropyridines like amlodipine are discussed. Other anti-anginal drugs mentioned include trimetazidine, ranolazine, ivabradine, and dipyridamole. The document also reviews drug combinations used for angina, noting that beta blockers should not be combined with verapamil or diltiazem.
This document summarizes a seminar on dyspnea and respiratory failure. It defines dyspnea as subjective breathlessness and lists its potential causes such as cardiac, respiratory, or psychogenic issues. It describes different grading scales used to classify breathlessness. Types of dyspnea include orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Respiratory failure is defined as impaired gas exchange shown by low oxygen and potentially high carbon dioxide levels. It discusses the mechanisms, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and management of both dyspnea and respiratory failure.
This document discusses cyanosis, defined as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to high amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. Cyanosis can be central, occurring in the tongue and oral cavity due to low oxygen saturation in the lungs, or peripheral, occurring in the extremities due to reduced blood flow and oxygen extraction. Causes of central cyanosis include congenital heart defects and lung diseases, while peripheral cyanosis can be caused by exposure to cold, heart failure, or shock. Mixed cyanosis involves both central and peripheral features. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging exams, while treatment focuses on the underlying condition causing the cyanosis.
The document discusses the importance of establishing rapport with the patient and obtaining a thorough history, including presenting complaints, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, social history, physical examination, and systems review when conducting a patient history and physical examination. The physical examination should focus on inspecting, palpating, and auscultating the respiratory system with different approaches for infants versus older children. A goal of the history and physical is to gather important clues and confirm diagnoses.
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs. It discusses the pathophysiology of angina pectoris and different causes of chest pain. It then describes various classes of antianginal drugs including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and other drugs. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of treatment approaches for angina pectoris and ischemic heart disease.
Dysentery is an intestinal inflammation that causes severe diarrhea with blood or mucus in the feces. It is most commonly caused by infection with Shigella bacteria or Entamoeba histolytica. The main symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, and dehydration. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to kill the infecting bacteria. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and avoiding untreated water to prevent fecal-oral transmission of the disease.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflamed airways that constrict in response to triggers. It can be extrinsic, caused by allergies to things like pollen, or intrinsic, brought on by non-allergic factors like infections or stress. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using medications to open airways like bronchodilators and preventers like corticosteroids, and humidified oxygen during severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
Antibiotic use in neonates. Protocols , Rationale, Antibiotic stewardship and newer agents, NICU microbiological profile. A grand presentation by Dr. Maskey in TUTH.
This document provides information on febrile neutropenia, including:
- It is a common and serious complication of cancer chemotherapy, especially in those with hematologic malignancies.
- Initial evaluation of febrile neutropenic patients includes assessing infection risk factors and sites, as well as collecting blood and other cultures.
- High-risk patients require intravenous empirical antibiotic therapy in the hospital, while low-risk patients may be treated orally or as outpatients.
- Empirical therapy typically involves a broad-spectrum beta-lactam with coverage against pseudomonas, with vancomycin or other anti-gram positive coverage only added if clinically indicated. Therapy is continued until marrow recovery from neutropenia
Antibiotic Resistance & stewardship program in childrenAzad Haleem
This document discusses antibiotics, including their definitions, classifications, mechanisms of action, and issues related to antibiotic resistance and stewardship. It defines antibiotics as substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. It describes various classifications of antibiotics including their spectrum of activity (broad vs narrow), site of action, and type of action (bacteriostatic vs bactericidal). The document also discusses the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the importance of antibiotic stewardship programs in health care facilities to promote appropriate antibiotic use and reduce resistance.
Antibiotics are crucial tools in surgery and there use has seen drastic reduction in morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. They are however only adjuncts to established surgical principles of sepsis and anti sepsis, and source control of infection.
This document provides guidance on prescribing antimicrobial therapy for patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). It recommends empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobials and antivirals be given as soon as possible to patients with SARI and sepsis or severe pneumonia. It outlines antimicrobial regimens for bacterial and viral infections like COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia. It stresses the importance of interpreting diagnostic tests correctly and narrowing or de-escalating treatment once the causative agent is identified.
The document provides guidelines for antibiotic use in the ICU, including recommendations for empirical antibiotic choice, duration of therapy, and risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens. Key points addressed include empirically covering likely organisms like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas in severe CAP and HAP/VAP. Combination therapy and shorter courses are suggested when possible to reduce antibiotic resistance. Lower respiratory tract cultures should be obtained before but not delay treatment, and help determine if therapy can be stopped for negative cultures.
Antibiotics are used against a wide range of pathogens and are very important in preventing and treating infections. The use of appropriate choice of antibiotics, dose and enforcing compliance is important in patient's care and preventing drug resistance.
This document discusses antibiotic usage guidelines in the ICU. It outlines principles for prescribing antibiotics such as sending appropriate cultures and following hospital antibiotic policies. It also describes strategies to optimize antibiotic use like patient risk stratification, de-escalation therapy, and implementing an antibiotic stewardship program. Common ICU infections like ventilator-associated pneumonia, urosepsis, and catheter-related bloodstream infections are reviewed along with treatment approaches and preventive measures.
This document discusses guidelines for antibiotic treatment and management. It covers factors like selecting initial empiric therapy based on the infection type (mono vs polymicrobial), choosing agents based on likely pathogens, and tailoring therapy based on host factors. It recommends narrowing coverage once cultures identify pathogens. The optimal duration depends on the infection site but is typically 3-5 days for most infections. It advises converting IV therapy to oral when possible for safety and earlier discharge. Prolonged or excessive antibiotic use should be avoided to prevent resistance.
Antibiotic; introduction & stewardship program in childrenAzad Haleem
This document discusses antibiotics, including their definitions, types, and classifications. It describes how antibiotics can be classified based on their spectrum of activity (broad or narrow), site of action, and type of action (bacteriostatic or bactericidal). The document also addresses antibiotic resistance, factors that contribute to resistance, and the importance of antibiotic stewardship programs in optimizing antibiotic use and limiting resistance.
This document provides guidelines for the management of community acquired bacterial meningitis. It discusses the typical causative organisms, clinical presentation, recommendations for rapid diagnosis and treatment, appropriate antibiotic therapy, use of adjunctive steroids, and considerations for prevention of secondary cases and long term management of survivors. The guidelines are based on a review of the literature and aim to provide an evidence-based consensus approach to the initial management and treatment of this medical emergency.
The document provides guidelines for parenteral to oral conversion of antibiotics, antibiotic treatment protocols for various infections, and considerations for antibiotic stewardship. It discusses converting IV antibiotics to oral when patients are clinically improving after 48 hours on IV regimen if they can tolerate oral medications. For treatment of infections like pneumonia and bloodstream infections, it recommends broad-spectrum IV antibiotics like meropenem or piperacillin-tazobactam along with antibiotics like vancomycin or azithromycin based on severity and suspected pathogens. It stresses the importance of de-escalating antibiotics when possible and considering the AWaRe antibiotic classification of Watch and Reserve antibiotics for more resistant infections.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and strategies for combating it. It begins by defining AMR and explaining that microorganisms can develop resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, becoming "superbugs." It then discusses the global toll of AMR, listing bacteria identified by the CDC as urgent, serious, or concerning threats. The document emphasizes the need for antimicrobial stewardship programs in healthcare facilities to optimize antibiotic use and reduce resistance. It outlines components of stewardship programs like developing treatment guidelines, monitoring antibiotic use and resistance trends, and improving prescribing and de-escalation of therapy. The goal of stewardship is to use the right drug, for the right person, for the right duration. The document stresses
This document discusses principles of antibiotic use and optimization. It covers time dependent and concentration dependent antibiotic activity and mixed patterns. Prophylactic, preemptive, empiric and definitive antibiotic uses are defined. Vancomycin mechanisms of action, indications, dosing and adverse drug reactions are reviewed. Optimization includes appropriate dosing, duration, de-escalation and monitoring treatment response.
The document discusses updates to guidelines for treating hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It recommends empiric treatment be based on local antibiograms and risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms. Empiric therapy should be individualized and de-escalated based on culture results. For patients clinically improving, the recommended duration of antibiotic therapy is 7 days.
This document discusses the principles of antibiotic use in surgery. It defines antibiotics and their historical development. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action and spectrum of activity. The key principles discussed are antibiotic prophylaxis, therapeutic use, and the dangers of indiscriminate use. Antibiotic prophylaxis aims to prevent anticipated infections during surgery based on the wound classification and normal flora. Therapeutic antibiotics treat established infections by determining the causative organism and choosing an effective agent. Indiscriminate antibiotic use can increase resistance and change normal flora.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Best Practices in the Diagnosis
and Treatment of Bacteremia
Acute Care
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use
AHRQ Pub. No. 17(20)-0028-EF
November 2019
2. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Objectives
1. Review recommendations for appropriate blood
culture collection.
2. Develop organism-specific management
recommendations for Gram-negative and Gram-
positive bacteremia.
3. Discuss opportunities for de-escalation of antibiotic
therapy for bacteremia.
4. Discuss reasonable durations of antibiotic therapy
for common organisms causing bacteremia.
2
3. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
The Four Moments of Antibiotic Decision Making
1. Does my patient have an infection
that requires antibiotics?
2. Have I ordered appropriate cultures
before starting antibiotics? What
empiric therapy should I initiate?
3. A day or more has passed. Can I stop
antibiotics? Can I narrow therapy or
change from IV to oral therapy?
4. What duration of antibiotic therapy
is needed for my patient's
diagnosis?
3
4. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Obtaining Appropriate Blood Cultures1,2
4
Two sets of peripheral BC (each set with one
aerobic and one anaerobic bottle)
Severe sepsis upon admission
Cholangitis, meningitis, pyelonephritis,
severe pneumonia, suspected endocarditis
or endovascular infection, vertebral
osteomyelitis/discitis, severe skin and soft
tissue infections, systemic infection and
asplenia, suspected catheter-related
bloodstream infection
Isolated tachycardia, leukocytosis,
hypotension, fever
• BC likely not warranted
• For low grade fever or leukocytosis only,
consider monitoring first and assessing for
other contributing factors
Persistent fever and two sets of negative
BC within 48 hours
New fever (T≥38.5◦C [>101.2◦F]),
suspected infection and no previous blood
cultures (BC) within 48 hours
New infectious process not meeting above
criteria
• BC are not indicated since low yield
• If known source, culture suspected source
5. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Interpretation of Positive Blood Cultures
Example
organisms
Classification What to do
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-negative rods
Candida spp.
Extremely unlikely to
be a contaminant
ALWAYS treat
Coagulase-negative
staphylococci
Corynebacterium spp.
Diphtheroids
Usually a contaminant
Usually do not treat
Exception: indwelling
hardware, signs of infection,
& > 1 positive blood culture
Viridans group
streptococci,
Enterococcus spp.
A contaminant about
half the time
Evaluate for possible source
(e.g., oral, gastrointestinal,
endocarditis), signs of
infection, & > 1 positive blood
culture
5
6. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia: Diagnosis
• Enterobacteriaceae = most common
organisms include E. coli, Klebsiella spp.,
Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp.,
Citrobacter spp.
– Generally identified as lactose
fermenters in laboratory reports
• Always identify the source of bacteremia
– Commonly urine, intra-abdominal, pulmonary
(in hospitalized patients)
– Translocation from the gut due to gut
disruption or procedure
– Catheter-related if central line in place
6
7. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia: Antibiotic Therapy
• Narrow therapy based on susceptibility results
• Considerations for IV to PO conversion:3
– Patient has an appropriate clinical response
– Appropriate source control preferred
– Patient needs to be able to take and absorb oral antibiotics
– Active oral antibiotic needs to have adequate oral
bioavailability
oFluoroquinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
7
8. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia: Duration of Therapy
• Traditional treatment duration has been 10–14 days
• Randomized controlled trial including 604 patients
with Gram-negative bacteremia randomized to
receive either 7 days or 14 days of treatment4,5
– Most of the organisms were Enterobacteriaceae
– For patients who were afebrile, hemodynamically stable,
and achieved appropriate source control, 1 week of
antibiotic therapy was sufficient.
8
9. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia: Followup Cultures
• Minimal role for followup blood cultures in Gram-
negative bacteremia
• Study evaluating 500 episodes of bacteremia6
– 77% had at least one followup blood culture
– Only eight cultures grew Gram-negative rods
– Do not need to obtain routinely
– Consider if persistent symptoms despite source control or
suspicion of endovascular infection
9
10. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases
• Most commonly seen in E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp.
• Many microbiology laboratories are not performing ESBL
confirmation testing
• Agents of first choice for invasive infections are
carbapenems, based on the results of a multicenter
randomized trial7
• Can consider fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim/
sulfamethoxazole if susceptible
• Can consider piperacillin/tazobactam, if susceptible, for
milder infections like cystitis
• Ceftriaxone, cefepime, and aztreonam not recommended
10
11. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
AmpC Beta-Lactamases
• Most commonly seen in Enterobacter species
• Induced by exposure to third-generation cephalosporins:
do NOT use these agents to treat Enterobacter species
even if reported as susceptible
• Microbiology laboratories do not test for AmpC beta-
lactamases
• For invasive Enterobacter species infections, avoidance of
third-generation cephalosporins is recommended
– Consider cefepime,8,9 carbapenems,
fluoroquinolones, or trimethoprim/
sulfamethoxazole, if susceptible
11
12. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
• CRE are resistant to at least one carbapenem
– e.g., ertapenem, meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin, or doripenem
• About half the time they produce carbapenemase enzymes10
– KPC carbapenemases are the most common carbapenemases in the
United States
• Consult infectious diseases for treatment recommendations
• Some general rules:11-14
– Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination agents (e.g.,
ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam), generally have good
activity against CRE and are the preferred treatment
o Must obtain susceptibility testing
– Other options if CRE-active beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor
combination agents are not available: extended-infusion meropenem or
imipenem/cilastatin therapy if MIC is ≤8 mcg/mL PLUS a second agent
based on in vitro susceptibility results
12
13. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Pseudomonas Bacteremia12
• Blood cultures growing oxidase-positive, non-lactose-fermenting
Gram-negative rods
• Determine the source
– Commonly pulmonary, catheter/hardware, urine, wound
• Source control whenever possible
• Antibiotic therapy12
– Piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, ceftazidime, carbapenems
(not ertapenem), fluoroquinolones (not moxifloxacin), aminoglycosides
– Data do not support the use of combination therapy over monotherapy
o Aminoglycoside monotherapy not recommended (Exception: lower
urinary tract infections)
– If isolate is multidrug-resistant, consider infectious diseases consult
• Duration: 10–14 days in most cases
13
14. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Diagnosis
• Determining the source of S. aureus bacteremia and
whether there has been metastatic spread are of
critical importance15
• Based on history and physical exam, imaging should
be obtained
– Concomitant vertebral osteomyelitis/discitis/epidural
abscesses are not uncommon
14
15. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Diagnosis13
• All patients must have echocardiography to assess for
endocarditis
– Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) is more sensitive than
transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) in detecting smaller
vegetations16
– Most patients should receive TEE15
o Patients at low risk for endocarditis in whom short-course
therapy is desired
o Patient at high risk for cardiac complications (e.g.,
prosthetic valves, permanent cardiac devices, cardiac
conduction abnormalities, prolonged bacteremia or fever)
15
16. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Management
• Blood cultures should be obtained to demonstrate
clearance of bacteremia15
• Source control is essential
– Remove hardware
– Debride abscesses
• Infectious diseases consultation17
16
17. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Management
• Uncomplicated15
– Endocarditis excluded with a TEE
o In select cases a very good quality TTE suffices
– No implanted prosthetic devices
– Followup blood cultures are negative for S. aureus
– Patient defervesces within 72 hours of initiating effective
therapy
– Patient has no localizing signs or symptoms of metastatic
staphylococcal infection
– MSSA
• Complicated
– All other cases
17
18. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
MSSA Bacteremia: Management
• MSSA should be treated with anti-staphylococcal
penicillins (oxacillin, nafcillin) or cefazolin
– Cefazolin is associated with fewer side effects but patients
with deep-seated infections may develop resistance18,19
– Vancomycin is associated with a higher failure rate and
should not be used for convenience20,21
– Strongly consider desensitization for patients with serious
penicillin allergies who cannot tolerate cephalosporins
18
19. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
MRSA Bacteremia: Management
• Vancomycin still considered by most
to be the agent of first choice22
• Daptomycin can be considered in patients
with renal toxicity due to vancomycin or
if the vancomycin MIC is greater than 1.5 mcg/mL23
– Higher doses recommended
• If bacteremia persists despite source control for more
than 5–7 days or if patient is deteriorating clinically,
salvage regimens may be required
19
20. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
S. aureus Bacteremia: Management18,20
• The addition of gentamicin is not recommended for S.
aureus bacteremia or native valve endocarditis22,24
– It is associated with nephrotoxicity in the absence of clinical
benefit25
• The routine addition of rifampin is not recommended for
S. aureus bacteremia or native valve endocarditis22,26
– Consider in consultation with infectious disease specialists when
the source of bacteremia is a prosthetic joint or spinal hardware
oRifampin should not be initiated until after blood cultures
have cleared
• The addition of gentamicin and rifampin is recommended
for prosthetic valve endocarditis22
20
21. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
S. aureus Bacteremia: Duration of Therapy
• All durations should be calculated from the day of the
first negative blood culture or obtainment of source
control, whichever is later
• Uncomplicated S. aureus bacteremia: 14 days
• Complicated S. aureus bacteremia: 28–42 days
– Osteomyelitis: 42 days at a minimum
• Right-sided endocarditis
– Injecting drug users with MSSA and minimal comorbidities,
no hardware, no embolic disease other than septic
pulmonary emboli: 14 days oxacillin/nafcillin
– Everyone else: 28–42 days
• Left-sided endocarditis: 42 days (or more)
21
22. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Enterococcal Bacteremia: Diagnosis
• Microbiology
– E. faecalis
o Community-acquired infections
o Almost universally susceptible to
ampicillin
– E. faecium
o Hospital-acquired infections
o Often ampicillin and vancomycin resistant (VRE)
• Enterococci spp. are generally of low virulence but
can form biofilms and persist on catheters and
prosthetic material
22
23. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Enterococcal Bacteremia: Diagnosis
• Enterococcus growing in the blood falls into
four general categories
1. Contaminant (likely from skin)
2. Bacteremia from translocation in a patient post-procedure (usually
biliary) or with gut disruption (e.g., mucositis)
3. Bacteremia related to an infected source: commonly UTI/prostatitis
and biliary tract infection
4. Endocarditis27
o Consider in settings of persistent bacteremia, prosthetic valves, or
presentations consistent with endocarditis
• Source control whenever possible
• Minimal role for followup blood cultures if source is known
and controlled
23
24. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
E. faecalis Bacteremia: Management
• Ampicillin (1st line) and vancomycin (2nd line) are not
bactericidal
– Combination therapy with gentamicin is bactericidal
– Newer data suggest combination of ampicillin and
ceftriaxone is bactericidal
• When is combination therapy needed?28,29
– Endocarditis: yes
o Failure rates up to 40% with monotherapy
o 4–6 weeks of IV therapy
– Other infections: no evidence of benefit
• Infectious diseases consultation is recommended for
endocarditis due to E. faecalis
24
25. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
E. faecium Bacteremia: Management
• Treat with ampicillin or vancomycin if susceptible
• Treat with linezolid or daptomycin if not susceptible
to ampicillin or vancomycin
• Infectious diseases consult recommended for VRE
bacteremia or endocarditis
25
26. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Summary
• The diagnosis and treatment of bacteremia varies
based on the causative organism
• Ensure appropriate blood culture collection criteria
are being used
• Always identify the likely source and proceed with
source control if a lingering source has been
identified, whenever possible
• Select the narrowest spectrum agents and shortest
duration of therapy that has been shown to be
efficacious
26
27. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
Disclaimer
• The findings and recommendations in this presentation are
those of the authors, who are responsible for its content,
and do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. No
statement in this presentation should be construed as an
official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
• Any practice described in this presentation must be applied
by health care practitioners in accordance with professional
judgment and standards of care in regard to the unique
circumstances that may apply in each situation they
encounter. These practices are offered as helpful options for
consideration by health care practitioners, not as
guidelines.
27
28. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
References
1. Towns ML, Jarvis WR, Hsueh PR. Guidelines on blood cultures. J Microbiol
Immunol Infect. 2010 Aug;43(4):347-9. PMID: 20688297.
2. Lee A, Mirrett S, Reller LB, et al. Detection of bloodstream infections in adults:
how many blood cultures are needed? J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Nov;45(11):3546-8.
PMID: 17881544.
3. Tamma PD, Conley AT, Cosgrove SE, et al. Association of 30-day mortality with oral
step-down vs continued intravenous therapy in patients hospitalized with
Enterobacteriaceae bacteria. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 30667477.
4. Chotiprasitsakul D, Han JH, Cosgrove SE, et al. Comparing the outcomes of adults
with Enterobacteriacea bacteremia receiving short-course versus prolonged-
course antibiotic therapy in a multicenter, propensity score-matched cohort. Clin
Infect Dis. 2018 Jan 6;66(2):172-7. PMID: 29190320.
5. Yahav D, Franceschini E, Koppel F, et al. Seven versus fourteen days of antibiotic
therapy for uncomplicated Gram-negative bacteremia: a non-inferiority
randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Dec 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 30535100.
28
29. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
References
6. Canzoneri CN, Akhavan BJ, Tosur Z, et al. Follow-up blood cultures in Gram-
negative bacteremia: are they needed? Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov;65(11):1776-9.
PMID: 29020307.
7. Harris PNA, Tambyah PA, Lye DC, et al. Effect of piperacillin-tazobactam vs
meropenem on 30-Day mortality for patients with E. coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae
bloodstream infection and ceftriaxone resistance: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA. 2018 Sep;320(10):984-94. PMID: 30208454.
8. Tamma PD, Girdwood SC, Gopaul R, et al. The use of cefepime for treating AmpC
β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Sep;57(6):781-8.
PMID: 23759352.
9. Siedner MJ, Galar A, Guzmán-Suarez BB, et al. Cefepime vs other antibacterial
agents for the treatment of Enterobacter species bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2014
Jun;58(11):1554-63. PMID: 24647022.
10. Guh AY, Bulens SN, Mu Y, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae in 7 US communities, 2012-2013. JAMA. 2015
Oct;31(14):1479-87. PMID: 26436831.
29
30. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
References
11. Morrill HJ, Pogue JM, Kaye KS, et al. Treatment options for carbapenem-resistant
Enteriobacteriaceae infections. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015 May;2(2):ofv050.
PMID: 26125030.
12. Kaye KS, Pogue JM. Infections caused by resistant Gram-negative bacteria:
epidemiology and management. Pharmacotherapy. 2015 Oct;35(10):949-62.
PMID: 26497481.
13. Wunderink RG, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Rahav G, et al. Effect and safety of
meropenem-vaborbactam versus best-available therapy in patients with
carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: The TANGO II randomized
clinical trial. Infect Dis Ther. 2018 Dec;7(4):439-55. PMID: 30270406.
14. Tumbarello M, Trecarichi EM, Corona A, et al. Efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam
salvage therapy in patients with infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Jan 18;68(3):355-
64. PMID: 29893802.
15. Cosgrove SE, Fowler VG Jr. Optimizing therapy for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007
Dec;28(6):624-31. PMID: 18095226.
30
31. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
References
16. Reynolds HR, Jagen MA, Tunick PA, et al. Sensitivity of transthoracic versus
transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of native valve vegetations in
the modern era. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003 Jan;16(1):67-70. PMID: 12514637.
17. Bai AD, Showler A, Burry L, et al. Impact of infectious disease consultation of
quality of care, mortality, and length of stay in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia:
results from a large multicenter cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 May
15;60(10):1451-61. PMID: 2501854.
18. Li J, Echevarria KL, Hughes DW, et al. Comparison of cefazolin versus oxacillin for
treatment of complicated bacteremia caused by methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Oct;58(10):5117-24.
PMID: 24936596.
19. Lee S, Choe PG, Song KH, et al. Is cefazolin inferior to nafcillin for treatment of
methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2011 Nov;55(11):5122-6. PMID: 21825299.
20. Chang FY, Peacock JE Jr, Musher DM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia:
recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter
study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Sep;82:333-9. PMID: 14530782.
31
32. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
References
21. Stryjewski ME, Szczech LA, Benjamin DK Jr, et al. Use of vancomycin or first-
generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysis-dependent patients
with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis.
2007 Jan;44(2):190-6. PMID: 17173215.
22. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious
Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011
Feb;52(3): e18-55. PMID: 21208910.
23. Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR, et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy
for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med
2006 Aug;355(7): 653-65. PMID: 16914701.
24. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults:
diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific
statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association.
Circulation. 2015 Oct;132(15):1435-86. PMID: 26373316.
25. Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GE, Fowler VG, et al. Initial low-dose gentamicin for
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis.
2009 Mar;48(6):713-21. PMID: 19207079.
32
33. Bacteremia
AHRQ Safety Program for
Improving Antibiotic Use –
Acute Care
References
26. Thwaites GE, Scarborough M, Szubert A, et al. Adjunctive rifampicin for
Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (ARREST): a multicentre, randomized, double-
blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Feb;391(10121):668-78. PMID:
29249276.
27. Anderson DJ, Murdoch DR, Sexton DJ, et al. Risk factors for infective endocarditis
in patients with Enterococcal bacteremia: a case-control study. Infection. 2004
Apr;32(2):72-7. PMID: 15057570.
28. Beganovic M, Luther MK, Rice LB, et al. A review of combination therapy for
Enterococcus faecalis bloodstream infections and infective endocarditis. Clin Infect
Dis. 2018 Jul 2;67(2):303-9. PMID: 29390132.
29. Graninger W, Ragette R. Nosocomial bacteremia due to Enterococcus faecalis
without endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Jul;15(1):49-57. PMID: 1617073.
33